Deux élevages ont été réalisés pour évaluer les effets de la saison d'élevage (automne et hiver), de l'ajout de phytase (PHY) et du type de ration (conventionnelle avec sous-produits animaux : CON vs toute végétale : VEG) sur les performances zootechniques et la composition minérale de la litière des coqs à chair. Pour ce faire, 3080 poussins mâles Ross x Ross ont été répartis aléatoirement dans 40 parquets, à qui on a attribué l'un des 4 traitements alimentaires, selon un plan expérimental en blocs complets avec comme facteurs principaux la saison (automne vs hiver), le type de ration (CON vs VEG) et la phytase (0 vs 100 g/t liquid Natuphos 5000™). Les rations CON contenaient des gras et des farines de viandes et d'os d'origine animale alors que ces ingrédients étaient remplacées par du soya micronisé dans les rations VEG. Un programme alimentaire à quatre phases a été appliqué avec la composition minérale suivante (%) pour aP (phosphore disponible), PB et Ca respectivement: début de 0 à 15 jours (0,82; 24,75; 1,53), croissance de 16 à 21 jours (0,71; 22,97; 1,31), finition I de 22 à 32 jours (0,64; 20,90; 1,17) et finition n de 33 à 38 jours (0,59; 19,71; 1,04). Les poulets VEG ont consommé plus d'aliment (126,6 vs 123,0 g/j; P<0.01) durant l'automne. Les résultats ont montré que le poids des poulets CON était supérieur (P<0.01) à la fin des deux élevages (2,905 kg vs 2,853 kg). La conversion alimentaire des poulets VEG était moins élevée (1,668 vs 1,617; P<0.01). Pour toutes les rations, les poulets élevés en hiver présentaient une conversion alimentaire supérieure (P<0.05) à ceux élevés en automne (1,65 vs 1,63). La PHY a diminué le contenu en Ca de la litière (1,66 vs 1,75%; P<0.01) et celui en P (1,00 vs 1,21%; P<0.001). En automne, le taux de matière sèche de la litière issue des rations CON était plus élevé (P<0.01) que celui des rations VEG (70,06 vs 64,14 %) mais cet écart disparait durant l'hiver avec un chauffage et une ventilation minimum. Les poulets VEG ont produit plus de litière (177,4 vs 188,3 kg; P<0.01). Finalement, les rations sans PHY avaient un taux supérieur de matière sèche (P<0.01) comparativement à celles additionnées de PHY (68,77 vs 65,44 %). Pour la suite, il pourrait être intéressant de mesurer la digestibilité des éléments mineurs des deux rations et leur impact sur les performances.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis proteicos e inclusões de protease sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. As dietas foram formuladas com base em níveis nutricionais de referência no Brasil. Em todas as rações foi feito o uso de fitase, associado ou não com protease. Os níveis proteicos foram corrigidos de acordo com a matriz nutricional da protease, especificada pelo fornecedor da enzima. Foram utilizados 1764 frangos, machos, da linhagem Cobb-500 Slow. As aves foram alojadas em densidade de 14 aves/m2 e receberam dietas específicas no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade, conforme o protocolo experimental. Foram realizados 9 tratamentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 14 repetições de 14 aves cada. Aos 43 dias foram realizados o abate das aves e a avaliação de rendimento de cortes. A análise de regressão dos resultados obtidos para níveis crescentes de proteína sobre o desempenho dos frangos evidenciou que houve maior ganho de peso, melhor conversão alimentar e maior rendimento de cortes. Não houve efeito dos níveis de proteína sobre o consumo de ração. Adicionalmente, a variação nos níveis de proteína na razão da matriz nutricional da protease não alterou significativamente o ganho de peso das aves de 36 a 42 dias de idade. Quanto à inclusão crescente da protease, verificou-se melhoria na conversão alimentar dos frangos até os 28 dias de idade, contrapondo-se com um maior consumo de ração no período de 29 a 35 dias e consequente piora na conversão alimentar nesta semana. Todavia, considerando-se o período total do experimento, não houve efeito significativo sobre ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e rendimento de cortes para o grupo avaliado quanto à inclusão desta enzima. Comparando-se os valores observados nas duas análises em cada tempo, até 28 dias a conversão alimentar observada com a melhor dose de protease possui valor equivalente ao obtido com o controle positivo na curva de níveis de proteína, validando a matriz nutricional preconizada pelo fornecedor para estas fases. Porém, conforme já exposto, de 29 a 35 dias houve uma inversão nesta tendência e a melhor dose foi zero. O Índice de Rentabilidade (IR) sinaliza que pode haver benefício econômico na utilização da protease no período inicial de criação. Em contrapartida, à medida que os resultados zootécnicos a partir de 29 dias não mostraram benefício com o uso da enzima, a sua utilização representou custo adicional aos tratamentos que receberam protease, favorecendo a obtenção de melhor IR pelo tratamento controle negativo no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade. / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different protein levels and protease inclusions on the performance of broiler chickens. Diets were formulated based on nutritional levels of reference in Brazil. In all diets was done using phytase, associated or not with protease. Protein levels were corrected according to the nutritional matrix of protease, specified by the enzyme supplier. 1764 chickens were used, male Cobb-500 Slow. The birds were housed in density 14 birds / m2 and received specific diets in the period 1-42 days of age, according to the experimental protocol. 9 treatments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with 14 replications of 14 birds each. After 43 days was carried out killing birds and cuts yield assessment. Regression analysis of the results obtained for increasing levels of protein on the performance of broilers showed that there was more weight gain, feed conversion and higher yield of special cuts. There was no effect of protein levels on feed intake. In addition, the variation in the levels of protein in the protease nutritional matrix reason did not significantly alter the weight gain of the birds 36-42 days of age. About the growing inclusion of protease, there was improvement in feed conversion of broilers up to 28 days of age, in contrast with a greater feed intake in the period 29-35 days and consequent worst feed conversion in this week. However, considering the total period of the experiment, there was no significant effect on weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and carcass yield for the group evaluated for inclusion of this enzyme. Comparing the values observed in the two analyzes in each time, up to 28 days feed conversion observed with the best protease dose has a value equivalent to that obtained with the positive control in protein levels curve, validating the recommended nutritional matrix to these phases. However, as already stated, from 29 to 35 days there was a reversal in this trend and the best dose was zero. The Profitability Index (IR) signals that there may be economic benefit in the use of protease in the initial period of creation. However, as the zootechnical results from 29 days showed no benefit with the use of the enzyme, its use represented an additional cost to treatments receiving protease, helping to reach best IR by the negative control in the period from 1 to 42 days of age.

Orientador: Gabriela Alves Macedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T16:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MadeiraJunior_JoseValdo_M.pdf: 1179155 bytes, checksum: 65b86d843e7273040bbbed20eae90c33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade de produzir simultaneamente fitase e tanase através da fermentação sólida, em bagaço de laranja e torta de mamona, empregando o fungo Paecilomyces variotii. A produção mundial de laranja tem aumentado significativamente desde a década de oitenta, especialmente no setor de processamento de suco. Para o ano de 2010 a produção mundial de laranja está estimada em 66,4 milhões de toneladas, sendo que 40% desta produção serão convertidas em subprodutos, principalmente a casca. Uma das alternativas para o uso deste resíduo tem sido na forma peletizada para alimentação animal. A mamona é uma oleaginosa muito estudada para a produção de biodiesel. A torta residual da extração do óleo é de grande utilidade para adubação e também rica em proteínas, abrindo possibilidade da sua utilização como ração animal. Esta segunda aplicação enfrenta o problema da presença da ricina, composto tóxico presente na torta, havendo a necessidade de detoxificá-la antes do destino como ração. O uso de enzimas na alimentação animal é conhecido e está sendo bem explorado. A maior dificuldade de expandir o uso de enzimas ainda é o custo de produção. Uma alternativa para isto seria a utilização destes resíduos como substrato da fermentação para produção de enzimas. Dessa forma, o uso dos resíduos para alimentação animal representa uma alternativa viável para este setor, assim como para a produção de biocatalizadores através da fermentação sólida. As características do bagaço de laranja e torta de mamona após a fermentação foram avaliadas a fim de estudar sua viabilidade como ingrediente para ração animal. No estudo de otimização da produção de tanase por Paecilomyces variotii utilizando metodologia de superfície de resposta, foram obtidas atividades de 4800 e 2400 U/g em bagaço de laranja e torta de mamona, respectivamente. Essa produção foi conduzida utilizando 3 e 4,6% de ácido tânico, 61 e 25% de solução salina, 96 e 48 horas de tempo de incubação para os resíduos de laranja e mamona, respectivamente. Para produção de fitase as atividades foram de 320 e 280 U/g em bagaço de laranja e torta de mamona, respectivamente. As condições de cultivo em bagaço de laranja foram 5,8% de ácido tânico, 66% de solução salina e 72 horas de incubação. O processo fermentativo com torta de mamona foi conduzido com as mesmas condições com exceção da porcentagem de solução salina, que foi de 25%, e a ausência de ácido tânico. Após o processo fermentativo, o bagaço de laranja apresentou maior capacidade antioxidante em relação ao meio não fermentado, representando um ingrediente interessante para uso em ração animal. A torta de mamona fermentada apresentou menor concentração de ricina no meio de cultivo, entretanto, ainda exibiu atividade tóxica em células Vero / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of producing both phytase and tannase by solid fermentation on orange peel and castor bean cake, using the fungus Paecilomyces variotii. World production of oranges has increased significantly since the eighties, especially in the processing of juice. For the year 2010, the world production of oranges is estimated at 66.4 million tons, with 40% of this production will be converted into waste, mainly the peel. An alternative use of this waste has been as pellets for animal food. The castor bean is an oilseed much studied for the production of bio-diesel. The castor cake of the extraction of oil is very useful for fertilization and also rich in protein, opening the possibility of its use as animal food. This second application faces the problem of the presence of ricin, a toxic compound present in the castor cake. There is a need for a detoxification before using it as food. The use of enzymes in animal feed is well known and is being explored. The biggest difficulty to expand the use of enzymes is the production cost. An alternative to this would be the use of waste as fermentation substrate for enzyme production with higher added value. Therefore, the use of these residues for animal food represents a viable alternative to the sector as well as for the production of biocatalysts by solid fermentation. The characteristics of the orange peel and the castor cake after fermentation were evaluated in order to study its feasibility as an ingredient for animal food. In the study of optimization of the production of tannase by Paecilomyces variotii using response surface methodology, activities were obtained from 4,800 and 2,400 U/g in orange peel and castor cake, respectively. This production was conducted using 3 and 4.6% tannic acid, 61 and 25% salt solution, 96 and 48 hours of incubation time for the waste of orange and castor bean, respectively. For phytase production by Paecilomyces variotii, the activities were of 320 and 280 U/g using orange peel and castor cake, respectively. Growing conditions on orange peel were 5.8% tannic acid, 66% salt solution and 72 hours of incubation. The fermentation with castor cake was conducted with the same conditions except for the absence of tannic acid and the percentage of salt solution which was 25%. After fermentation, the orange peel had a higher antioxidant capacity compared to a non-fermented environment, an interesting ingredient in animal food. The fermented castor cake showed lower concentration of ricin in the culture medium. However, it still exhibited toxic activity in Vero cells / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis proteicos e inclusões de protease sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. As dietas foram formuladas com base em níveis nutricionais de referência no Brasil. Em todas as rações foi feito o uso de fitase, associado ou não com protease. Os níveis proteicos foram corrigidos de acordo com a matriz nutricional da protease, especificada pelo fornecedor da enzima. Foram utilizados 1764 frangos, machos, da linhagem Cobb-500 Slow. As aves foram alojadas em densidade de 14 aves/m2 e receberam dietas específicas no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade, conforme o protocolo experimental. Foram realizados 9 tratamentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 14 repetições de 14 aves cada. Aos 43 dias foram realizados o abate das aves e a avaliação de rendimento de cortes. A análise de regressão dos resultados obtidos para níveis crescentes de proteína sobre o desempenho dos frangos evidenciou que houve maior ganho de peso, melhor conversão alimentar e maior rendimento de cortes. Não houve efeito dos níveis de proteína sobre o consumo de ração. Adicionalmente, a variação nos níveis de proteína na razão da matriz nutricional da protease não alterou significativamente o ganho de peso das aves de 36 a 42 dias de idade. Quanto à inclusão crescente da protease, verificou-se melhoria na conversão alimentar dos frangos até os 28 dias de idade, contrapondo-se com um maior consumo de ração no período de 29 a 35 dias e consequente piora na conversão alimentar nesta semana. Todavia, considerando-se o período total do experimento, não houve efeito significativo sobre ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e rendimento de cortes para o grupo avaliado quanto à inclusão desta enzima. Comparando-se os valores observados nas duas análises em cada tempo, até 28 dias a conversão alimentar observada com a melhor dose de protease possui valor equivalente ao obtido com o controle positivo na curva de níveis de proteína, validando a matriz nutricional preconizada pelo fornecedor para estas fases. Porém, conforme já exposto, de 29 a 35 dias houve uma inversão nesta tendência e a melhor dose foi zero. O Índice de Rentabilidade (IR) sinaliza que pode haver benefício econômico na utilização da protease no período inicial de criação. Em contrapartida, à medida que os resultados zootécnicos a partir de 29 dias não mostraram benefício com o uso da enzima, a sua utilização representou custo adicional aos tratamentos que receberam protease, favorecendo a obtenção de melhor IR pelo tratamento controle negativo no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade. / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different protein levels and protease inclusions on the performance of broiler chickens. Diets were formulated based on nutritional levels of reference in Brazil. In all diets was done using phytase, associated or not with protease. Protein levels were corrected according to the nutritional matrix of protease, specified by the enzyme supplier. 1764 chickens were used, male Cobb-500 Slow. The birds were housed in density 14 birds / m2 and received specific diets in the period 1-42 days of age, according to the experimental protocol. 9 treatments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with 14 replications of 14 birds each. After 43 days was carried out killing birds and cuts yield assessment. Regression analysis of the results obtained for increasing levels of protein on the performance of broilers showed that there was more weight gain, feed conversion and higher yield of special cuts. There was no effect of protein levels on feed intake. In addition, the variation in the levels of protein in the protease nutritional matrix reason did not significantly alter the weight gain of the birds 36-42 days of age. About the growing inclusion of protease, there was improvement in feed conversion of broilers up to 28 days of age, in contrast with a greater feed intake in the period 29-35 days and consequent worst feed conversion in this week. However, considering the total period of the experiment, there was no significant effect on weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and carcass yield for the group evaluated for inclusion of this enzyme. Comparing the values observed in the two analyzes in each time, up to 28 days feed conversion observed with the best protease dose has a value equivalent to that obtained with the positive control in protein levels curve, validating the recommended nutritional matrix to these phases. However, as already stated, from 29 to 35 days there was a reversal in this trend and the best dose was zero. The Profitability Index (IR) signals that there may be economic benefit in the use of protease in the initial period of creation. However, as the zootechnical results from 29 days showed no benefit with the use of the enzyme, its use represented an additional cost to treatments receiving protease, helping to reach best IR by the negative control in the period from 1 to 42 days of age.

Orientador: Gabriela Alves Macedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T16:40:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zanovello_Leonardo_M.pdf: 1456528 bytes, checksum: 96eb948fa9191bcc8eb18911f70d2482 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Brasil é conhecido por ser um dos maiores produtores agroindustriais do mundo, o que reflete diretamente no crescimento econômico do país. Entretanto, toda essa produção tende a gerar alguns problemas de cunho ambiental como o acúmulo de resíduos e excedente de subprodutos. Uma solução para este problema, é a utilização deste material em processos biotecnológicos como a fermentação em estado sólido, que pode viabilizar a síntese microbiana de fitases, que são usualmente aplicadas como aditivos em ração animal. Neste cenário, este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de utilizar o subproduto agroindustrial da extração de óleo dos frutos de tungue (torta de tungue) para produção da enzima fitase, bem como verificar a degradação dos compostos tóxicos presentes nesse resíduo pela manipulação do fungo filamentoso Paecilomyces variotii. Por meio da técnica de planejamento experimental foi obtido um aumento do rendimento na produção da enzima de aproximadamente 2,5 vezes, apresentando atividade específica de 9,56 U/mg de proteína. Foram ainda avaliadas as características bioquímicas do extrato bruto enzimático, que demonstrou pH e temperatura ótimos em 5,0 e 37°C respectivamente. A enzima apresentou estabilidade em pHs alcalinos e em temperaturas acima dos 60°C. Também foi estudada a influência de sais e inibidores na atividade, com destaque para os íons Fe+2,Fe+3, Zn+2, os quais afetaram negativamente a ação da fitase. Nos estudo da detoxificação dos ésteres de forbol, através das análises por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, em 48horas de fermentação não foi detectada quantidade significativa do composto tóxico. Assim como na análise citotóxica por MTT (teste da atividade da desidrogenase mitocondrial) foi constatado crescimento celular semelhante ao controle após a utilização de coproduto fermentado por 72 horas, comprovando que o processo de detoxificação foi eficiente / Abstract: Brazil is well known to have one of the biggest agro-industrial production in the world, which is direct reflected in the country's economic growth. However, the large yield of field usually come with some environmental issues like the accumulation of agro-industrial by-products. A promising solution for this problem is to reuse the residues in biotechnological processes as solid state fermentation (SSF), using microorganisms to synthesize phytases, that can be applied in animal feed. The aim of this work was to use the agro-industrial residue from tung's fruit oil extraction, known as tung meal, for phytase production, as well as the biochemistry characterization of crude enzymatic extract and detoxification of phorbol ester presents in Tung meal structure by the fungus Paecilomyces variotii. Statistical approach of experimental design showed a 2,5-fold increase in phytase production yield, being that the specific activity of the enzyme was 9,56 U/mg. The biochemistry characteristics of phytase crude extract were optimum pH of 5,0 and optimum temperature of 37°C, besides the enzyme showed stability in alkaline pH and worked in temperatures over than 60°C. The effects caused by salt and phytase activity inhibitors, showed that Fe+2, Fe+3, Zn+2 decreased drastically the action of enzyme. The detoxification tests were performed by HPLC analysis, running samples with 48, 72, 96, 120 hours of fermentation, without any kind of treatment and only heat treatment. After 48 hours fermentation was not detected significant amount of toxic compound, as well as analysis by MTT cytotoxicity test (mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity), was observed the same cell growth as the control samples following the use of processed waste for 72 hours, proving that the detoxification process was efficient / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Abstract: The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate dephytinizated defatted rice bran for feeding broilers under performance parameters, carcass yield, tibiae resistance and apparent digestibility of protein, calcium and phosphorus. We used 576 male Cobb one day old broiler chicks. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments (basal diet - DB; basal diet with addition of 10% defatted rice bran - FAD; basal diet with addition of 10% defatted dephytinizated rice bran - FADD; basal diet with the addition of 10% defatted rice bran treated with phytase - FADFIT) with 6 replicates of 24 birds each. Growth performance of the lot was not significantly different (P>0.05) among different treatments, as well as carcass yield. The tibiae of birds fed diets with added FADD showed less resistance to breakage compared with those fed the DB (P<0.05). Apparent protein digestibility was higher in birds fed FADD (P<0.05) when compared to those receiving FAD. It can be concluded that the addition of 10% of FADD in the diet, does no damage and has benefits in the digestibility of the protein, allowing the incorporation of this ingredient in feed for broilers. / O objetivo desta dissertação foi avaliar o farelo de arroz desengordurado desfitinizado na alimentação de frangos de corte, sob parâmetros zootécnicos, rendimento de carcaça, resistência de tíbias e digestibilidade aparente de proteína, cálcio e fósforo. Foram utilizados 576 pintos de corte machos, de um dia de idade, da linhagem Cobb. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por 4 tratamentos (dieta basal DB; dieta basal com adição de 10% de farelo de arroz desengordurado FAD; dieta basal com adição de 10% de farelo de arroz desengordurado desfitinizado FADD; dieta basal com adição de 10% de farelo de arroz desengordurado tratado com fitase FADFIT) com 6 repetições de 24 aves cada. O desempenho zootécnico do lote não apresentou diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os diferentes tratamentos, assim como o rendimento de carcaça. As tíbias das aves que receberam dietas com adição de FADD apresentaram menor resistência a quebra quando comparadas as alimentadas com DB (P<0,05). A digestibilidade aparente da proteína foi superior nas aves alimentadas com FADD (P<0,05) quando comparada as que receberam FAD. Podese concluir que a adição de 10% de FADD nas dietas, não causa prejuízos a criação e apresenta benefícios na digestibilidade da proteína, permitindo a incorporação deste ingrediente na alimentação de frangos de corte.

Two experiments were conduced to the effect of relationship between calcium and phosphorus available (8/1; 11/1 and 14/1) in diets based on maize and soybean meal. Each experiment used 144 brown egg layer (UFSM V and UFSM P strain) from 28Th to 36Th weeks of age. The evaluated parameters had been body weight, fed intake, fed efficiency, egg production, albumen height, eggs mass, specific gravity of eggs, Haugh Unit and percentage of calcium, phosphorus and ash of the tibia. Each experiment was in a factorial design 3x2, with tree relationship between calcium and phosphorus available (8/1; 11/1 and 14/1) and two phytase levels (0 and 300FTU/kg), with six replicates with four layers hens each. The external quality of eggs based on specific gravity, were positively affected (P<0.026), by interaction between calcium and phosphorus available relationship and phytase, in the last studied period, of UFSM-P strain, when the specific gravity improved with the increase of the calcium and phosphorus available relations and phytase. The productive parameters and the internal quality of eggs were not affected by the studied factors, however, the bone quality, based on ash, calcium and phosphorus in the tibias, were lower when dietary calcium and phytase levels were decreased. / Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para determinar os efeitos das diferentes relações cálcio:fósforo disponível e fitase em dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Um experimento utilizou a linhagem UFSM-V e outro a linhagem UFSM-P, que são linhagens de poedeiras de ovos de casaca marrom. Cada experimento utilizou 144 poedeiras da 28ª a 36ª semana de idade. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: peso corporal, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, produção de ovos, altura de albúmen, massa e gravidade específica dos ovos, Unidade Haugh e teor de cálcio, fósforo e cinzas da tíbia. Cada experimento utilizou um delineamento em esquema fatorial 3x2 onde 3 foram as diferentes relações cálcio: fósforo disponível (8/1; 11/1; 14/1) e 2 os níveis de fitase (0 e 300FTU/kg). A qualidade externa dos ovos, avaliada pela gravidade específica, foi significativamente influenciada (P<0,026), pela interação entre as relações de Ca:Pd e fitase, no último período estudado, com a linhagem UFSM-P, elevando a gravidade específica com o aumento das relações Ca:Pd e fitase. Os parâmetros produtivos e a qualidade interna dos ovos não foram afetados pelos fatores estudados, porém, a qualidade óssea, avaliada pelo teor de cinzas, cálcio e fósforo nas tíbias, foi significativamente influenciada pelo decréscimo das relações Ca:Pd e de fitase na dieta.

No description available.

[ES] Esta tesis aborda el efecto de la duración de la prueba sobre la eficacia de una nueva 3-fitasa en pollos de engorde y gallinas ponedoras. El calcio y el fósforo son críticos en la nutrición de las aves debido a su participación en diferentes actividades fisiológicas y metabólicas, particularmente en la mineralización ósea. La fitasa microbiana exógena se usa comúnmente en las dietas de las aves para mejorar el efecto nocivo del fitato en el rendimiento de las aves y el medio ambiente, así como para reducir los costos de alimentación. Hay muchas evidencias de la efectividad de la adición dietética de fitasa para mejorar la digestibilidad del fósforo (P) en aves, pero todavía hay inconsistencias entre los estudios sobre los efectos de la fitasa en las diferentes condiciones de estudio. Estas inconsistencias pueden deberse a muchos factores, siendo uno de ellos la duración de los ensayos. En este estudio se persiguieron dos objetivos: 1) Cómo la inclusión dietética de fitasa, a dosis normal y sobredosis, podría afectar la utilización de nutrientes y el rendimiento en gallinas ponedoras jóvenes. 2) Investigar los efectos de reducir el contenido de minerales (Ca y P) y agregar diferentes dosis de una nueva 3-fitasa bacteriana en dietas de pollos de engorde en un experimento a corto y largo plazo. Así, se diseñaron dos experimentos uno en gallinas ponedoras y otros en pollos de engorde. En conclusión, el uso de dietas deficientes en minerales parece provocar cambios digestivos en el uso de minerales, especialmente cuando se usan a largo plazo. Sin embargo, el uso de fitasas comerciales suele realizarse también durante todo el periodo de producción. Esto debe tenerse en cuenta a la hora de evaluar el potencial de una fitasa a nivel comercial. A partir de los resultados de la presente Tesis Doctoral, se derivan las siguientes recomendaciones prácticas: 1. Los ensayos destinados a evaluar los efectos de la fitasa en la utilización de nutrientes deben realizarse a corto plazo, evitando niveles excesivamente bajos de minerales en las dietas (mejor cerca de los niveles en los que se utilizarán comercialmente), para evitar efectos de adaptación digestiva. . 2. Los ensayos dirigidos a evaluar los efectos de la fitasa sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento y la mineralización ósea deben realizarse a largo plazo, para dar tiempo a que su efecto sea relevante. / [CA] Esta tesis aborda l'efecte de la durada de la prova sobre l'eficàcia d'una nova 3-fitasa en polls d'engorde i gallines ponedores. El calcio y el fósforo son críticos en la nutrición de las aves debido a la seva participació en diferents activitats fisiològiques i metabòliques, particularment en la mineralització ósea. La fitasa microbiana exògena s'usa comunament en les dietes de les aves per millorar l'efecte nocivo del fitat en el rendiment de les aves i el medi ambient, així com per reduir els costos d'alimentació. Hi ha moltes evidencias de l'efectivitat de l'adición dietètica de fitasa per millorar la digestibilitat del fòsfor (P) en aves, però encara hi ha inconsistències entre els estudis sobre els efectes de la fitasa en les diferents condicions d'estudi. Aquestes inconsistències poden haver de fer molts factors, essent un d'ells la durada dels assaigs. En aquest estudi es persiguien dos objectius: 1) Cómo la inclusió dietética de fitasa, a dosis normal y sobredosis, podría afectar la utilización de nutrientes y el rendimiento en gallinas ponedoras jóvenes. 2) Investigar els efectes de reduir el contingut de minerals (Ca i P) i agregar diferents dosis d'una nova 3-fitasa bacteriana en dietes de pollos d'engorde en un experiment a curt i llarg termini. Així, s'ha dissenyat dos experiments un en gallines ponedores i altres en polls d'engorde. En conclusió, l'ús de dietes deficients en minerals sembla provocar canvis digestivos en l'ús de minerals, especialment quan s'usa a llarg termini. Sense embargo, l'ús de fitases comercials es farà també durant tot el període de producció. Això s'ha de tenir en compte a l'hora d'avaluar el potencial d'una fita a nivell comercial. A partir dels resultats de la present Tesis Doctoral, es deriven les següents recomanacions pràctiques: 1. Els assaigs destinats a avaluar els efectes de la fitasa en la utilització de nutrients han de realitzar-se a curt termini, evitant els nivells excessivament baixos de minerals a les dietes (més a prop dels nivells en els que s'utilitzaran comercialment), per evitar efectes de adaptació digestiva. . 2. Els assaigs dirigits a avaluar els efectes de la fita sobre el rendiment del creixement i la mineralització òsea han de realitzar-se a llarg termini, per al seu efecte mar rellevant. / [EN] This thesis tackles the effect of duration of the trial on the efficacy of a novel 3-phytase in broilers and laying hens. Calcium and phosphorus are critical in poultry nutrition because of their involvement in different physiologic and metabolic activities, particularly bone and egg mineralization. Exogenous microbial phytase is commonly used in poultry diets to ameliorate the deleterious effect of phytate on bird performance and the environment, as well as to reduce feeding costs. There are many evidences of the effectiveness of dietary addition of phytase in improving phosphorus (P) digestibility in poultry, but there are still inconsistencies among studies on the effects of phytase on the different response criteria studied. These inconsistencies can be due to many factors being one of them the duration of the trials. In this study, two objectives were pursued: 1) To investigate the effects of reducing the mineral (Ca and P) content and adding different doses of a new 3-bacterial phytase in laying hens diets in a short and long-term experiment. 2) To investigate the effects of reducing the mineral (Ca and P) content and adding different doses of a new 3-bacterial phytase in broiler diets in a short and long-term experiment. To this aim, two experiments were designed in laying hens and broilers. In conclusion, the use of mineral-deficient diets seems to cause digestive changes in the use of minerals, especially when they are used in the long term. However, the use of commercial phytases is usually also carried out during the whole production period. This must be taken into account when evaluating the potential of a phytase at a commercial level. From the results of the present Doctoral Thesis, the following practical recommendations are driven: 1. The trials addressed to evaluate the effects of phytase on nutrient utilization must be carried out in the short term, avoiding excessive low mineral levels in diets (better close to the levels at which they will be used commercially), to avoid digestive adaptation effects. 2. The trials addressed to evaluate the effects of phytase on growth performance and bone mineralization must be carried out in the long term, to give time for its effect to be relevant. / Javadi, M. (2022). Effect of Duration of the Trial on the Efficacy of a Novel 3-Phytase in Broilers and Laying Hens [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/186346

Intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems are dependent on nutrient input either in the form of supplemental or complete feeds. Most complete diets still include high fish meal (FM) levels (≥10%). However, as the industry attempts to reduce its reliance on FM, feeds must now be formulated with much lower levels especially for omnivorous species such as tilapia. By 2015, mean FM inclusion in tilapia diets was projected to fall below 3% and be further reduced to 1% by 2020. In the global context of competition for crops, finding suitable plant-based replacers for FM and meeting the increasing demand for seafood, lower-cost and under-utilised plant feedstuffs are now receiving greater attention. The study was divided into three distinct components – field survey, growth experiments, and life cycle assessment. Field surveys were used to contextualise the growth experiments and assess commercialisation opportunities for multi-enzyme inclusion in tilapia feeds. Two sets of digestibility and growth experiments were designed to evaluate the feasibility of using high inclusions of plant-based ingredients sourced from locally available feedstuffs in Thailand to substitute FM at low inclusion levels (0 – 5%). The research evaluated the hypothesis regarding the potential of exogenous enzymes (protease, xylanase and phytase) to minimize anti-nutritional effects on nutrient digestibility of proteins, polysaccharides and phosphorus in tilapia. The research also assessed the secondary effects of enzyme supplementation on economic efficiency and life cycle environmental impacts. Tilapia is the second most cultured finfish globally and Thailand is the sixth largest producer. Based on the findings of the field survey, feeding practices of Thai tilapia farmers were confirmed to be diverse. Feed inputs included, but were not limited to, agro-industrial by-products (e.g. rice bran, corn bran etc.) and commercial diets. Commercial diets contained 15 – 30% crude protein and lower protein livestock diets (i.e. pig ration) were often used for supplemental feeding or “fattening”. The experimental low FM diets were therefore formulated as grow-out or “fattening” diets for semi-intensive green-water systems, a prominent feature (>60%) of Thai tilapia farming. In Phase 1, the digestibility experiment assessed the digestibility and growth in tilapia fed 0%, 3% and 5% FM diets with and without xylanase (0.385 g kg-1) and phytase (0.075 g kg-1). Performance decreased significantly with declining FM levels. No differences in feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain were observed between the enzyme and control diets. Nevertheless, tilapia fed the enzyme supplemented 3% FM and control 5% FM performed similarly (P < 0.05). No enzyme-related effects were noticed for protein digestibility but phosphorus (P) digestibility improved by 9%, except at 0% FM level (P > 0.05). The enzymes had no apparent influence on nitrogen (N) retention contrary to previous studies, however, higher retention for P was observed. Villus length decreased with declining FM levels yet no improvements were seen in tilapia fed enzyme diets. In a simultaneous grow-out experiment, the six experimental diets were compared to an industry 10% FM standard. Conversion ratio was the lowest (1.66) in adult tilapia fed 10% FM diet however the enzyme supplemented 0% FM fed fish had a comparatively low FCR of 1.67. There were no significant enzyme-related effects on weight gain¸ SGR and protein efficiency. Proximal villi results were inconsistent. The cost of feed decreased with declining FM levels but increased with enzyme inclusion. Nevertheless, the economic returns per kg of whole fish produced were better using enzyme supplemented diets compared to the controls. Though the size of the effects on growth and nutrient utilisation were modest, the findings suggested that xylanase and phytase had some level of synergistic action on the targeted anti-nutrients. However, further research was required. In Phase 2, two control diets (2% FM, negative control (NC) and 10% FM, positive control (PC)) were compared with three enzyme supplemented 2% FM diets (NO-PRO, 0.385 g kg-1 xylanase and 0.075 g kg-1 phytase only; LO-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.2 g kg-1 protease and HI-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.4 g kg-1 PRO). Growth performances improved with enzyme supplementation compared to the NC (P < 0.05). Of the enzyme supplemented diets, the LO-PRO diet showed the highest improvements in weight gain (26%) and feed intake (19%), the latter comparing statistically to the 10% FM PC diet. The HI-PRO diet had the best FCR (1.88), again comparable to the PC (1.73). The NO-PRO diet had the highest protein, P, lipid and energy digestibility, suggesting no additive effect of protease on these coefficients. In terms of gut histomorphology, the LO-PRO and PC diets had the highest measurements and were statistically similar which may have explained similarities in feed intake. Compared to the NC, the HI-PRO diet produced the highest level of change in net profit due to gains in feeding efficiency however, the LO-PRO showed better improvements in terms of growth. Based on these findings, the ternary combination of protease with xylanase and phytase (LOPRO) has potential in limiting FM use for tilapia grow-out feeds, however, the economic efficiencies were still below that of a 10% FM diet. Future considerations for research should target the indigestible dietary components in order to optimise enzyme dosages and maximise the benefits of each enzymes. In conclusion, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of low FM diets and commercial feeds associated with tilapia production in Thailand. The study showed that the low FM enzyme supplemented diets had lower impact potentials and were environmental superior to the average (10% FM) commercial standard. LCA modules are recommended for least-cost formulation programmes as an option going forward. Additionally, LCA can be used as a predictive tool to guide farmers, especially small-scale producers, on the potential impacts of feed input choices and feeding practices. This will ensure higher product quality but also demonstrate environmental responsibility on the part of aquafeed and fish producers to final seafood consumers.