In this thesis, I use a Darwinian approach to explore the role of sexual-dimorphism in human behaviour across development and into early adulthood, and its impact on adult mating-strategies. In Studies 1-2, I explore the importance of heredity and developmental stability of facial characteristics in light of theories of sexual selection. Using family photos, judgements of faces of parents and offspring revealed that facial sexual-dimorphism is passed on from father to son and mother to daughter, while inheritance of attractiveness is apparent only in daughters. I also examine the stability of facial appearance across development (infancy, childhood, young-adult), and find that sexual-dimorphism remains stable for both sexes, while attractiveness is stable only in females. Feminine characteristics are perceived as attractive in infant faces, and feminine characteristics have been perceived as looking more neotenous. In light of these data, I develop a theory for increased preferences for neoteny in human infants (Chapter 4). In studies 3-4, I examine the developmental milestones, puberty and first sexual intercourse in relationship to adult mate-choice strategies. Women who experience first coitus early prefer increased facial-masculinity in potential mates. In men, both early coitus and early puberty relate to increased preferences for facial-femininity in potential mates. In study 5, I look at attributions of peri-pubertal children (aged 11-12 years) to peer faces manipulated on sexually-dimorphic features. Children's attractiveness judgements show evidence of adult-like preferences, with boys preferring feminine girls' faces and girls preferring feminised boys' faces. Both girls and boys attribute the negative stereotype of bullying to more masculinised boys' faces. Study 6 concerns the relationship between two modalities of sexual-dimorphism, pheromones and facial characteristics. Adults indicate preferences from a continuum of sexually-dimorphic face-shapes, in addition to rating sex-specific pheromones on pleasantness. Individuals who prefer sex-typical facial characteristics in opposite-sex faces also judged the sex-typical pheromone as more pleasant.

In seventeenth-century England, pursuits of knowledge were shaped by two seemingly paradoxical, yet interwoven beliefs: a persistent belief in the devastating effects of the Fall on human reason, and a growing trust in human ability to sharpen understanding and pierce the seemingly impenetrable. This dissertation explores how writers of works of physiognomy, shorthand, astrology and secret history simultaneously presented human conjecture and intuition as limited and flawed but also capable of providing ordinary people with access to privileged information. The authors of these “do-it-yourself” manuals made distinctions between God’s secrecy and human secrecy and provided tips on how each could be tapped. Physiognomy inspired constant searching for hidden sources of insight; shorthand encouraged the sense that there was often more than met the eye; astrology emphasized the usefulness of uncertainty. Secret histories suggested that the very skills which the practices of physiognomy, shorthand, and astrology honed could be used to unveil the secrets of carnal monarchs, ministers, and royal mistresses. Over the course of the seventeenth century, the limits of attainable knowledge – and who could reliably present and access it – were being defined and redefined. To leading philosophers and political figures, human uncertainty necessitated the weighing of probabilities and the idealization of transparent, empirical and elite approaches to information. I argue that to writers of physiognomy, shorthand, astrology, and secret history, it reinforced the notion that arcane knowledge could be accessed by anyone. Such writers variously suggested that information that mattered to people’s daily lives depended upon personalized, conjectural and intuitive approaches to knowing. In short, secrets that were once divine and impenetrable were actually up for grabs. / Graduate / 2019-09-10

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-16T12:59:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Bezerra de Almeida Junior (1).pdf: 769647 bytes, checksum: 3820948f62b33785e6b0f1ef4f9fd501 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T12:59:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Bezerra de Almeida Junior (1).pdf: 769647 bytes, checksum: 3820948f62b33785e6b0f1ef4f9fd501 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-16 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Characterization of restinga vegetation from the Maracaipe RPPN, Pernambuco, emphasizing physiognomy, flora and abiotic features). The objectives of this study were to produce a list of the flora, describing the physiognomies and relating the life forms with physiognomy from the restinga of a RPPN in Maracaipe. The study area is localized in the coordinates 08031 48 S and 35001 05 W occupying an area of 130 ha, with 76.2 ha of the restinga vegetation. The climate is As and the soil is a Neossol Quartzarenic. The sample period was between July 2003 and July 2005 considering of all life forms. The occurrence of restinga species were used other studies from the Northeastern. Were sampled 187 species, distributed in 148 genera and 71 families. Among these more representative families detached: Poaceae (13 spp), Cyperaceae (12), Myrtaceae (10), Orchidaceae (9), Rubiaceae (8), Bromeliaceae and Fabaceae (7), Mimosaceae and Caesalpiniaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (5), Annonaceae and Chrysobalanaceae (4). The following physiognomies were determined: unflooded forest, unflooded field and flooded field. These physiognomies showed exclusive species, as Pycreus pelophylus, Ludwigia suffruticosa, Utricularia pusilla and Hydrolea spinosa that were only observed flooded field, the species Buchenavia capitata, Tapirira guianensis, Manilkara salmannii and Sloanea guianensis, detached as emergent in the forest. In order, we concluded that life forms were determinant to separate physiognomic types of restinga, around nutrient and the water table level that also contributes to the colonization of species in a determined physiognomy. / A restinga é considerada como um conjunto de comunidades vegetais fisionomicamente distintas, sob influência marinha e flúvio-marinha, distribuídas em mosaico. Apresenta vegetação desde os tipos herbáceos-praianos até os arbustivos e arbóreos. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar a fisionomia e a estrutura da vegetação da restinga da RPPN, Nossa Senhora do Outeiro de Maracaípe, Ipojuca, Pernambuco. Para observar a interferência dos nutrientes do solo ou da variação do lençol freático na disposição das espécies. A restinga localiza-se sob as coordenadas 08031 48 S e 35001 05 W e ocupa uma área de 130ha, sendo 76,2ha de vegetação de restinga. Possui clima do tipo As' e o solo foi classificado como Neossolo Quartzarênico e pH ácido. As coletas para a o levantamento florístico ocorreram no período de julho de 2003 a julho de 2005 e foram consideradas todas as formas de vida. Para delimitação de ocorrência das espécies da restinga utilizaram-se outros estudos do Nordeste. A amostragem fitossociológica foi realizada entre janeiro e março de 2005, através do método de pontos quadrantes. Foram instalados 10 transectos contemplando toda fisionomia, num total de 100 pontos, com o critério de inclusão de DAS>3. Foram analisados todos os parâmetros fitossociológicos, além da altura e diâmetro. Foram coletadas amostras do solo a uma profundidade de 20 cm, para analise química.Também foi realizada uma CCA para co-relacionar os nutrientes do solo com o arranjo das espécies na floresta fechada não inundável. No estudo florístico e fisionômico foram inventariadas 187 espécies, 144 gêneros, distribuídas em 70 famílias. Entre as famílias mais representativas destacam-se Poaceae (13spp), Cyperaceae (12), Myrtaceae (10), Orchidaceae (9), Rubiaceae (8), Bromeliaceae e Fabaceae (7), Mimosaceae e Caesalpiniaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (5), Annonaceae e Chrysobalanaceae (4). Foram determinadas as fisionomias: floresta não inundável, campo não inundável e campo inundável. Essas fisionomias apresentaram espécies exclusivas, como Pycreus pelophylus, Ludwigia suffruticosa, Utricularia pusilla e Hydrolea spinosa que só foram observadas no campo inundável. As espécies Buchenavia capitata, Tapirira guianensis, Manilkara salmannii e Sloanea guianensis se destacaram como emergentes na floresta fechada não inundável. A analise estrutural resultou em 51 espécies, 36 gêneros e 31 famílias. As espécies mais freqüentes foram Myrcia bergiana, Sacoglottis mattogrossensis, Coccoloba laevis, Chamaecrista ensiformis e Guettarda platypoda. As espécies com maiores VI foram Manilkara salzmannii, Myrcia bergiana, Chamaecrista ensiformis, Sacoglotis mattogrossensis e Coccoloba laevis. A densidade total estimada foi de 614,89 indivíduos/ha. e o índice de diversidade de Shannon (H ) foi 3,508nat/ ind. e a equabilidade (J ) 0,892. A área refletiu uma alta diversidade e uma distribuição homogênea dos indivíduos, apontando uma regularidade das espécies. Dessa forma pode-se concluir que as formas de vida foram determinantes para a separação dos tipos fisionômicos da restinga, além dos nutrientes do solo e a variação do lençol freático também estar contribuindo para colonização das espécies em determinada fisionomia. Contudo, apenas os nutrientes do solo apresentaram indicativos quanto a disposição das espécies na área, e os dados do lençol freático não foram suficientes para inferir sobre a influência deste na disposição das espécies na fisionomia.

Orientador: Ana Maria Goulart de Azevedo Tozzi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T17:29:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sciamarelli_Alan_D.pdf: 2343400 bytes, checksum: 8db24cb40da56240d389bc69ffe7548f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: No Mato Grosso do Sul (Centro-Oeste do Brasil), a floresta estacional semidecídua é a terceira formação vegetacional mais representativa, porém, atualmente estas formações encontram-se fragmentadas devido à intervenção antrópica intensiva. Este trabalho teve como objetivos o estudo florístico e fitossociológico do componente arbóreo de um fragmento florestal no município de Dourados, na região sul do Mato Grosso do Sul (¿Mata de Dourados¿, Fazenda Paradouro, com 300 ha.), e estabelecer relações de similaridade com outras florestas estacionais semidecíduas sul-mato-grossenses e de regiões próximas, e também com outras formações vegetacionais. A Mata de Dourados tem sido referida como uma área onde ocorre interposição de províncias vegetacionais. O levantamento florístico foi realizado através de caminhadas, quinzenalmente, de junho de 1997 a outubro 1997 e de junho de 1999 a outubro de 2000. Foram estabelecidas 36 parcelas contíguas, em duas faixas paralelas selecionadas pelo seu estado de conservação, formando dois retângulos de 18 parcelas em cada faixa, no sentido Leste ¿ Oeste, perfazendo um total de 3.600 m2 amostrados. Nas 36 parcelas de 10 X10m os critérios de inclusão utilizados foram os de árvores com mais de 2 m de altura e de diâmetro maior ou igual a 5 cm à altura do peito (DAP). Através de uma matriz de presença e ausência de espécies, foram comparadas as espécies coletadas com sua ocorrência em outros levantamentos florísticos de diversas regiões (51 selecionados). A partir desta matriz binária, foram calculados os índices de Distância Euclidiana e Bray-Curtis e, para avaliar o nível de similaridade entre as formações vegetacionais selecionadas, os resultados foram agrupados pela média aritmética da similaridade (UPGMA) e pelo Escalonamento Multidimensional (MDS). Os dados obtidos nas parcelas foram submetidos ao índice de associação de Distância Euclidiana e agrupados pelo método de Ward. O levantamento florístico registrou 83 espécies (66 gêneros, 30 famílias). Das famílias amostradas no levantamento, as que apresentaram maior número de espécies foram Leguminosae (17 espécies), Lauraceae (6), Meliaceae (6), Rutaceae (5), Anacardiaceae (4), Boraginaceae (4), Euphorbiaceae (4). Das demais famílias, quatro apresentaram três espécies, seis apresentaram duas espécies e 13 famílias apenas uma espécie cada. Dentre as Leguminosae, Mimosoideae foi a mais numerosa com 10 espécies, seguida por Caesalpinioideae e Papilionoideae, com quatro e três espécies, respectivamente. Os 585 indivíduos inventariados nas 36 parcelas, pertencentes a 43 espécies arbóreas (24 famílias), apresentaram índice de diversidade de Shannon (H¿) de 2,987 nats.indivs-1, valor equiparado ao encontrado em algumas outras florestas estacionais semidecíduas. Nove espécies com maiores Índices de Valor de Importância (IVI) representaram 62,93% do IVI total; 13 ocorreram apenas uma vez (5,38% do total). Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Radlk apresentou o maior IVI (29,28%) e a maior Dominância Relativa (14,26%). A ¿Mata de Dourados¿ contém espécies em comum com as de florestas estacionais semidecíduas ribeirinhas, florestas estacionais semidecíduas submontanas, florestas estacionais decíduas, florestas ombrófilas e savanas florestadas, sugerindo a ocorrência de interposição de províncias vegetacionais. Por outro lado, a maior similaridade do fragmento estudado foi verificada com as florestas estacionais semidecíduas ribeirinhas e as florestas estacionais semidecíduas submontanas. Pequena similaridade foi verificada entre as florestas ombrófilas e florestas estacionais semidecíduas montanas. A comparação da composição florística do componente arbóreo do fragmento estudado da Fazenda Paradouro com outras florestas estacionais semidecíduas submontanas sul-mato-grossenses não indicou muitas espécies em comum. Na análise de similaridade entre as 36 parcelas, os grupos com maior nível de fusão foram formados pelas amostras que continham árvores com áreas basais maiores, geralmente posicionadas no interior do fragmento. A interrupção nas classes de perímetro acima de 145 cm sugere a ocorrência de extração seletiva. O predomínio de classes inferiores a 145 cm de diâmetro nas distribuições de freqüência, com grande número dos indivíduos nos estratos inferiores e com freqüência absoluta menor que 20% em todas as espécies, sugere que a floresta da Fazenda Paradouro está passando por uma fase recente de regeneração / Abstract: Seasonal semideciduous forests are the third representative biome at Mato Grosso do Sul (Central-Western Brazil). However, intensive human intervention at the last decades has been accelerated fragmentation processes of these vegetation communities. In this work were carried out floristic and phytosociological study of arboreous strata in a forest fragment in Dourados municipality, Southern Mato Grosso do Sul (¿Mata de Dourados¿, Paradouro Farm, with 300 ha.), and established floristic relationships between the studied area and other seasonal semideciduous forests from Mato Grosso do Sul and other vicinities regions, and between different forest physiognomies from these and farther regions. There are references that ¿Mata de Dourados¿ is influenced by the interference of distinctive phytogeographical provinces. The floristic survey was carrying out through assystematic routes, from July 1997 to October 1997, and from July 1999 to October 2000, fortnightly. A total of thirty-six permanent plots were sampled randomly, at Eastern ¿ Western direction in an area of 3.600 m2, distributed in two parallel strips of 18 plots, to do the phytosociological survey. In the 36 plots of 10 x 10 m, trees with diameter of breast height (DBH) equal or higher than 5.0 cm, and taller than 2.0 m were sampled. The sampled species at the floristic survey were compared with tree species from others studies (51 selected), through a binary matrix (species presence and absence). The data obtained were submitted to Bray-Curtis and Euclidian Distance Association Index was calculated through this binary matrix, and the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and the Arithmetic average clustering (UPGMA), to evaluate the similarity level between the vegetation formations selected. The data obtained in the 36 plots were submitted Euclidian Distance Association Index, and grouped through Ward Method. There were registered 83 species (66 genera, 30 families). The floristic survey showed that the richest families were Leguminosae (17 species), Lauraceae (6), Meliaceae (6), Rutaceae (5), Anacardiaceae (4), Boraginaceae (4), Euphorbiaceae (4). Among the other sampled families, four presented three species, and six families presented two species, and 13 families presented only one species. Considering the family Leguminosae, Mimosoideae was the richest, with 10 sampled species; Caesalpinioideae presented four species, and Papilionoideae, three species. The 585 tree individuals sampled at the phytosociological survey belong to 43 species (24 families). The species Shannon¿s diversity index (H¿) was 2.987 nats.individuals-1. The species H¿ value was quite similar to those found at others seasonal semideciduous forests fragments. Nine species with higher importance value index (IVI) represented 62.93% from total IVI; 13 species were showed only once (5.38% from the total of sampled species). Diatenopteryx sorbifolia Radlk presented the greatest IVI value (29.28%), and Relative Dominance (14.26%). The ¿Mata de Dourados¿ contains tree species from riparian forests, seasonal semideciduous forests, seasonal deciduous forests, ombrophyllous forests and forest savanna, and this fact suggests the occurrence of vegetation provinces interposition. However, the biggest through the high similarity index between riparian forests, seasonal semideciduous forests. The seasonal semideciduous forests presented lower similarities between ombrophyllous and montane tropical forests. The comparison of the floristic composition of the Paradouro Farm tree community with other seasonal semideciduous forests from Mato Grosso do Sul did not evidence a strong species similarity. At the similarity analysis between the 36 plots, the groups with the higher fusion level were formed by the plots, which presented trees with largests basal areas, generally at the interior of the forest fragment. The discontinuance of perimeter classes higher than 145 cm suggests the selective wood extraction. Through the predominance of inferior diameter than 145 cm classes at the frequencies distribution, with great number of the individuals at the inferior stratum, and absolute frequency lower than 20% showed for the total of sampled species, we suggest that the Paradouro Farm forest community was sampled in its initial natural regeneration stage (secondary succession) / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

A Fisiognomonia é uma arte (em árabe se diz cilm, também traduzível por saber ou, mais modernamente, ciência) que atraiu a atenção de inúmeros filósofos e letrados de diversas culturas ao longo da história humana: desde os egípcios antigos, os gregos, os romanos, os hindus até os árabes, todos esses povos que aperfeiçoaram o seu conhecimento e prática desta arte, exercida de diversas maneiras por eles, cada qual colaborando para aprimorá-la. Esta tese tem o propósito de ilustrar a colaboração árabe nesta ciência, apresentando uma primeira tradução comentada da mais importante obra árabe clássica que tratou este assunto. Como a simples tradução dessa obra já oferece, por si mesma, uma visão quase que satisfatória e integral a respeito da fisiognomonia entre os letrados árabes, o estudo anexado à presente tradução visa apresentar o desenvolvimento desta arte, expondo algumas semelhanças existentes entre os antigos filósofos árabes que abordaram o tema, e seus semelhantes em outras culturas, principalmente a grega. Para que tal tarefa se tornasse possível, foi preciso recorrer a algumas conclusões e afirmações feitas por estudiosos árabes modernos. / Physiognomy is an art that has attracted the attention of a number of philosophers and intellectuals different cultures, throughout human history: from the Ancient Egyptians, the Greeks, the Romans, and the Indians to the Arabs. Physiognomy has reached its climax with the Arabs, who have made an influential contribution to lift it out of its primitive stages. This thesis, which consists in the translation of an ancient book on the subject, is intended to show how the Arabs have contributed to this science. The book translated gives a satisfactory view of Physiognomy among the intellectual Arab. The study annexed to this translation intends to show how this art has evolved. Also, it intends to show the similarity, as far as dealing with Physiognomy is concerned, between ancient Arab philosophers and their counterparts in other cultures and mainly the Greek one. To make this task possible, one has to resort to some conclusions and affirmations by modern Arab scholars.

This dissertation examines the Liber consolationis phisonomie by Pietro d'Abano (c. 1250-1316) and places the work both in the context of medieval psychological theories and of scholastic culture. Physiognomy, the practice of studying a person's physical appearance in order to discern his or her emotions, personality, moral character, and intellectual capacities, rests on the assumption that the physical body is somehow connected to the spiritual self. This study explores how medieval people conceived of that relationship through a broader examination of theories about emotion, personality, and intelligence. Pietro d'Abano was an unusual figure who bridged the occupational identities of physician and philosopher, just as the study of psychology bridged the disciplines of medicine and philosophy. Pietro was highly materialist in his conception of human nature. While scholars of Pietro's work have noticed this tendency in his more mature thought, especially his medical text the Conciliator, his Liber consolationis phisonomie, his earliest known work, has been largely overlooked. This is understandable, as it is largely an aphoristic summary of what physical traits indicate what mental ones. However, it provides valuable insights into the development of Pietro's thought as well as the role of physiognomy in medieval learned and popular culture. This study concludes with an examination of Pietro's legacy, namely the reputation he obtained in the Renaissance for being a magician. It examines medieval theories about magic, the role of spurious attributions in creating textual authority, and how Pietro's own materialist conception of the universe and human nature may have contributed to his constructed posthumous identity.

My PhD. thesis "Physiognomy of Writing: In the Folds of Literary Ornament" deals with the relation between literature and ornament. It interconnects the sphere of literary history and literary theory with that of visuality. Ornament is analyzed and interpreted as a theoretical figure which allows an examination of literature from the point of view of its visuality and its movement. This approach, elaborated and applied here, labeled "physiognomy of writing", offers a possibility of a visual reading of literature; it represents a way to read literary texts not only in terms of their meaning and message, but also from the point of view of their visual and figural performance. In the first part I outline the concept of ornament in its historical, esthetic and philosophical frames, and explain how to use it in order to interpret literature. The second part offers readings of several 20th century literary texts (Franz Kafka, Rainer Maria Rilke, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Samuel Beckett, Louis Wolfson and Blanche T.) from the perspective of the affinity of their literary speech and particular ornamental manifestations.

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