Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Jason Brody / There are six square miles of vacant land spread throughout Downtown Kansas City unkempt and untouched for the fear of what may exist in the soil, air, and water and the consequences that come with it (COR Team 2010, EPA 1997). Not developing the vacant/underutilized land causes more harm than good for the city, the locals, and the environment. It costs the city loss of tax revenue (Holt 2002). It hurts locals’ property values and possibly health. It inhibits the environment’s functions with potential toxins. By activating vacant/underutilized land through phytoremediation and redevelopment, it can meet the needs of the projected population growth in the next 30 years, accommodate the Rock Island Corridor, and dissolve any threats of contamination. With the threat of possible contamination on the vacant/underutilized land, surrounding properties, and industrial properties within the culturally rich Jazz and Crossroads districts downtown, phytoremediation is used as a continuation of the Rock Island Corridor’s linear park system and transit in the city context while allowing for redevelopment. The strategy examines regional to site specific strategies where phytoremediation is used to connect people to the environment, contain contaminant-producing places, and counteract contamination from new development. The development serves as a model for Kansas City to use the Rock Island Corridor to control site-specific problems as a catalyst for redevelopment of districts to solve large-scale issues through the use of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation allows for light contaminant production industries to remain functional and rely on phytoremediation to clean some of the waste to prevent excessive clean up in the future. With the help of the phytoremediation and development, it allows for us to understand how phytoremediation works while preventing sites from becoming vacant/underutilized urban areas for the betterment of the community as a proactive strategy to prevent brownfields. Phytoremediation supports sustainable preventative/remediation strategies while catering to community needs such as redevelopment along Rock Island Corridor and Common Line, multi-modal transit, Metrogreen, character of place, and city life. It blends site suitability with community needs, while creating a cleaner more efficient environment that is aesthetically appealing.

Les conséquences des activités industrielles passées, et notamment métallurgiques, persistent encore aujourd'hui. C'est le cas dans l'actuel Parc National des Calanques, qui abrite l'ancienne fonderie de plomb de l'Escalette (sud-est de Marseille). Ainsi, plus de 80 ans après la fermeture de cette usine, une contamination importante et étendue en éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes (ETMM) est présente. Les objectifs de cette thèse ont été de contribuer à l'évaluation de la contamination diffuse en ETMM des sols des Calanques situés aux alentours du site industriel abandonné de l'Escalette. Dans un but futur de restauration écologique, solution adaptée dans le contexte particulier de la zone de pollution diffuse, située dans le Parc National des Calanques, les capacités d'accumulation et les mécanismes de tolérance d'une espèce autochtone, le romarin (Rosmarinus officinalis) ont été étudiés. Ainsi, cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence quelques mécanismes de tolérance aux ETMM certainement mis en jeu dans le cas du romarin. Les résultats montrent que le romarin pourrait être un candidat intéressant pour la phytostabilisation aux vues de sa capacité d'accumulation des ETMM dans les racines, ainsi que sa résistance à des niveaux de contamination très élevés. / Past industrial activities, particularly metallurgical one, have current environmental consequences. As an example, the former lead smelter from l'Escalette (South-East Marseille, France) in the National Park of Calanques lead to an important environmental pollution of its surroundings. Thus, more than 80 years after its activity ceased, a trace metal and metalloide (TMM) diffuse pollution is still present. This PhD study aimed to contribute to the assessment of the diffuse contamination levels by TMM of the Calanque's soils around the former lead smelting factory. Aiming at identifying an adapted solution of ecological restoration of the areas with diffuse pollution located in the National Park of Calanques. Accumulation abilities and tolerance mechanisms of a native plant species, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), were studied. In order to achieve this, in situ and ex situ assays were performed. TMM concentrations in rosemary organs (leaves, stems, roots) and some stress phytometabolites were assessed. Moreover, the role of mycorrhizal symbioses in rosemary tolerance was evaluated.

Ce travail a comme objectif d’explorer le potentiel de bioremédiation de plantes et de rhizobactéries pour la réhabilitation des sols de sites miniers dans la région de Marrakech. Nous avons isolé des souches rhizosphériques et nodulaires des racines de fève et de plantes indigènes des sites miniers Draa Sfar et Kettara. Plusieurs isolats ont montré une bonne tolérance aux ETM allant jusqu’à 25 mg/l de Cu, 200 mg/l de Pb et 150 mg/l de Zn. Les souches tolérantes aux métaux ont fait l’objet de criblage pour déterminer leurs caractères PGPR (production d’exopolysaccharides, sidérophores, AIA et activité antifongique). En présence du sol minier amendé avec le sol agricole, la fève a montré une capacité à accumuler les métaux différemment d’un métal à l’autre. Le Pb a été peu mobile dans les parties aériennes des plantes, et n’a pas atteint les graines. Le Zn a été le métal le plus transloqué vers les parties aériennes bien que sa quantité soit importante au niveau des racines. Le Cu a été accumulé plutôt dans les racines des plantes. Le Zn et le Cu ont été transloqués aux graines mais à des teneurs significativement faibles. L’inoculation par les bactéries PGPR a permis de mieux accumuler le Cu dans les plantes notamment dans la partie racinaire. L’inoculation mixte PGPR-rhizobia a amélioré l’absorption du Zn dans les plantes notamment dans la partie aérienne. Les analyses in natura sur ces sites miniers fortement contaminés par des métaux lourds indiquent que le microbiote a évolué, devenant tolérant à la pollution à long terme par les métaux lourds et adapté aux plantes indigènes elles-mêmes capables de tolérer et d'accumuler les métaux lourds. / This work aims to explore the potential of plant and rhizobacteria for bioremediation in mining soil in Marrakech region. Rhizospheric and nodules strains were isolated from faba bean roots and native plants growing in Draa Sfar and Kettara mining sites. Several isolates showed good tolerance to metals up to 25 mg/l of Cu, 200 mg/l of Pb and 150 mg/l of Zn. The tolerant strains to metals were screened for their PGPR characteristics (production of exopolysaccharides, siderophores, IAA and antifungal activity). In mining soil amended with agricultural soil, faba bean showed an ability to accumulate metals differently. Pb was not very mobile in shoots, and did not reach the seeds. Zn was the most translocated metal to the aerial parts although its amount was important in roots. Cu was accumulated rather in the roots of plants than shoots. Zn and Cu were translocated to seeds but at significantly lower levels. The inoculation with PGPR bacteria allowed Cu to accumulate better in plants, particularly in roots. Whereas the PGPR-rhizobia mixed inoculation improved the absorption of Zn in plants, especially in shoots. In natura investigation of mining sites heavily contaminated with heavy metals (HMs) indicates that microbiota has evolved, becoming tolerant to long-term HMs pollution and adapted to indigenous plants themselves able of tolerating and accumulating HMs.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa-de-vegetação com solo contaminado acidentalmente com metais pesados. No primeiro deles objetivou-se avaliar o potencial das espécies vegetais Brassica juncea, Raphunus sativus L., Hybiscus cannabinus e Amaranthus crentus em absorver, translocar e acumular zinco, cobre, manganês, chumbo e boro na parte aérea e assim atuarem na recuperação do solo estudado. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a aplicação dos materiais orgânicos: Solomax, turfa e concentrado húmico mineral como amenizantes de toxidez dos elementos citados para Brassica juncea. Em um terceiro experimento em laboratório, avaliou-se a capacidade de retenção de zinco pelos materiais orgânicos estudados. As variáveis avaliadas foram: produção de material vegetal; quantidades absorvida e acumulada de Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb e B; índices de translocação e remoção desses elementos pelas plantas. No solo foram determinados os teores total e disponível (DTPA e CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1) de Zn, Cu, Mn e Pb. No extrato de saturação foram determinados os teores solúvel (ICP-OES) e livre (eletroforese capilar) dos elementos citados, que também foram determinados na parte aérea da Brassica juncea. Resultados das determinações analíticas também foram introduzidos no programa de especiação iônica MINTEQ. Foram avaliados ainda os efeitos dos materiais orgânicos na distribuição dos metais pesados nas frações do solo. No ajuste dos dados do experimento de retenção de zinco foi a empregado o modelo de Freundlich e calculado o coeficiente de distribuição Kd. Embora as espécies tenham sido capazes de acumular quantidades elevadas dos elementos na parte aérea, elas não puderam ser consideradas hiperacumuladoras. O Amaranthus crentus e a Brassica juncea apresentaram os maiores índices de remoção para Zn, Mn e B. Os materiais orgânicos apresentaram valores elevados de Kd refletindo a alta afinidade do zinco pela fase sólida e elevada capacidade dos materiais orgânicos em imobilizar o elemento. Os elevados coeficientes de correlação obtidos para as isotermas de adsorção indicam que o modelo Freundlich pode ser utilizado para descrever a adsorção do Zn pelos materiais. A quantidade de Zn removida pelos materiais, em termos percentuais variou com o material e com o pH, sendo favorecida nos valores mais elevados. A turfa e o concentrado húmico reduziram os teores de metais extraídos por DTPA e CaCl2 sendo esta redução refletida nos teores acumulados pela Brassica juncea, contudo esta redução não foi suficiente para impedir os efeitos fitotóxicos dos elementos. A especiação dos metais mostrou que o Zn e o Mn encontraram-se principalmente na forma livre, enquanto que o Cu e o Pb apresentaram-se complexados à matéria orgânica dissolvida. Não foram observadas correlações significativas entre os teores dos metais determinados diretamente por eletroforese capilar e indiretamente pelo programa de especiação. O fracionamento seqüencial dos metais indicou que grande parte dos metais está ligada a frações pouco disponíveis do solo. Conclui-se que a aplicação da turfa e do concentrado húmico mineral juntamente com o cultivo do Amaranthus crentus e da Brassica juncea podem auxiliar na recuperação a longo prazo de solos contaminados com Zn, Mn Pb e B. / Two pot trials were carried out using a heavy metal accidentally contaminated soil. In the first one it was evaluated the plant absorbing, translocating and accumulating power for zinc, copper, manganese, lead and boron by the following vegetal species: Brassica juncea, Raphunus sativus L., Hybiscus cannabinus and Amaranthus crentus, so they could help in the rehabilitation of the studied soil. In the second pot trial it was evaluated the application of the following organic materials: Solomax, peat, and humic mineral concentrate for heavy metal toxicity amelioration for Brassica juncea. In a laboratory experiment it was evaluated the zinc retention capacity for the above mentioned organic materials. The measured variables were plant dry matter yield, absorbed and accumulated amounts of Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb and B; the translocation index and the removal index of metal by the mentioned plant species. The total and available (DTPA and CaCl2 001 mol L-1) content of Zn, Cu, Mn and Pb, were determined in soil samples. Concerning the soil saturation extract, the soluble and free forms of the mentioned elements were determined by ICPOES and capillary electrophoresis respectively. The same metals were also determined in the plant tissue of Brassica juncea. Analytical results were introduced in the chemical equilibrium program MINTEQ in order to calculate the concentration of the free forms of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb. A fractioning scheme for metals in soil was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of adding sources of organic carbon. The Freundlich model was used to account for zinc adsorption by the studied organic materials and the distribution coefficient Kd was also calculated. Although the plant species were able to accumulate high amounts of metal in the aerial part, that could not be considered as a hipper-accumulation process. The highest metal removal indexes were observed for Brassica juncea and Amaranthus crentus. Organic materials showed high values of Kd, reflecting its high affinity for zinc and a great capacity of zinc immobilization as well. Freundlich model was very effective in describing the adsorption isotherms as indicated by the high determination coefficients. Zinc retention was affected by the organic material type and pH, being favored by the highest studied pH values. Peat and humic mineral concentrate reduced the amounts of metals extracted by DTPA and CaCl2 in soil but the reduction was not great enough to avoid toxic effects in plants. Zn and Mn were present mostly as free cations in soil saturation extract while Pb and Cu were complexed by dissolved organic matter. It was not detected any significant correlation between free metal contents directly determined by capillary electrophoresis and those estimated by MINTEQ. Metal sequential extraction showed that most of them occurred in the least available fractions of soil. Peat and humic mineral concentrate application to soil associated with Amaranthus crentus and Brassica juncea cultivation may be used in long term amelioration of soils contaminated with Zn, Mn, Pb and B.

A cidade de São Paulo, assim como diversas cidades do mundo, enfrenta hoje sérios desafios no manejo de seus recursos hídricos, efeitos do processo de urbanização e desenvolvimento urbano que não considera as potencialidades das bases biofísicas de suas paisagens naturais, dentre eles, o tratamento da poluição das águas urbanas. Na natureza, a vegetação e a água são indissociáveis, as plantas participam da regulação do ciclo hidrológico e da manutenção da qualidade das águas através de mecanismos naturais, reconhecidos como mecanismos de fitorremediação, além de estarem diretamente relacionadas ao fornecimento de outros serviços ambientais que sustentam a vida na biosfera. Infraestrutura Verde é um conceito de rede de paisagens multifuncionais que realizam o manejo das águas das chuvas na fonte, ao mesmo tempo em que proporcionam melhorado microclima, proteção da biodiversidade, áreas de lazer e contato com a natureza, proteção contra desastres e enchentes e tratamento da poluição sem, contudo, excluir o desenvolvimento urbano. Em Berlim, Alemanha, desde o final dos anos 1980, é realizado o tratamento das águas urbanas a partir de alternativas de Infraestrutura Verde em substituição às práticas convencionais, ao passo que, em São Paulo o uso de tais alternativas é bem mais recente, integrando o Plano Diretor de Drenagem e Manejo de Águas Pluviais do município em 2010. Esta dissertação investiga o papel das plantas no tratamento das águas urbanas por tipologias de Infraestrutura Verde, sob o olhar da fitorremediação e identifica os critérios de seleção das espécies de plantas para projetos de Infraestrutura Verde na cidade de São Paulo, observando-se o estudo de caso do córrego Água Podre, bairro do Rio Pequeno, zona oeste do município. / The city of São Paulo, as many other cities around the world, is been facing serious challenges regarding their water supply management due to the urban development. The potential of the biophysical bases of their landscapes is overcome by urbanization, including the treatment of urban water. In nature, water and vegetation are indissociable. Plants participate in the regulation of the water cycle and maintenance of the water quality through natural mechanisms identified as phytoremediation processes. They are also directly related to other ecosystem services that sustain life on the biosphere. Green Infrastructure is a concept of multifunctional landscapes that manage the rainwater at the source. It also improves the microclimate, the protection to the biodiversity, provides leisure areas, protection against natural disasters and treatment of pollution, without excluding thepossibility of the development. Since the end of the 1980s, urban water treatment is used in Berlin as an alternative of Green Infrastructure, replacing conventional practices. In São Paulo the use of such alternatives is much more recent; it was integrated by the Water Management Plan in 2010. In this dissertation I investigate the role of plants in the treatment of urban waters through Green Infrastructure typologies, observing the phytoremediation processes and identifying the selection criteria of plant species for Green Infrastructure projects in the city of São Paulo. A case study of the Água Podre stream is observed; west zone of the city in Rio Pequeno district.

O capim tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) é promissor para uso em fitorremediação, devido ao seu sistema radicular extenso, boa adaptação a variados ambientes e alto rendimento de biomassa quando bem nutrido. O enxofre faz parte de compostos essenciais ao sistema antioxidante das plantas. A toxicidade causada por alta disponibilidade de metais, como o zinco, no meio de cultivo é um problema ambiental crescente. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do enxofre em amenizar o estresse causado pelo excesso de zinco no capim tanzânia. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em Piracicaba - SP, durante o verão, em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial fracionado, com as combinações de doses de enxofre (mmol L-1) e zinco (μmol L-1): 0,1/0,7; 0,1/500; 0,1/3000; 1,0/250; 1,0/1000; 1,9/0,7; 1,9/500; 1,9/3000; 2,8/250; 2,8/1000; 3,7/0,7; 3,7/500 e 3,7/3000. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: componentes de produção (perfilhos, folhas, área foliar, massa de parte aérea e de raízes), concentrações dos nutrientes (N, S, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn), valor SPAD, atividades de enzimas do sistema antioxidante (GR, GPOX, APX, CAT e SOD) e concentração de prolina. A toxicidade de zinco no primeiro crescimento do capim limitou a produção de massa seca e o número total de folhas, enquanto no segundo crescimento também ocorreu limitação na área foliar e no número total de perfilhos. A concentração de enxofre na planta aumentou em função do fornecimento de enxofre e do excesso de zinco no meio de cultivo. O excesso de zinco na planta provocou desequilíbrio na nutrição da planta com os micronutrientes cobre, ferro e manganês. Os indicadores do estresse oxidativo foram sensíveis para detectar a toxicidade do zinco no capim. As reduções na concentração de prolina e nas atividades de enzimas do sistema antioxidante demonstraram o efeito do enxofre em aliviar o estresse por toxicidade de zinco no capim tanzânia. / Tanzania guinea grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania) is promising for use in phytoremediation due to its extensive root system, good adaptation to diverse environments, and high biomass production when well nourished. Sulfur is part of essential compounds to the plant\'s antioxidant system. Toxicity caused by high availability of metals, such as zinc, in the growth medium is a growing environmental problem. The objective was to evaluate the effect of sulfur in mitigating the stress caused by zinc excess in tanzania guinea grass. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Piracicaba, SP, during the summer, in a randomized block design with rates of sulfur (mmol L-1) and zinc (μmol L-1) of 1/0.7; 0.1/500; 0.1/3000; 1.0/250; 1.0/1000; 1.9/0.7; 1.9/500; 1.9/3000; 2.8/250; 2.8/1000; 3.7/0.7; 3.7/500 and 3.7/3000. The response variables evaluated were plant production components (number of tillers, number of leaves, leaf area, and shoots and roots dry matter), nutrient concentrations (N, S, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), SPAD value, activities of the antioxidant enzymes (GR, GPOX, APX, CAT and SOD) and proline concentration. Zinc toxicity in the first growth of the grass limited the dry mass production and the total number of leaves, while in the second growth also there was limitation in the leaf area and the total number of tillers. The concentration of sulfur in the plant increased as a function of sulfur supply and excess zinc in the growth medium. Excess zinc in the plant caused imbalance in plant nutrition for the micronutrients copper, iron and manganese. The indicators of oxidative stress were sensitive to detect grass toxicity by zinc. Reductions in proline concentration and enzyme activities of the antioxidant system demonstrated the effect of sulfur in alleviating the stress of zinc toxicity in tanzania guinea grass.

The objective of this research was to determine if mature landfill leachate could be treated to a level so that it was safe to discharge to the environment. The treatment method was an Advanced Oxidation Process. The process utilized Titanium Dioxide and UV. Three different reactor types were used, falling film, flow through and falling film + Electron Magnetic Oxygen Hydrogen (EMOH). To improve removal pre-treatment with titanium dioxide settling were conducted in conjunction with treatment in a reactor. The best removal was obtained with pre-treatment with titanium dioxide settling, followed by the falling film + EMOH reactor. In 8 hours, removal was 63% for COD, 53% for ammonia, 73% for alkalinity and 98% for calcium hardness. The kinetics found in this experiment show that full treatment times for safe discharge vary between contaminates. For complete removal of all tested contaminates to safe discharge regulations requires 185 hour of treatment. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

La phytoremédiation est un concept pour la dépollution et de réhabilitation des sols et/ou de friches industrielles contaminés par des éléments traces métalliques (ETMs), utilisant les végétaux pour absorber ou immobiliser les contaminants en présence des organismes microbiens de la rhizosphère. Cette technique a pour conséquence une production de biomasse plus ou moins contaminée qu’il est nécessaire de traiter et également de valoriser. Cependant, la présence d’ETMs peut être problématique dans une approche de conversion en bioraffinerie. Pour répondre à cette question, deux espèces ont été étudiées : une plante herbacée hyperaccumulatrice (Noccaea caerulescens) et un ligneux (Salix viminalis). Deux prétraitements ont été sélectionnés pour cette étude : les prétraitements par explosion vapeur et organosolv, en appliquant différentes conditions opératoires, afin (1) de suivre la distribution des ETMs au cours du traitement, (2) de purifier la matière lignocellulosique et (3) d’évaluer l’effet des ETMs sur les étapes ultérieures d’hydrolyse enzymatique et de fermentation. Pour le prétraitement organosolv la majeure partie des ETMs est récupérée dans le résidu solide cellulosique alors que par explosion à la vapeur, les ETMs sont extraits en grande partie dans les effluents aqueux du traitement. La présence d’ETMs dans les pâtes cellulosiques et les hydrolysats ne montre pas d’effet significatif sur la cinétique d’hydrolyse enzymatique et de fermentation. Concernant spécifiquement Noccaea caerulescens des teneurs relativement importantes en pectines ont été observées, ce qui ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour la valorisation de cette plante par la production d’un biopolymère d’intérêt industriel. Finalement, les résultats obtenus montrent qu’il serait possible de combiner réhabilitation des sols et valorisation en bioraffinerie de biomasses issues de phytotechnologies soit pour la production du bioéthanol ou la production de molécules plateforme / Phytoremediation is a concept for the depollution and rehabilitation of soils and/or industrial wastelands contaminated by metal trace elements (MTEs), using plants to absorb or immobilize contaminants in the presence of microbial organisms in the rhizosphere. This technique results in a more or less contaminated biomass production that must be treated and also recovered. However, the presence of MTEs can be an issue in a biorefinery conversion approach. To address this question, two species were studied: an hyperaccumulator herbaceous plant (Noccaea caerulescens) and a woody plant (Salix viminalis). Two pre-treatments were selected for this study: steam explosion and organosolv pre-treatments, applying different operating conditions, in order to (1) monitor the distribution of MTEs during the process, (2) purify lignocellulosic material and (3) evaluate the effect of MTEs on subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation steps. For organosolv pretreatment, most of the MTEs are recovered in the solid cellulosic residue while by steam explosion, MTEs are mostly extracted in the aqueous effluents of the treatment. The presence of MTEs in cellulosic pastes and hydrolysates does not show a significant effect on the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Concerning specifically Noccaea caerulescens, the plant contains relatively high levels of pectins, which opens up interesting prospects for the valorization of this plant through the production of a biopolymer of industrial interest. Finally, the results obtained show that it would be possible to combine soil rehabilitation and biorefinery valorization of biomasses from phytotechnologies for either bioethanol production or the production of platform molecules

Espécies vegetais cultivadas em ambientes com altas concentrações de cromo (Cr) apresentam danos estruturais e baixa produção de massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. O enxofre (S) é capaz de aliviar a toxidez provocada por metais pesados por ativar enzimas antioxidantes e produzir compostos capazes de imobilizar os metais. Objetivou-se avaliar as modificações estruturais, nutricionais e bioquímicas ocorridas no capim tanzânia crescendo com três doses de S (0,1; 1,9 e 3,7 mmol L-1) combinadas com quatro doses de Cr (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mmol L-1), em solução nutritiva. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em período de verão, utilizando um fatorial no delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com seis repetições. O primeiro corte do capim foi realizado 33 dias após o transplantio das mudas para os vasos e o segundo corte 25 dias após o primeiro. O S amenizou o efeito tóxico do Cr aumentando a emissão de folhas e perfilhos e promovendo maior produção de massa seca de parte aérea. O índice relativo de clorofila (valor SPAD) nas lâminas recém-expandidas relacionou-se com os sintomas de clorose e necrose observados no primeiro crescimento. A dose residual de Cr estimulou a atividade fotossintética das folhas que apresentaram tonalidade verde escuro. Houve aumento na concentração e no acúmulo de S e de Cr na parte aérea do capim tanzânia com o fornecimento das doses combinadas do nutriente com o metal. A deficiência de S fez aumentar as concentrações de fósforo e de cobre na parte aérea. O capim absorveu maiores quantidades de micronutrientes para controlar o estresse provocado pela toxidez do Cr. A taxa fotossintética do capim tanzânia foi menor nas plantas contaminadas com Cr o que causou maior atividade das enzimas catalase, ascorbato peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase e glutationa redutase na parte aérea. Aumento na concentração do peróxido de hidrogênio foi observado pela maior atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase quando foi utilizada dose de S de 0,1 mmol L-1 combinada com as doses de Cr, principalmente nas demais partes - folhas mais maduras, colmos e bainhas. O S amenizou o efeito tóxico do Cr no capim tanzânia aumentando as emissões de folhas e de perfilhos, a produção de biomassa, a absorção de micronutrientes e a atividade da enzima guaiacol peroxidase. O estresse por deficiência de S ou excesso de Cr resultou em aumento na síntese de prolina. O capim tanzânia possui habilidade em sobreviver sob contaminação com Cr quando adequadamente nutrido com S. / Plant species grown in environments with high concentrations of chromium (Cr) exhibit structural damage and lower dry mass production of shoot and root. Sulfur (S) is able to aleviatte the toxicity caused by heavy metals by activating antioxidant enzymes and producing compounds capable of immobilizing heavy metals. The aim was to evaluate structural, nutritional and biochemical changes occurring in tanzania guinea grass growing with three doses of S (0.1, 1.9 and 3.7 mmol L-1) combined with four doses of Cr (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol L-1) in nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse during the Summer season, by using a factorial in a randomized complete block design with six replications. The first harvest of the grass was done at 33 days after the transplanting of seedlings to the pots and second harvest at 25 days after the first one. S decreased the toxic effect of Cr increasing the emission of leaves and tillers and promoting higher production of shoots dry mass. Relative chlorophyll index (SPAD value) in newly expanded lamina leaves was associated to symptoms of chlorosis and necrosis observed in the plants during the first growth. Residual Cr stimulated photosynthetic activity of leaves, which presented dark green color. There was an increase in the concentrations and accumulations of S and Cr in shoots of tanzania guinea grass with the supply of combined rates of nutrient and metal. S deficiency increased the concentrations of phosphorus and copper in shoots. The grass uptook larger amounts of micronutrients to control stress caused by toxicity of Cr. The photosynthetic rate in tanzania guinea grass was low in contaminated plants, which resulted in high activity of the enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the shoots. The increase in hydrogen peroxide concentration was observed due to the high activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme when the S rate was 0.1 mmol L-1 in combination with Cr rates, mainly in the more mature leaves, culms and sheaths. S alleviated the toxic effect of Cr in tanzania guinea grass by increasing leaf emission, tillering, biomass production, micronutrient uptake and guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity. Stress caused for sulfur deficiency or Cr excess result in high synthesis of proline. Tanzania guinea grass has ability to survive under Cr contamination when adequately supplied with S.

Situé au sein de la plaine de la Bekaa au Liban, le fleuve du Litani est sujet à divers rejets agricoles, industriels, domestiques et urbain. Lors de l'irrigation des parcelles agricoles, les eaux du fleuve contaminent le sol et les cultures présentant ainsi un risque pour la santé de l'Homme et l’environnement. Parmi les méthodes de remédiation émergentes et en adéquation avec le développement durable figure la phytoremédiation assistée par les champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires (CMA). Cependant, la rentabilité de ce mode de gestion constitue l'un des principaux freins à son développement et la valorisation de produits biosourcés, à hautes valeurs ajoutées, issus de la biomasse végétale produite sur ces sols contaminés permettrait d'abaisser les coûts globaux de gestion et de requalification de ces sols pollués. Parmi les filières de valorisation éco-innovantes, la culture de plantes à parfums aromatiques et médicinales (PPAM) productrices d'huiles essentielles (HE) à activités biologiques peut être suggérée comme une option prometteuse. Ainsi, l'objectif de ce travail de thèse a consisté tout d'abord à caractériser le sol d'une parcelle expérimentale située à Marj-Bekaa et directement irriguée par les eaux du Litani, puis à proposer un mode de gestion basé sur la production d'HE pouvant ainsi répondre aux attentes environnementales, économiques et sociales. Nos résultats montrent que la parcelle expérimentale, située à Marj-Bekaa et directement irriguée par les eaux du Litani, est principalement contaminée par des éléments traces métalliques [Ni (88 mg.Kgˉ ¹), Cr (122 mg.Kgˉ ¹), V (170 mg.Kgˉ ¹) et Mn (551 mg.Kgˉ ¹) et des polluants organiques [les alcanes (2.5 g.Kgˉ ¹ du sol)]. Cette contamination est à l'origine d'une (1) cytotoxicité vis-à-vis des cellules pulmonaires et hépatiques mise en évidence grâce au dosage de deux activités enzymatiques, la lactate déshydorgénase et la déshydorgénase mithochondriale mais aussi d'une (2) écotoxicité révélée par la réduction (i) des taux de germination des graines (blé, trèfle, luzerne, ray-grass et fétuque), (ii) de la biomasse microbienne du sol [bactéries Gram-positive et Gram-négative, champignons mychoriziens à arbuscules (CMA), champignons saprotrophes et ectomycorhiziens], (iii) de l'abondance et de la diversité des spores de CMA et (iv) de la richesse et de la diversité végétales. Cependant, toutes les plantes indigènes étaient mycorhizées. C'est pourquoi, la faisabilité de la phytoremédiation assistée par les CMA du site expérimental de la Bekaa, a été testée à la fois en microcosmes et in situ en utilisant une plante aromatique productrice d'HE, l'origan (Origanum syriacum L.). Nos résultats ont montré que non seulement l'origan possède un potentiel de dissipation des alcanes mais en plus cette plante ne transfère pas ces polluants dans les HE extraites à partir de sa biomasse aérienne. Par ailleurs, il a été constaté que la mycorhization a une influence sur la composition des HE. En outre, notre étude a permis l'évaluation de diverses activités biologiques (antifongiques, antioxydante et anti-inflammatoire) d'une gamme d'HE extraites de différentes espèces végétales dont l'origan et ce en présence et en absence des cyclodextrines (HP-β-CD), oligosaccharides cycliques qui complexent les HE et augmentent leurs biodisponibilités. / Located in the Bekaa valley in Lebanon, The Litani River is exposed to agricultural, industrial, domestic and urban wastewaters. Through the irrigation of agricultural soils, the river's water contributes to soil and culture contamination and represents a risk for human health and environment. Amongst the emergent sustainable remediation methods, there is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) assisted-phytoremediation. However, one of the limitation in using phytoremediation as depollution method is its socio-economic profitability. Among the eco-innovative valorization processes with high profitability, the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants producing essential oils (EO) with biological activities has been suggested as a promising option. Thus, this thesis work aims firstly at characterizing the soil of an experimental site located at Marj-Bekaa and directly irrigated by the Litani's water and secondly at proposing a mode of management of the contaminated soil based on the production of EO that can meet environmental, economic and social expectations. Our findings showed that the soil sampled in Marj-Bekaa is mainly contamined by metal trace elements [Ni (88 mg.Kgˉ ¹), Cr (122 mg.Kgˉ ¹), V (170 mg.Kgˉ ¹) and Mn (551 mg.Kgˉ ¹) and alkanes (2.5 g.Kgˉ ¹ of soil). This contamination is causing (i) cytotoxicity against both bronchial and hepatic human cells revealed by the evaluation of two enzyme activities, extracellular lactate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial dehydrogenase, as well as (2) ecotoxicity pointed out by the reduction of (i) seed germination (wheat, clover, alfalfa, ryegrass and tall fescue), (ii) soil microbial biomass [Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF), ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi], (iii) abundance and diversity of AMF spores as well as (iv) the plant diversity and richness. The AMF-assisted phytoremediation of the Bekaa experimental site was evaluated both in microcosms and in situ experiments using an aromatic plant producing EO, oregano (Origanum syriacum L.). Our results revealed that oregano plant possess an alkane's dissipation potential and no polluant transfer is detected in EO. Moreover, the mycorrhization modified the EO composition. On the over hand, our study evaluated several biological (antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) activities of a range of EO extracted from many plant species including oregano, in the presence and the absence of cyclodextrines (HP-β-CD), cyclic oligosaccharides that encapsulate EO and enhance their bioavailabilities.