Orientador: José Teixeira Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T21:13:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Piedade_AlineRegina_D.pdf: 10351385 bytes, checksum: 593830ddbd99d3342ee3c371badce31f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O uso de leitos cultivados é uma alternativa no tratamento de águas residuárias, pois atuam na depuração de efluentes. Um aspecto importante deste tema está associado à complexidade ecossistêmica dos leitos. Com base neste enfoque, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a dinâmica da retenção/remoção de fósforo em três sistemas de fluxo subsuperficial, com leitos cultivados por Typha sp. sob suporte de brita, o qual atuou no pós-tratamento de efluentes de esgoto doméstico de Reatores Anaeróbios Compartimentados (RAC). Para a determinação de critérios de projetos, houve o monitoramento da quantidade de água (vazão, volume, TDH e evaporação/evapotranspiração), da qualidade de água (concentração, carga e eficiência de retenção/remoção de fósforo), bem como dos levantamentos fisiológicos da vegetação e meteorológicos do local. Os leitos cultivados com a macrófita Typha sp. (leito Typha 1 e leito Typha 2) apresentaram eficiências de retenção de fósforo superiores ao leito no qual continha apenas brita (leito Brita). Em relação aos leitos cultivados com a macrófita, as vazões médias de entrada/saída foram de 55,4 e 51,2 l h-1, respectivamente, com taxa de evapotranspiração média de 8,9 mm. O TDH médio foi de 1,99 dias. As concentrações médias de fósforo de entrada/saída foram de 4,0 e 3,3 mg l-1, respectivamente. A carga média de fósforo de entrada foi de 226,3 mg h-1 e a carga média de saída foi de 175,6 mg h-1. A eficiência média de retenção de fósforo total foi de 22,4% e a eficiência média de remoção pela Typha sp. foi de 10,6%. Quanto ao desenvolvimento da vegetação, foram obtidas médias de 407 plantas e altura de 173,2 cm, sendo que cada planta tinha, em média, 11 folhas e área foliar de, aproximadamente, 0,27 m2. A vegetação apresentou massa de matéria fresca de 35,8 kg e massa de matéria seca de 6,4 kg, totalizando 17,8% de matéria seca. A concentração média de fósforo total na parte aérea das plantas foi de 2,5 g kg-1, que representou uma quantidade de 16,2 g de fósforo. Em relação às variáveis meteorológicas, notou-se grande influência do Déficit de Pressão de Vapor Saturado (DPVS) na demanda de evapotranspiração das plantas. Conclui-se que os sistemas de leitos cultivados com Typha sp. têm potencialidade de aplicação para tratamento de efluentes de esgoto doméstico / Abstract: Constructed wetlands are important alternatives for polluted water treatment because they carry the secondary treatment of effluents in the purification process. The characteristic ecosystem complexity of the wetlands is an important issue in this subject matter. Based on that consideration, the objective of this research work was established in evaluating phosphorus retention in three subsurface flow systems in constructed wetlands, using gravel medium (substrate) cultivated with macrophyte Typha sp., which acts as post-treatment domestic effluents of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). In order to establish criteria for projects, wetlands monitoring included flow recording, transpiration, water quantity (flow, evaporation/evapotranspiration and TDH), water quality (concentration, load and phosphorous retention efficiency) as well as surveys of physiological vegetation and meteorological site. Results indicated the constructed wetlands with the macrophyta Typha sp. (Typha be 1 and Typha 2) presented higher phosphorous retention efficiency if compared with gravel bed. Results also showed an average water input flow of 55.4 l h-1 and an output water flow of 51.2 l h-1 yielding a balance of 4.2 l h-1 which represents an average evapotranspiration rate of 8.9 mm. Average TDH was noted to be of 1.99 days. Inlet water showed an average phosphorous concentration of 4.0 mg l-1 meanwhile the outlet water presented of 3.3 mg l-1 holding a difference of 0.7 mg l-1. Average phosphorous concentration of inlet water was recorded as 226.3 mg h-1 meanwhile the average phosphorous concentration at the outlet water was of 175.6 mg h-1, holding a difference of 50.8 mg h-1. Average phosphorous total retention efficiency was of 22.4% and of 10.6% of remotion by Typha sp. Vegetation development indicated na average value of 173.2 cm measured in 407 individuals, observing that an average number of 11 leaves for each plant and a foliar area close to 0.27 m2. Total vegetation presented 35.8 kg of fresh mass and 6.4 kg of dry mass, representing 17.8% of dry matter. Average phosphorous total concentration in the aerial part was of 2.5 g kg-1 corresponding to a total value of 16.2 g. Among the metheorological variables associated to the physiological vegetative development, the variable named DPVS was noted to exhibit major influence on the plant evapotranspiration demand. It can be concluded that constructed wetlands with Typha sp. showed potential application in the wastewater treatment of domestic sewage / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientadores: Marlene Aparecida Schiavinato, Sara Adrian Lopez de Andrade / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_LucasAnjos_M.pdf: 3027770 bytes, checksum: b8bcb5d45029d8dc57eac08831f2233d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, para exploração do meio ambiente, está intimamente relacionado ao aumento da poluição ambiental, principalmente por metais pesados (MPs). O mais preocupante é quando a contaminação por MPs ocorre em solos agriculturáveis e leva, conseqüentemente, à contaminação de animais e seres humanos. O Pb é um MP que é cumulativo nos organismos vivos e não possui nenhuma função fisiológica vital conhecida até o momento. Esse elemento está presente em baixas concentrações quando o solo não sofreu influência humana. Existe uma grande preocupação em recuperar áreas contaminadas com MPs, mas diversas técnicas empregadas são muito laboriosas e caras. Uma alternativa seria a utilização da técnica de fitorremediação, na qual se utiliza plantas com capacidade de absorver e acumular grandes quantidades do contaminante em seus tecidos para, posteriormente, coletá-las e estocá-las em locais seguros. De uma maneira geral a associação de plantas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) altera a fisiologia da planta e dessa maneira o potencial fitorremediador pode ser acentuado. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar como a associação com o FMA Glomus etunicatum pode influenciar o crescimento e o potencial fitorremediador de Canavalia gladiata, Stizolobium aterrimum e Calopogonium mucunoides em solo contaminado com chumbo. Esse experimento foi conduzido utilizando-se as 3 espécies de leguminosas herbáceas citadas acima, inoculadas ou não com FMA, crescendo em diferentes concentrações de Pb (0, 250, 500 e 1000 mg kg-1) adicionado sob a forma de acetato de chumbo. Observou-se que a germinação das sementes de nenhuma das espécies estudadas foi afetada pelo Pb no solo. No entanto, o crescimento da parte aérea e das raízes foi afetado diferentemente em cada uma dessas plantas, sendo C. mucunoides a que sofreu mais com a presença de Pb no solo. A micorrização teve um papel importante na tolerância de C. mucunoides ao Pb, enquanto que nas demais espécies tal efeito não foi observado. A micorrização favoreceu o acumulo de Pb em C. mucunoides e em C. gladiata mas não em S. aterrimum. Todas as espécies estudadas apresentaram potencial fitoestabilizador de Pb; C. mucunoides apresentou menor translocação de Pb para a parte aérea que C. gladiata e S. aterrimum. A micorrização se mostrou fundamental apenas para o desenvolvimento de C. mucunoides na presença de Pb / Abstract: The development of new technologies, to the exploration of environment, is intimately related with the increasing environmental pollution, mainly by heavy metals (HMs). This scenario can become more serious when the contamination by HMs involves agricultural soils and results in contamination of crops used in human consumption and it lead to the contamination of animals and human beings. Pb is a HM that is accumulative in the living organisms and it doesn't possess any vital physiological function known until the present. This element is present in the soil in low concentrations when the soil hasn't suffered human influences. There is a great concern in recovering polluted areas with HMs, but several employed techniques are very laborious and expensive. An alternative would be the utilization of the phytoremediation technique that involves the use of plants with capability to absorb and accumulate great amounts of the pollutant in their tissues to, afterward collect and store them in safe places. In a general maner the association of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alters plant's physiology and, thus the phytoremediation potential can be enhanced. The objective of this work has been to investigate how the association with the AMF Glomus etunicatum can influence the growth and the phytoremediation potential of Canavalia gladiata, Stizolobium aterrimum and Calopogonium mucunoides in a soil contaminated with lead. This experiment was carried out using the 3 species of herbaceous leguminous mentioned above, inoculated or uninoculated with AMF, growing in different Pb concentrations (0, 250, 500 e 1000 mg kg-1) added as lead acetate. It was observed that the seeds' germination of all the studied species was not affected by Pb in the soil. However the growth was affected differently in each one of the species where C. mucunoides was the one that suffered more with Pb in the soil. The mycorrhization had an important role in the tolerance of C. mucunoides to Pb while in the other species we haven't observed such effect. The mycorrhization favored the accumulation of Pb in C. gladiata and in C. mucunoides but not in S. aterrimum. All the studied plants presented phytostabilization; C. mucunoides presented lower translocation of Pb to aerial parts than C. gladiata and S. aterrimum. The mycorrhization demonstrated it self fundamental only to the development of C. mucunoides in the presence of Pb / Mestrado / Biologia Vegetal / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Edson Valente.pdf: 791720 bytes, checksum: 2b118211a5c89a68aa642ece2e2d7af3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Heavy metals accumulate up frequently in the top layer of soil on the roots accessible principles of the plants. In advanced stages of infection may reach decimate the biota or even present concentrations thousands of times higher than in the aquatic system. This is due to changes in its chemical forms allowing the build up in living organisms. This study evaluated is the behavior of the species Senna multijuga, Caesalpinia echinata and Shizolobium amazonicum in soils contaminated by heavy metals from landfill (ASC) and Manaus Industrial Pole (PIM). The study was conducted in a greenhouse for five months. In soil, were analyzed the chemical and physical attributes and concentration of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry, (FAAS) in the air-acetylene flame in fractions exchangeable, carbonate, iron/manganese oxide and organic matter. The plant, the parties were separated and air root, dried at 65 °C, digested with HNO3 and HClO4 (4:1) at 200 °C for two hours and the concentrations of heavy metals determined by FAAS. The results showed that the metals have different distributions in contaminated soil, being influenced by factors such as pH, CEC, amount of organic matter, complexation, competition ion and chemical interactions that contributed to their mobility and/or adsorption. The hierarchical analysis (HCA) and major components (PCA) revealed a similarity between the soils and with strong relationships between Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, in the soil of the ASC and Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soil the PIM. The hierarchical analysis (HCA) and major components (PCA) revealed a similarity between the soils and with strong relationships between Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, in the soil of the ASC and Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soil the PIM. The species multijuga Senna was the best that it was developed in contaminated soil. The Caesalpinia echinata has potential accumulator to the elements Mn and Zn. The three species can be classified as fitoextratora and hiperacumuladora for Co, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn and Pb, regardless of the soil analyzed. / Os metais pesados se acumulam freqüentemente na camada superior do solo, ficando acessíveis as raízes das plantas. Em estágios avançado de contaminação podem chegar dizimar a biota ou, mesmo apresentar concentrações milhares de vezes maiores do que no sistema aquático. Isso ocorre devido às mudanças nas suas formas química possibilitando o acúmulo em organismos vivos. Neste trabalho avaliaram-se o comportamento das espécies Senna multijuga, Caesalpinia echinata e Shizolobium amazonicum em solos contaminados por metais pesados do aterro sanitário de Manaus (ASC) e Pólo Industrial de. Manaus (PIM). O estudo foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação durante cinco meses. No solo, foram analisados os atributos químicos e físicos e concentração dos metais pesados por espectrometria de absorção atômica (FAAS) em chama aracetileno nas frações trocável, carbonácea, oxídica e matéria orgânica. Nas planta, foram separadas as partes aéreas e radiculares, secas a 65 oC, digeridas com HNO3 e HClO4 (4:1) a 200 oC por duas horas e as concentrações de metais pesados determinadas por FAAS. Os metais possuem distribuições diferentes nos solos contaminados, sendo influenciados por fatores como pH, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), quantidade de matéria orgânica, complexação, competição iônica e interações químicas que contribuíram para sua mobilidade e/ou adsorção. As análises hierárquica (HCA) e componentes principais (PCA) revelaram uma similaridade entre os solos estudados e com relações fortes entre Cd, Co, Cr e Mn, no solo do ASC e Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no solo do PIM. A espécie Senna multijuga foi a que melhor se desenvolveu nos solos contaminados. A Caesalpinia echinata possui potencial acumulador para os elementos Mn e Zn. As três espécies podem ser classificadas como fitoextratora e hiperacumuladora para Co, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn e Pb, independentemente dos solos analisados.

Les sols enrichis en éléments traces métalliques, encore appelés sols métallifères, constituent un modèle original pour l’étude des processus écologiques et évolutifs opérant au sein de la végétation qui y est associée. Au Sud-Est de l’Afrique centrale, dans l’ex-province du Katanga, une succession d’affleurements naturels de roches enrichies en cuivre (Cu) et en cobalt (Co), uniques en leur genre à la surface de la terre, forment le très célèbre « Arc Cuprifère Katangais ». De véritables « collines de cuivre », isolées géographiquement dans une matrice de forêt claire, s’étendent sur plus de 300 Km et constituent des écosystèmes remarquables attirant l’attention de chercheurs depuis plus d’un demi-siècle.Les conditions écologiques extrêmes des collines de Cu et de Co, liées principalement à des concentrations métalliques élevées dans les sols (1 000 à 10 000 fois supérieures aux sols normaux), ont sélectionné des végétations hautement originales et uniques composées de métallophytes, aussi appelées cupro-cobaltophytes, pouvant toutefois présenter des niches écologiques très variables. Certaines de ces plantes possèdent même la fascinante particularité d’accumuler le Cu et/ou le Co dans leurs tissus foliaires à des niveaux de concentrations extrêmement toxiques pour des plantes normales, et sont qualifiées arbitrairement d’hyperaccumulatrices. À ce jour, de fortes variations d’accumulation du Cu et du Co encore mal comprises sont observées chez ces cupro-cobaltophytes. Celles-ci pourraient être expliquées par une variation de la disponibilité du Cu et du Co dans les sols, par une variabilité des mécanismes de tolérance au Cu et au Co, et par une variation de la capacité à accumuler ces métaux.Certaines cupro-cobaltophytes sont restreintes de ces habitats métallifères hors-normes, et d’autres se distribuent plus largement, possédant également des populations au sein d’habitats non-métallifères, en savane ou en forêt, sur sol normal. Ces dernières, à plus large distribution écologique, sont qualifiées de cupro-cobaltophytes facultatives, et constituent des modèles biologiques hautement intéressants pour étudier les processus écologiques et évolutifs liés à la tolérance et l’accumulation du Cu et du Co.La biogéochimie, l’écologie et l’évolution de la tolérance et de l’accumulation du Cu et du Co chez les cupro-cobaltophytes facultatives restent à ce jour peu connues, surtout pour le Co. La stratégie de recherche repose sur une approche interdisciplinaire (biogéochimie, écologie fonctionnelle et écologie évolutive) qui s’articule autour de travaux réalisés à la fois sur le terrain et en conditions contrôlées :sur un sol et en hydroponie. Chez une métallophyte facultative modèle à large amplitude écogéographique :Anisopappus chinensis (Asteraceae), la thèse s’attache à :(i) caractériser la variation phénotypique de l’accumulation du Cu et du Co et connaître les facteurs édaphiques qui l’influence, pour mieux comprendre la disponibilité du Cu et du Co dans les sols métallifères, (ii) tester l’influence de facteurs chimiques du sol sur la mobilité du Cu et du Co dans les sols et sur l’accumulation foliaire de Cu et de Co, (iii) étudier la réponse adaptative de populations métallicoles et non-métallicoles provenant d’habitats très contrastés, et leur réponse plastique au Co, (iv) examiner la variabilité génétique de la capacité à tolérer et à accumuler le Cu et le Co entre des populations métallicoles et non-métallicoles.Les variations d’accumulation de Cu et de Co observées au sein des populations métallicoles d’A. chinensis seraient en grande partie influencées par la teneur en matière organique et les concentrations totales en manganèse et en fer des sols de la zone racinaire. Le Cu et le Co potentiellement dans la solution du sol ne sembleraient pas être les seules fractions expliquant les variations d’accumulation. Les concentrations de Cu et de Co liées respectivement aux oxydes de manganèse et à la matière organique pourraient également représenter une concentration significativement disponible pour les plantes. En culture, une variation dans la mobilité du Cu et du Co dans le sol n’expliquait pas nécessairement une variation dans les concentrations foliaires mesurées chez A. chinensis. La disponibilité du Cu et du Co en milieu métallifère est un concept difficile à appréhender, élément- et espèce-dépendant, qui serait la résultante d’interactions biogéochimiques complexes à l’échelle de la rhizosphère, impliquant les microorganismes.Il existe une réponse adaptative à la diversité d’habitats chez A. chinensis traduite par des hauteurs de plantes et surfaces de feuilles plus faibles chez les populations métallicoles étudiées. Malgré des sols très contrastés chimiquement entre habitats métallifères et non-métallifères, très peu de variations intraspécifiques de la surface foliaire spécifique et des concentrations foliaires en nutriments ont été observées. La très faible réponse plastique au Co chez les populations étudiées d’A. chinensis semble mettre en évidence une homéostasiedes traits fonctionnels foliaires mesurés, qui pourrait expliquer la large niche écologique de l’espèce.La tolérance au Cu n’est pas un attribut vérifié à l’échelle de l’espèce chez A. chinensis. Celle-ci semblerait s’exprimer dans des conditions édaphiques bien particulières sur les sols métallifères, et pourrait être le fruit de processus rhizosphériques impliquant les microorganismes. Une différenciation génétique de la tolérance au Co a été observée chez les populations métallicoles des sols enrichis en Co. Une relation positive entre le degré de tolérance au Co et le niveau de concentration en Co dans le sol natif existerait. Pour la première fois chez une métallophyte, une variation génétique de l’accumulation de Co a été mise en évidence. L’hyperaccumulation du Cu et du Co chez les métallophytes, à de faibles concentrations disponibles dans les sols, n’existerait pas. Anisopappus chinensis provenant de sols enrichis en Co constitue un matériel végétal remarquable à valoriser, puisque s’exprimant comme une véritable accumulatrice de Co en conditions contrôlées. / Soils enriched in trace metal elements (TE) (i.e. metalliferous soils) constitute original model systems to study ecological and evolutionary processes occurring among their associated vegetation. In Southeastern central Africa (Katanga), a unique succession of natural copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) outcrops occurs; the so-called “Katangan Copperbelt”. Here, scattered over 300 Km, geographically isolated “copper hills” form remarkable ecosystems that strongly contrast with the surrounding clear forest.Soil Cu and Co concentrations of those hills can be 1000- to 10 000-fold higher than in normal soils. These extreme ecological conditions have selected a unique vegetation of metallophytes, also called cupro-cobaltophytes. Some plants have the fascinating peculiarity to accumulate Cu and Co in their tissues up to extremely phytotoxic concentrations and are called “hyperaccumulators”. High misunderstood inter and intraspecific variations of Cu and Co accumulation are observed within this flora. These variations could be explained by variations in Cu and Co availability in soils, but also by inter and intraspecific variations in Cu and Co tolerance mechanisms and capacity to accumulate Cu and Co.Some cupro-cobaltophytes are restricted to metalliferous habitats (i.e. endemic metallophytes) and some are widely distributed, with populations on normal soils (i.e. facultative metallophytes). These latter are of high interest to study the ecology and evolution of Cu and Co tolerance and accumulation.Biogeochemistry, ecology and evolution of Cu and Co tolerance and accumulation in facultative cupro-cobaltophytes remains poorly understood, especially for Co. Research strategy was to develop a transdisciplinary approach (biogeochemistry, functional ecology and evolutionary ecology) based on field works and experiments (using soil or nutrient solution). For Anisopappus chinensis (Asteraceae), a broad-niched and geographically widespread facultative metallophyte chosen as model species, this PhD thesis aims at: (i) investigate the phenotypic variation of Cu and Co accumulation, and the influencing soil chemical factors, to understand better Cu and Co availability in metalliferous soils, (ii) test the influence of soil chemical factors on Cu and Co mobility in soil and accumulation, (iii) studyadaptive response of metallicolous (M) and non-metallicolous (NM) populations from contrasted habitats, and their plastic response to Co, (iv) examine the genetic variation in Cu and Co tolerance and accumulation between M and NM populations.Copper and Co accumulation variations among M populations of A. chinensis are clearly influenced by organic matter content and soil total manganese and iron concentrations in the rooting zone. Mobile Cu and Co concentrations, potentially in the soil solution, would not only explain Cu and Co accumulation variations. Copper and Co bound to respectively manganese oxides and organic matter could also represent Cu and Co available concentrations for plants. In experimental conditions, variations in Cu and Co mobility would not necessary explained variations in foliar Cu and Co concentrations in A. chinensis. Copper and Co availability is a complex element- and species-specific mechanism, closely related to all biogeochemical processes that occur in the rhizosphere. Important role of microorganisms is expected.Adaptive response to habitats has been highlighted for A. chinensis. Metallicolous plants had consistently lower height and leaf size than NM plants. Despite strong contrast in the soil chemistry between metalliferous and non-metalliferous habitats, very few variations in specific leaf area and leaf nutrient concentrations was observed between M and NM populations. The low plastic response to Co seems to reveal homeostasis of the studied functional leaf traits, which might explain the broad ecological niche of the species.Tolerance to Cu is not constitutive of A. chinensis and would be express under specific growth conditions in nature. Expression of Cu tolerance could be the result of specific soil-plant-microorganisms processes. Genetic differentiation in Co tolerance has been demonstrated in M populations from Co-enriched soils. Positive relationship between the level of tolerance to Co and the concentration of Co in the native soil may exist. Genetic variability of Co accumulation has been demonstrated for the first time in a metallophyte. Cu and Co hyperaccumulation at low available concentration in the soil would not exist in metallophytes. Anisopappus chinensis form Co-enriched soils expressed as a genuine Co accumulator and thus, constitute an interesting valuable biological model. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les Technosols comprennent les sols soumis à une forte pression anthropique et en particulier les sols influencés par les matériaux d'origine humaine. Dans ce contexte, les sites miniers abandonnés peuvent souvent contenir une grande quantité de déchets transformés enrichis en métaux et métalloïdes. En comparaison avec les sols naturels, la singularité des Technosols miniers correspond à leur matériel parental constitués de déchets minéraux de granulométrie fine. Contrairement à leurs homologues peu anthropisés, les Technosols sont encore assez mal connus. L'objectif global de cette étude est d'approfondir les connaissances des processus pédogénétiques des Technosols développés naturellement à partir de déchets miniers de façon à mieux anticiper la réhabilitation de ces sites. Ainsi, différents profils ont été échantillonnés correspondant respectivement à d’anciennes exploitations de W, Pb-Ag, Sn et Au. Leurs fonctionnements pédologiques ont dès lors été étudiés afin de déterminer les liens potentiels et les leviers guidant leur évolution. Cette étude préliminaire correspond à une image contemporaine de ce que peut donner une réhabilitation naturelle (par simple formation de solum après végétation spontanée) pour une durée d’environ 75 ans en moyenne. Dans un second temps plusieurs techniques de réhabilitation ont été étudiés respectivement: (i) la phytoremédiation par culture du Douglas ainsi que (ii) la revalorisation des déchets par synthèse de géopolymères enrichis en déchets miniers. / The Technosols include soils subject to strong anthropogenic pressure and particularly to the soil influenced by human-made materials. In this context, abandoned mine sites can contain a large amount of transformed waste materials often enriched with metals and metalloïds. Compared to natural soils, the singularity of mining Technosols naturally developed from mining waste corresponding to their parental material made by fine-grained mineral waste. Unlike their poorly anthropized homologous, Technosols are not enough well known. So, the overall objective of this study is to increase knowledge of soil processes of Technosols after spontaneous vegetation impact. Thus, different profiles were sampled respectively corresponding to different abandoned mine exploitation type: W, Pb-Ag, Sn and Au. Their pedogenic way have therefore been studied to determine potential linkages and levers guiding their evolution. This preliminary study is based on the contemporary picture of a natural rehabilitation (by simple solum formation) for a period of about 75 years on average. Secondly several rehabilitation techniques have been studied respectively: (i) the phytoremediation by growing Douglas plant and (ii) the reused of waste by mine sediment based geopolymer synthesis.

La phytoremédiation, la technique de bioremédiation qui utilise les plantes, est considérée comme une technologie « verte » et efficace pour décontaminer des sols pollués aux hydrocarbures. Les plantes agissent essentiellement à travers la stimulation des microorganismes de la rhizosphère, où l’exsudation racinaire semble être le moteur majeur de l’activité microbienne qui s’y déroule. Beaucoup de gènes responsables de l’adaptation bactérienne, dans le sol contaminé ou dans la rhizosphère, semblent être portés par les plasmides conjugatifs et transférés entre les bactéries. Une meilleure compréhension de ce phénomène pourrait améliorer le développement de techniques de manipulation du microbiome rhizosphérique afin d’accélérer la bioremédiation. Le but de cette recherche est d’étudier le plasmidome, soit le contenu total en plasmides, de la rhizosphère de saules provenant d’un sol contaminé aux hydrocarbures. Des analyses métagénomiques, de données obtenues à partir d’un séquençage Illumina, ont été utilisées pour étudier les fonctions portées par les plasmides. Nos résultats ont indiqué un fort effet de la contamination aux hydrocarbures sur la composition des plasmides. De plus, les plasmides contenaient des gènes impliqués dans de nombreuses voies métaboliques, telles que la biodégradation d’hydrocarbures, la production d’énergie, la transduction du signal, le chimiotactisme, et les métabolismes des sucres, acides aminés et métabolites secondaires. À ce jour, c’est la première étude de métagénomique comparative documentant la diversité des plasmides dans un contexte de phytoremédiation. Ces résultats fournissent de nouvelles connaissances sur le rôle du transfert latéral de gènes dans l’adaptation bactérienne dans la rhizosphère et dans le sol contaminé aux hydrocarbures. / Phytoremediation, a bioremediation technique that uses plants, is considered to be an effective and affordable “green technology” to clean up hydrocarbon contaminated soils. Plants essentially act indirectly through the stimulation of rhizosphere microorganisms. Root exudation is thought to be one of the predominant drivers of microbial communities in the rhizosphere and is therefore a potential key factor behind enhanced hydrocarbon biodegradation. Many of the genes responsible for bacterial adaptation in contaminated soil and the plant rhizosphere are thought to be carried by conjugative plasmids and transferred among bacteria. A better understanding of these phenomena could thus inform the development of techniques to manipulate the rhizospheric microbiome in ways that improve hydrocarbon bioremediation. This research aims to study the plasmidome (the overall plasmid content) in the rhizosphere of willow growing in hydrocarbon contaminated and non-contaminated soils, as compared with unplanted soil. Metagenomic analyses based on Illumina sequencing were used to highlight functions carried by plasmids. Our results indicate a strong effect of hydrocarbon contamination on plasmid composition. Furthermore, plasmids harbored genes involved in several metabolic pathways, such as hydrocarbon biodegradation, energy production, signal transduction, chemotaxis, metabolisms of carbohydrates, amino acids and secondary metabolites. To date, this is the first comparative soil metagenomics documenting the plasmidome diversity in a phytoremediation system. The results provide new knowledge on the role of lateral gene transfer in the bacterial adaptation in rhizosphere and in hydrocarbon contaminated soil.

La phytoremédiaton assistée par les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (CMA) compte parmi les méthodes émergentes de remédiation des sols pollués en raison de son adéquation avec le développement durable. Cette phytotechnologie présente un intêret à la fois dans la protection des plantes contre la phytotoxicité des polluants organiques tels que les hydrocarbures et dans leur dissipation. Cependant, son efficacité reste à prouver dans les sols historiquement multi-pollués. De plus, les mécanismes de dégradation et de tolérance mis en oeuvre par la symbiose mycorhizienne sont peu connus. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse avait pour premier objectif d'étudier chez les partenaires symbiotiques Medicago truncatula/Rhizophagus irregularis cultivés in vitro, l'expression de gènes potentiellement impliqués dans la tolérance au benzo[a]pyrène (B[a]P), un hydrocarbure aromatique polycyclique (HAP) de haut poids moléculaire fréquemment détecté dans les sols pollués. Pour cela, les expressions de gènes codant pour des enzymes antioxydantes, de détoxification des polluants et de réparation de l'ADN ont été mesurées par PCR quantitative en temps réel. Nos résultats ont montré une corrélation positive entre l'induction des systèmes antioxydants au niveau génique et enzymatique et la production d' H₂O₂ induite par l'accumulation de B[a]P dans les racines non mycorhizées et le CMA. En revanche, lorsque les racines sont colonisés par le CMA, celui-ci agirait comme une barrière physique en limitant l'accumulation de B[a]P et la production d'H₂O₂ dans les racines, et provoquerait la répression des systèmes antioxydants racinaires. Le second objectifs de cette thèse a consisté à évaluer l'apport d'un amendement mycorhizien dans la dégradation de deux types d'hydrocarbures : les HAP et les alcanes, présent dans un sol historiquement multi-pollué (site de l'Union). L'étude a été conduite en microcosmes en présence de blé (Triticul aestivum) inoculé ou non par R. irregularis. Une contribution positive de cette inoculation dans la biodégradation des hydrocarbures après 16 semaines de culture a été démontrée. Cette meilleure dégradation serait liée notamment à la stimulation de la microflore bactérienne du sol mais également aux capacités métaboliques de la plante. / Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-assisted phytoremediation is one of innovative method for the remediation of polluted soils due to its relevance to sustainable development. This phytotechnology presents benefits both in the protection of plants against the phytotoxicity of organic pollutants such as hydrocarbons and in their dissipation. However, its efficiency remains to be proved in the aged multi-polluted soils and the mechanisms of degradation and tolerance implemented by the mycorrhizal symbiosis are poorly known. Thus, the thesis aims firstly to study in the symbiotic partners Medicago truncatula/Rhizophagus irregularis cultivated in vitro, the expression of genes potentially involved in the tolerance to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) frequently detected in polluted soils. Expressions of genes encoding for antioxidant, pollutant, detoxification and DNA repairing enzymes were measured by real time PCR. Our results showed a positive correlation between the induction of antioxidant systems (genes and enzymes) and the production of H₂O₂ induced by the accumulation of B[a]P in non-mycorrhizal root and the AMF. In contrast, when the roots are colonized by the AMF, this one would act as a physical barrier limiting the accumulation of B[a]P and H₂O₂ production of in the roots and would cause the repression of root antioxidant systems. The second objective of the thesis consisted of evaluating the contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal amendment in the degradation of two types of hydrocarbons : the PAH and the alkanes, present in an aged multi-polluted soils (site of Union). The study was carried out in microcosms in the presence of non-inoculated or inoculated wheat (Triticul aestivum) by R. irregularis. A positive contribution of the mycorrhizal inoculation in the hydrocarbon biodegradation after 16 weeks of culture was demonstrated. This better degradation is related especially to the simulation of the bacterial microflora but also to the plant metabolic abilities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thadeu Henrique Novais Sposito.pdf: 1680986 bytes, checksum: b9e007d9c57a0e103c03ba198e7997c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / The research was conducted with the aim of obtaining information on the potential use of water hyacinth in cleaning the effluent of ETE district Montalvão, belonging to the municipality of Presidente Prudente/SP. For this, we evaluated some physical-chemical parameters of the effluent and the dry matter produced by plants. The experiment was conducted in a pond Wastewater Treatment Plant (ETE Montalvão) company SABESP. For the composition of the effluent treatments were originated from domestic ETE. The treatments were distributed in 25 cells (water tanks) with a storage volume of 0.25 m³ (250 liters) per cell. The treatments were characterized as follows: (T1) = 100% concentration in the effluent (raw final - discard); (T2) = 75% concentration in the effluent (dilution with water); (T3) Concentration = 50% wastewater (diluted with water), (T4) 25% = concentration of the effluent (dilution with water); (T5) = concentration of 100% of treated water. The parameters were determined according to CONAMA Resolution No. 430/2011 laying down the conditions and standards for effluent discharge into water bodies. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and mean comparison test F at 5% probability, and where relevant treatment effects were evaluated by applying the polynomial regression models. The best model to fit the data was selected based on the degree of significance of the coefficient of determination (R2). There was a development condition of the water hyacinth in any condition effluent preliminarily observed that some chemical parameters of the effluent were changed due to the presence of the water hyacinths and also that the water hyacinth is a vegetable filter that can be used as agents have been found phytoremediator there was an absorption of all the elements present in the effluent according to the concentration. / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de obtenção de informações sobre o potencial de utilização do aguapé na limpeza do efluente de ETE do distrito de Montalvão, pertencente ao município de Presidente Prudente/SP. Para isso, foram avaliados alguns parâmetros físico-químicos do efluente e a massa da matéria seca produzida pelas plantas. O experimento foi conduzido em uma lagoa Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE Montalvão) da empresa SABESP. Para a composição dos tratamentos foram utilizados o efluente domestico originado da ETE distribuídos em 25 células (caixas d água) com um volume armazenado de 0,25 m³ (250 litros) por célula. Os tratamentos foram caracterizados da seguinte forma: (T1) = Concentração de 100% do efluente (bruto final - descarte); (T2) = Concentração de 75% do efluente (diluição com água); (T3) = Concentração de 50% do efluente (diluição com água); (T4) = Concentração de 25% do efluente (diluição com água); (T5) = Concentração de 100% de água tratada. Os parâmetros foram determinados de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA no 430/2011, que estabelece as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes nos corpos d água. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias F ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e, quando pertinente os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados aplicando-se os modelos de regressão polinomial. O melhor modelo para o ajuste dos dados foi escolhido em função do grau de significância do coeficiente de determinação (R2). Houve condição de desenvolvimento dos aguapés em qualquer condição de efluente, preliminarmente, observou-se que alguns parâmetros químicos do efluente foram alterados em função da presença do aguapé e também que o aguapé é um vegetal filtro, que pode ser utilizado como agente fitorremediador, foram constatado que houve uma absorção de todos os elementos presentes no efluente, de acordo com a concentração.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thadeu Henrique Novais Sposito.pdf: 1680986 bytes, checksum: b9e007d9c57a0e103c03ba198e7997c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / The research was conducted with the aim of obtaining information on the potential use of water hyacinth in cleaning the effluent of ETE district Montalvão, belonging to the municipality of Presidente Prudente/SP. For this, we evaluated some physical-chemical parameters of the effluent and the dry matter produced by plants. The experiment was conducted in a pond Wastewater Treatment Plant (ETE Montalvão) company SABESP. For the composition of the effluent treatments were originated from domestic ETE. The treatments were distributed in 25 cells (water tanks) with a storage volume of 0.25 m³ (250 liters) per cell. The treatments were characterized as follows: (T1) = 100% concentration in the effluent (raw final - discard); (T2) = 75% concentration in the effluent (dilution with water); (T3) Concentration = 50% wastewater (diluted with water), (T4) 25% = concentration of the effluent (dilution with water); (T5) = concentration of 100% of treated water. The parameters were determined according to CONAMA Resolution No. 430/2011 laying down the conditions and standards for effluent discharge into water bodies. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and mean comparison test F at 5% probability, and where relevant treatment effects were evaluated by applying the polynomial regression models. The best model to fit the data was selected based on the degree of significance of the coefficient of determination (R2). There was a development condition of the water hyacinth in any condition effluent preliminarily observed that some chemical parameters of the effluent were changed due to the presence of the water hyacinths and also that the water hyacinth is a vegetable filter that can be used as agents have been found phytoremediator there was an absorption of all the elements present in the effluent according to the concentration. / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de obtenção de informações sobre o potencial de utilização do aguapé na limpeza do efluente de ETE do distrito de Montalvão, pertencente ao município de Presidente Prudente/SP. Para isso, foram avaliados alguns parâmetros físico-químicos do efluente e a massa da matéria seca produzida pelas plantas. O experimento foi conduzido em uma lagoa Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE Montalvão) da empresa SABESP. Para a composição dos tratamentos foram utilizados o efluente domestico originado da ETE distribuídos em 25 células (caixas d água) com um volume armazenado de 0,25 m³ (250 litros) por célula. Os tratamentos foram caracterizados da seguinte forma: (T1) = Concentração de 100% do efluente (bruto final - descarte); (T2) = Concentração de 75% do efluente (diluição com água); (T3) = Concentração de 50% do efluente (diluição com água); (T4) = Concentração de 25% do efluente (diluição com água); (T5) = Concentração de 100% de água tratada. Os parâmetros foram determinados de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA no 430/2011, que estabelece as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes nos corpos d água. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias F ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e, quando pertinente os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados aplicando-se os modelos de regressão polinomial. O melhor modelo para o ajuste dos dados foi escolhido em função do grau de significância do coeficiente de determinação (R2). Houve condição de desenvolvimento dos aguapés em qualquer condição de efluente, preliminarmente, observou-se que alguns parâmetros químicos do efluente foram alterados em função da presença do aguapé e também que o aguapé é um vegetal filtro, que pode ser utilizado como agente fitorremediador, foram constatado que houve uma absorção de todos os elementos presentes no efluente, de acordo com a concentração.

La pollution de l’environnement est un problème croissant à l’échelle mondiale. La phytoremédiation est une technique in situ qui utilise les plantes et les micro-organismes qui leur sont associés pour extraire, dégrader ou immobiliser les contaminants environnementaux. Il s’agit d’une méthode moins coûteuse et moins nocive pour l’environnement que les autres techniques de restauration conventionnelles. Le cuivre est un élément trace (ET) souvent trouvé dans les friches industrielles ; il est peu mobile en raison de sa forte liaison avec la matière organique et les particules d’argile. Lorsqu’il est présent en excès, il est nocif pour la flore et la faune. Nous avons mené une expérience en conteneurs impliquant deux espèces distinctes, Brassica napus L., une plante agricole cultivée en grande quantité au Canada et Salix nigra 'S05', une espèce ligneuse à croissance rapide originaire du sud-est du Canada qui ont été cultivées ensemble ou séparément. Le but était de comparer leur potentiel de phytoremédiation de sol contaminé avec du cuivre suivant différentes concentrations. Pour les deux espèces, le cuivre était présent en plus grande quantité dans les racines. Nous avons constaté que la polyculture, en plus de produire le plus de biomasse en général, permettrait la stabilisation et l’extraction maximale de Cu et que l’arrachage de la plante entière serait le moyen le plus efficace d’assurer l’élimination maximale de Cu du sol. De nouvelles expériences devront être effectuées, car le déracinement des plantes présente de nouveaux défis et de nombreux autres facteurs doivent être étudiés et pris en considération. / Environmental pollution is a growing problem on a global scale. Phytoremediation, an approach that uses plants and their associated microorganisms to extract, degrade or immobilise environmental contaminants, is cheaper and less harmful to the environment compared to other conventional remediation techniques such as excavation. Furthermore, phytoremediation can help restore the ecological integrity of an ecosystem and allows for the revegetation of the sites. Copper is a trace element (TE) often found in brownfields which has a low mobility partly due to its strong bond with organic matter and clay particles. When present in excess, Cu is harmful to both flora and fauna. We experimented with two distinct species, B. napus L., an crop species which is grown in large quantities in Canada and S. nigra ‘S05’, a fast-growing woody species native to south eastern Canada in order to compare their phytoremediation potential in various levels of copper-contaminated soil when grown together or in monoculture. For both species, the copper was present in greater quantities in the roots as expected. We observed that the polyculture, in addition to producing the most overall biomass, would allow for the maximum stabilization and extraction of Cu of all treatments and that the removal of the entire plant would be the most efficient way of ensuring Cu removal from the soil. Further experiments will have to be done since the uprooting of plants would present new challenges and multiple other factors would have to be studied and taken into consideration.