Lead (Pb) is one of the most commonly occurring, highly persistent and widely distributed heavy metal contaminants in the environment. It has a tendency to bioaccumulate in animals and plants, and potentially, it is able to enter the human food chain where it poses a hazard to public health. Generally, conventional remediation technologies applied to decontaminate heavy metals from groundwater and soils are very costly. Hence, phytoremediation has emerged as an ecologically friendly and economically attractive technology that uses green plants to clean up heavy metal contaminated sites. However, a lack of knowledge of the biological processes associated with plant responses to Pb (e.g. Pb uptake, accumulation, translocation, and tolerance) has been a bottleneck for the application of Pb phytoremediation in the field. A model genetic system of higher plants, Arabidopsis thaliana, was selected to further examine the physiological, biochemical and molecular events occuring in plants under Pb stress. The overall aim of this project was to obtain a better understanding of plant responses to Pb contaminants in the early developmental stages of A. thaliana seedlings. This research encompassed the physiological responses of A. thaliana seedlings to Pb exposure, monitoring their antioxidative defence systems, and investigating the participation of annexin 1 in the response to Pb-mediated oxidative stress. This research also assessed the protective effect of nitric oxide on Pb-induced toxicity of A. thaliana seedlings and it isolated a putative Pb tolerant mutant from an EMS-mutagenized M2 population. A multiexperimental approach was adopted to achieve these objectives. A. thaliana seedlings were grown on modified Huang & Cunningham (1996) nutrient solution containing 0.8% (w/v) agar, with and without Pb(NO3)2, under controlled conditions. A. thaliana seedlings were insensitive to Pb during seed germination. In treatments with up to 200 μM Pb(NO₃)₂, morphological changes and inhibition of root growth were observed in the 7-d-old seedlings. A tolerance index revealed that Pb(NO₃)₂ concentration of 75 μM and higher brought about more than 50% root growth inhibition. Pb was predominantly retained in the roots. Analysis using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy indicated that the level of Pb accumulation in A. thaliana roots was greatly dependent on the Pb(NO₃)₂ concentrations, but only a small fraction of the accumulated Pb was translocated to the shoots (18 - 43%). Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that Pb was mainly immobilized in the cell walls and intercellular spaces. This was interpreted as a mechanism that minimizes the entry of Pb into cells and interference with cellular functions. Pb that gained entry into the cytoplasm was sequestered into the vacuoles. The toxicity of Pb in the cytosol of A. thaliana seedlings was studied by measuring the H₂O₂ and lipid hydroperoxide levels using a microplate reader. When the Pb(NO₃)₂ concentration in the growth medium was 100 μM, the 7-d-old seedlings contained 2.2-fold higher H₂O₂ and 9.6-fold higher lipid hydroperoxide than the control without Pb(NO₃)₂. This was followed by an up-regulation of the activity of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and general peroxidase (POD) by 2.1-, 3.2-, 2.3-, 1.8- and 4.6-fold, respectively, compared with the control. Pb toxicity is known to trigger oxidative stress, but A. thaliana seedlings appeared to be capable of activating cell rescue, defending themselves against harmful oxidative stress and also acclimating to Pb. Data from physiological and biochemical analysis indicate that a combination of avoidance and tolerance mechanisms exists in Pb-treated A. thaliana seedlings to maintain the essential cellular metabolism for survival. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to show the involvement of AnnAt1 in the response of 7-d-old A. thaliana seedlings to a high threshold concentration of Pb. When the seedlings were treated with 100 μM Pb(NO₃)₂, AnnAt1 message levels were up-regulated by 2.12-fold. Pb-mediated oxidative stress may be a component of AnnAt1 gene expression. AnnAt1 potentially could be invoked to reduce the toxic effects of Pb stress by acting as ROS and/or Ca²⁺ signals, as a membrane protector, in detoxification of excessive ROS, or in sequestration of Pb. Pb stress symptoms were less evident in seedlings pre-treated with 1 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor. The present study found that exogenous NO did not alter Pb transport into the plants or efflux pumping of Pb at the plasma membrane. However, NO conferred protection to 7-d-old A. thaliana seedlings primarily by acting as an antioxidant or a signal for actions to scavenge excessive ROS level. The application of exogenous NO before subjecting to 100 μM Pb(NO₃)₂ decreased H₂O₂ back to its original level, and reduced 50% lipid hydroperoxide in the Pb-treated seedlings. As a result, the antioxidative enzyme activities in Pb-exposed seedlings pre-treated with SNP were 23 - 45% lower than those without SNP pre-treatment. Less antioxidative enzyme activities were probably needed to counteract the reduced amount of Pb-induced ROS in A. thaliana seedlings. A post-germination procedure involving prolonged exposure to 150 μM Pb(NO₃)₂ was developed to screen an EMS-mutagenized M2 population of A. thaliana. Potential Pb tolerant mutants were selected based on the ability to grow with their roots penetrating into the medium and maintain purple-green leaves without wilting. A minority of the survivors appeared to go into a resting stage and they seemed to have altered transporters that prevented Pb from entering the cells. Only one putative Pb mutant (M3-1) was recovered from the rescue and set seeds. The M₄ generation of this putative Pb mutant was re-screened for phenotypic confirmation and to determine the regulation of AnnAt1. The 7-d-old putative Pb mutant seemed to display enhanced root and shoot growth in the presence of 150 μM Pb(NO₃)₂ compared to the wild-type seedlings. The transcript level of AnnAt1 in this putative Pb tolerant mutant increased by 2.19-fold when exposed to 150 μM Pb(NO₃)₂.

The main aim of this study was to test rehabilitation interventions in a system altered by heavy grazing, and to develop methods of monitoring these interventions.

Le développement de l’industrie et de l’agriculture a entraîné l’accumulation d’éléments métalliques dans les sols. Dans ces écosystèmes, la fraction vivante intervient de façon importante dans la modification de la rétention des contaminants. Parmi les techniques de décontamination, la phytoremédiation apparaît comme un outil de choix. Si un des inconvénients majeurs de cette technique réside dans des durées de traitement pouvant atteindre plusieurs années, l’ajout de micro-organismes couplé aux plantes améliorerait les prélèvements et réduirait les temps de décontamination. Cette étude s’est intéressée aux possibilités de développer des procédés de phytoremédiation associés à des bactéries productrices de sidérophores, molécules ayant une forte affinité pour le fer mais également pour d’autres métaux. Dans ce contexte, un système de complexité croissante, jusqu’au modèle complet comprenant les constituants du sol, les bactéries, les métaux contaminants et les plantes, a été étudié avec pour objectif la compréhension des processus intervenant dans ces différentes interactions. Ces travaux ont conduit, dans un premier temps, à la compréhension, notamment par une approche de biologie moléculaire, des interactions intervenant entre des minéraux du sol, des argiles et des oxy-hydroxydes de fer, et une bactérie productrice de sidérophores, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Les résultats ont mis en évidence le rôle majeur de l’un de ces sidérophores, la pyoverdine, ainsi que du biofilm, dans la dissolution des minéraux par cette bactérie. Une étude en fluorimétrie et dosages des métaux a, quant à elle, montré que la pyoverdine était capable de complexer des métaux contaminants adsorbés sur les argiles ou présents dans la structure cristalline des oxy-hydroxydes de fer. Enfin, ces travaux ont abouti à la mise en place du système d’étude dans sa globalité. Si la pyoverdine ou les bactéries productrices de sidérophores n’ont pas amélioré le prélèvement par les plantes du cadmium et du nickel, des résultats prometteurs ont cependant été obtenus pour le cuivre. De plus, les bactéries productrices de sidérophores s’avèrent être des cibles intéressantes en phytostabilisation. / The industrial and agricultural development caused a metallic element accumulation in the soils. In these ecosystems, the living fraction significantly operates in the changes of contaminants retention. Among the decontamination techniques, the phytoremediation appears as a tool of choice. If one of major disadvantages of this technique is the long-term remediation process, the addition of microorganisms with the plants could enhance the uptakes and decrease the time to remediate. This work focused on the possibility to develop processes for siderophore-producing bacteria-assisted phytoremediation, siderophores being molecules with a high affinity for iron and also able to chelate other metals. In this context, a system with an increasing complexity until a complete model including the soil constituents, the bacteria, the contaminant metals and the plants, has been studied to understand the processes involved in these different interactions. The understanding of the interactions between the soil minerals, clays and iron oxydydroxides, and a siderophore-producing bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been first performed with, in particular, a molecular biology approach. These results have highlighted the major role of the one of siderophores, the pyoverdine, and also the biofilm in the mineral dissolution by this bacteria. Fluorimetry and metal quantification assays showed that the pyoverdine was able to chelate the contaminant metals adsorbed on the clays or present in the crystal structure of the iron oxyhydroxides. Lastly, the global system has demonstrated that if the pyoverdine or the siderophore-producing bacteria do not enhance the cadmium and nickel uptake by plants, promising results were obtained for copper. Moreover, siderophore-producing bacteria turn out to be interesting asset for the phytostabilization.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can increase the tolerance of plants to heavy metals, as well as their ability to enhance the acquisition of phosphorus (P). The aim of this study was to evaluate how the inoculation with AMF and P application can remedy the effects of high levels of copper (Cu) in the soil on Crotalaria juncea. The effects of AMF and P on the growth of plants, the enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase (APases) in plant and soil as well as the presence of glomalina. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (natural content of P, 40 and 100 mg kg-1 of P, with and without inoculation Rhizophagus clarus) with three replications in a soil with high levels of Cu (60 mg kg -1). Besides the treatments of P and AMF in soil with high levels of Cu, were evaluated two additional treatments in soil with natural levels of Cu (0.55 mg kg-1) containing 40 mg kg-1 of P, with and without AMF inoculation. The results showed that the combination of P and AMF (Rhizophagus clarus) may be an interesting strategy for the reduction of Cu phytotoxicity in Crotalaria juncea, as provided increments in dry matter production of plants and a decrease in the activity of acidic enzyme APases in soil and plants. Furthermore, it was showed that Glomalin produced by AMF can decrease Cu availability to the plants with phytoprotector consequent effect. / Os Fungos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (FMA) podem aumentar a tolerância das plantas a metais pesados, bem com sua capacidade de melhorar a aquisição de fósforo (P). O estudo objetivou avaliar como a inoculação com FMA e a aplicação de P podem remediar os efeitos de altos teores de Cu no solo sobre Crotalaria juncea. Foram avaliados os efeitos de FMA e P sobre o crescimento de plantas, a atividade enzimática de fosfatase ácida (APases) na planta e no solo, bem como a presença de glomalina. O experimento foi montado em casa de vegetação em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (teor natural de P, 40 e 100 mg kg-1 de P, com e sem inoculação de Rhizophagus clarus com três repetições em um solo com altos teores de Cu (60 mg kg-1). Além destes tratamentos de P e FMA em solo com altos teores de Cu foram avaliados dois tratamentos adicionais em solo com teores naturais de Cu (0.55 mg kg-1) contendo 40 mg kg-1 P, com e sem inoculação de FMA. Os resultados demonstram que a combinação entre fósforo e o FMA (Rhizophagus clarus) pode ser uma estratégia interessante para a redução da fitotoxidez de Cu em Crotalaria juncea, pois proporcionaram incrementos na produção de matéria seca das plantas e uma diminuição na atividade das enzimas APases ácida no solo e nas plantas. Além disso, foi demonstrado que o aumento nos teores de glomalina produzida pelos FMA pode diminuir a disponibilidade do Cu para as plantas com consequente efeito fitoprotetor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5372.pdf: 2894679 bytes, checksum: 17d9851c1519bb9a5898a26910c5c936 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Environmental pollution has been a complex problem which generates a lot of ecological consequences. Among all chemicals produced by anthropic activity human, there isa wide range of organic compounds affecting on the environment and human health, which were grouped under the acronym POPs, Persistent Organic Pollutants. These compounds have been targeted at all conventions on the global environment. Bioremediation, phytoremediation and thermal treatment are techniques that have been tested in recent years and in many cases showed good results for decontamination matrices such as soil and water. Nanotechnology emerged in the recent years as an important tool for environmental purification and has been highly used by presenting itself as technological option for "green oxidation". Plants can also be considered as component of aggregation and transformation of organic compounds in their tissues and can also be applied in phytoremediation purposes both in vivo and in vitro models. This study developed a remediation method fully in vitro, in contrast to traditional methods in vivo. Two novel protocols were established by the development of in vitro culture: one for bamboo species Bambusa vulgaris var. vitatta and other for sunflower Helianthus annuus. L. The study of bioremediation effects of these species in vitros howed promising results for seventeen from twenty-four compounds evaluated using sunflower reaching until 87% for remediation. Moreover, it was possible to verify the nanostructured TiO2 toxicity to the studied species at different stages of development. The use of nanostructured TiO2 in the remediation of aqueous samples contaminated with POPs showed promising results in degradation of around 50% for most pollutants. This work suggests an interesting comparison of the potential of these techniques in environmental applications with respect to efficiency, practicality and toxicity especially focus in go remediation processes certainly due to its dynamic results can provide environmentally attractive and can even be used together. / A poluição ambiental é um problema capcioso com consequências ecológicas generalizadas. Entre todas as substâncias químicas produzidas, existe uma série de compostos orgânicos, de uso variado, que pelo conjunto de seus efeitos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana, foram agrupados sob a sigla POPs, POLUENTES ORGÂNICOS PERSISTENTES, as quais têm sido alvo de discussões com diferentes ênfases em convenções mundiais sobre o meio ambiente. Técnicas como biorremediação, fitorremedição, tratamento térmico entre outras, vem sendo testadas nos últimos anos e em alguns casos demonstraram bons resultados de descontaminação das matrizes como solo e água, frente a diversos agentes poluidores. A nanotecnologia surge como uma importante ferramenta para remediação de matrizes ambientais e vem se destacando por se apresentar como uma tecnologia de oxidação verde . Plantas por sua vez também são elementos de agregação e transformação de compostos orgânicos em seus tecidos e podem também ser aplicadas em processos fitorremediativos in vivo ou como uma opção de estudo utilizando modelos in vitro. Este trabalho desenvolveu um método de remediação totalmente in vitro, em contraste aos tradicionais métodos in vivo. Para tanto, foi possível estabelecer dois protocolos inéditos para o desenvolvimento de cultura in vitro: um para espécie de bambu Bambusa vulgaris var. vitatta e outro para o girassol Helianthus annuus. L. O estudo dos efeitos biorremediativos dessasespécies mantidas in vitro apresentou resultados promissores para dezessete dos vinte e quatro compostos avaliados com o uso do girassol alcançando até 87 % de remediação. Além disso, foi possível constatar a toxicidade do TiO2 nanoestruturado para as espécies testadas, em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento do vegetal. A utilização do TiO2 nanoestruturado na remediação de amostras aquosas contaminadas com POPs apresentou resultados promissores com degradação ao redor de 50 % para a maioria dos poluentes. Este estudo possibilitou uma comparação interessante sobre o potencial dessas técnicas em aplicações ambientais com relação à eficiência, praticidade e toxicidade especialmente focando-se nos processos de remediação que certamente devido a sua dinâmica tendem a propiciar resultados ecologicamente atraentes e que podem inclusive serem usados em conjunto.

CNPq / A poluição ambiental causada pelas indústrias tem elevado a concentração de poluentes no ambiente, principalmente nas águas. Entre os mais diversos contaminantes, temos os metais, podendo ou não ser pesados/tóxicos, gerando efluente de difícil tratamento quando em baixas concentrações. A busca por medidas alternativas de tratamentos de efluentes de águas residuais, tem levado a estudos utilizando de técnica de fitorremediação através das mais diversas matrizes (plantas, fungos, bactérias) como formas de tratamento de polimento para remover contaminantes por meio de biossorção/bioacumulação. No intuito de se utilizar a técnica de fitorremediação para remoção de metais do ambiente, realizou-se o bioensaio com a macrófita Pistia stratiotes. Realizaram-se os bioensaios com indivíduos saudáveis de P. stratiotes aclimatadas em casa de vegetação, em condições de temperatura e luminosidade ambiente, durante 28 dias de cultivo. Os cultivos foram realizados em recipientes de vidro contendo 1 L da solução hidropônica com cromo (VI) na forma de dicromato de potássio, com concentração na faixa de 0,10 a 4,90 mg L-1. Os experimentos foram realizados por Delineamento Central Composto Rotacional (DCCR), onde a cinética da bioacumulação e a fluorescência da clorofila a foram monitoradas em indivíduos de P. stratiotes durante o cultivo. As coletas das amostras e da solução de cultivo foram realizadas conforme o DCCR. Os teores de cromo foram dosados em amostras de P. stratiotes e nas soluções remanescentes pela metodologia de espectrometria de absorção atômica por chama. A tolerância de P. stratiotes em relação à exposição ao cromo (VI) foi analisada por parâmetros da atividade fisiológica, por meio da fluorescência da clorofila a, utilizando-se o fluorômetro portátil PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation). O desenvolvimento de P. stratiotes e sua biomassa foram relacionados ao fator tempo, enquanto que as capacidades de bioacumulação foram fortemente influenciadas pelos fatores tempo e concentração de cromo (VI). Os parâmetros da fluorescência da clorofila a foram afetados pelo tempo de exposição nos bioensaios. Obteve-se maior remoção do metal pela raiz em relação a folha, alcançando alta taxa de remoção do metal em solução. Os dados experimentais da cinética de remoção foram representados pelos modelos cinéticos de Langmuir Irreversível, Langmuir Reversível, Pseudo-primeira Ordem e Pseudo-segunda Ordem, sendo que o melhor ajuste para a solução de cultivo foi o modelo de Langmuir Reversível com R² 0,993 e para a planta o melhor modelo sendo o Pseudo-segunda Ordem com R² 0,760. / The environmental pollution caused by industries has increased the concentration of pollutants in the environment, especially in water. Among the most diverse contaminants, there is the metals, who may or may not to be heavy/toxic, causing effluent of difficult treatment when in low concentrations. The search for alternative measures of wastewater effluent treatment has led to studies using phytoremediation technique through the various matrices (plant, fungi, bacteria) as means of polishing treatment to remove contaminants by means of biosorption/bioaccumulation. In order to use the phytoremediation technique for removing metals of the environmental, it have been performed bioassay with the macrophyte Pistia stratiotes. The bioassays were realized with healthy plants of P. stratiotes acclimatized in a greenhouse, at room temperature and lighting conditions during 28 days of cultivate. The cultivations were performed in glass vessels containing 1 L of the hydroponic solution with chromium (VI) in the potassium dichromate form with concentration range 0.10 to 4.90 mg L-1. The experiments were performed by Outlining Central Composite Rotational (OCCR), where the kinetics of bioaccumulation and chlorophyll a fluorescence were monitored in plants of P. stratiotes during cultivation. The collections of the samples and cultive solution were performed according to the OCCR. The chromium levels were measured in samples of P. stratiotes and the remaining solutions by the methodology of atomic absorption spectrometry by flame. The tolerance of P. stratiotes in relation to exposure to chromium (VI) was analyzed by parameters of physiological activity by means of chlorophyll a fluorescence, using the portable fluorometer PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation). The development of P. stratiots and their biomass were related to the time factor, while bioaccumulation capacities were strongly influenced by factors of time and chromium concentration (VI). The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were affected by chromium and the exposure time at the bioassays. It was obtained an higher metal removal from the root in relation to the sheet, reaching a high rate of metal removal in solution. The experimental data removal kinetics were represented by kinetic models Irreversibly Langmuir, Reversible Langmuir, Pseudo-first Order and Pseudo-second Order, and the best fit for the culture solution was the Reversible Langmuir model with R² 0.993 and for the plant the best model was Pseudo-second order with R² 0.760.

Células de Nicotiana tabacum cv BY-2 foram tratadas por cinco dias com 0,075 e 0,750 mM de NiCl2. A relação entre a toxidade do níquel (Ni) e as reações oxidativas foram estudadas nas células durante a acumulação do metal. A atividade da superóxido dismutase não se alterou na presença do Ni. Entretanto, as atividades da catalase e da guaiacol peroxidase aumentaram às 36 e 72h depois do tratamento com o metal. As atividades da glutationa redutase, da glutationa-Stransferase e da ascorbato peroxidase aumentaram nas primeiras horas do tratamento. A peroxidação lipídica da membrana aumentou somente às 24h do tratamento com o metal. Os resultados sugerem que a desordem oxidativa é resultante dos efeitos da toxidade do Ni nas células de Nicotiana tabacum cv BY-2. / Células de Nicotiana tabacum cv BY-2 foram tratadas por cinco dias com 0,075 e 0,750 mM de NiCl2. A relação entre a toxidade do níquel (Ni) e as reações oxidativas foram estudadas nas células durante a acumulação do metal. A atividade da superóxido dismutase não se alterou na presença do Ni. Entretanto, as atividades da catalase e da guaiacol peroxidase aumentaram às 36 e 72h depois do tratamento com o metal. As atividades da glutationa redutase, da glutationa-Stransferase e da ascorbato peroxidase aumentaram nas primeiras horas do tratamento. A peroxidação lipídica da membrana aumentou somente às 24h do tratamento com o metal. Os resultados sugerem que a desordem oxidativa é resultante dos efeitos da toxidade do Ni nas células de Nicotiana tabacum cv BY-2.

Orientador: Jose Teixeira Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T05:17:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_CelsoLuizBorgesde_D.pdf: 7803925 bytes, checksum: 1a75de816c7680ca4e07299a55d9967d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar a dinâmica na retenção do fósforo no sistema de alagados construídos de fluxo subsuperficial, que funciona como tratamento secundário da água de esgoto da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (SP), e encontra-se em operação desde setembro de 1998. O experimento teve início em maio de 2003 e término em agosto de 2004, totalizando quinze amostragens, com medidas horárias durante oito a dez horas por dia. Foram anotadas as vazões de entrada e saída dos leitos e simultaneamente coletadas as amostras para análise do fósforo, pH e condutividade elétrica. A determinação do teor de fósforo foi feita pelo método AOAC Official Method 973.55 - Phosphorus in water. As plantas da Typha passaram por quatro cortes e as de Arroz por três cortes durante os quinze meses do experimento. Os resultados demonstraram que as maiores taxas de retenção do fósforo ocorreram nos leitos cultivados com a Typha, atingindo percentuais médios de até 92%. A utilização do Arroz é uma alternativa, quando manejadoadequadamente, em função do seu ciclo reprodutivo, com cortes próximos ao estágio deformação de grãos. As opções pelas culturas da Typha e do Arroz não são excludentes, considerando a sua eficiência na retirada de fósforo da água residuária, pois, a depender do seu estágio de desenvolvimento, o período e o número de cortes realizados, essas plantas podempromover uma eficiente redução nos teores de fósforo nesse tipo de efluente quando tratadosnos sistemas de alagados construídos / Abstract: This study objectified to evaluate dynamics phosphorus removal subsurface flow constructed wetlands systems as treatment secondary of sewer of the School of Agricultural Engineering of the State University of Campinas, Campinas (SP) and meets in it operates since September of 1998. The experiment was being in May of 2003 and during still in August of 2004, when had been carried through fifteen samplings, with measures hours with along eight at ten hours per day. They had been record the inflow and outflow the streambeds and simultaneously collected the samples for analysis of phosphorus, pH and electrical conductivity. The phosphorus rates were determined by method of AOAC Official Method 973.55. Phosphorus in water. With the data of diary inflow flow, per concentrations of phosphorus results of analyses of the samples had been calculated loads horary of phosphorus, in mg P.h-1. The Cattail have cutted plants of Typha had passed for four cuts and of Rice for three cuts during the fifteen months of the experiment. The results had demonstrated that the biggest taxes of withdrawal and/or removal of match had occurred in the cultivated rectangular stream beds with the Typha and the use of the Rice is an alternative of use when management in function of its reproductive cycle, with cuts next to the period of training to formation of grains. The used plants are not exculpatory, when of the choice for its efficiency in the withdrawal of match of the residuary water, therefore to depend on its period of training of development, the period and the number of carried through cuts, can promote greater purifications in the water that passes for the treatment stream beds / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-11-03T17:48:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lullyane de Queiroz Rodrigues Barrero - 2017.pdf: 1767328 bytes, checksum: 812e2f494e644474c6532429fef8f34b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-06T09:53:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lullyane de Queiroz Rodrigues Barrero - 2017.pdf: 1767328 bytes, checksum: 812e2f494e644474c6532429fef8f34b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T09:53:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lullyane de Queiroz Rodrigues Barrero - 2017.pdf: 1767328 bytes, checksum: 812e2f494e644474c6532429fef8f34b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-21 / The endocrine disrupting compound 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), present in female contraceptives, after consumption, is eliminated by urine and goes into the sewer system. Conventional sewage treatment methods cannot properly remove such chemical which is then carried into the receiving bodies, where they are capable of mimicking, antagonizing or negatively altering steroids levels of various aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usage potential of soil covered with Buddhas's Belly bamboo (Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa) in removing EE2 from sewage. For this, 760 mL of sanitary sewage containing 2 mg EE2/L; 2.5 mg EE2/L; 3 mg EE2/L and 3.5 mg EE2/L, were applied in 10L plastic pots, with grown Buddha's Belly bamboo plants. The drained fluid from each pot was collected, measured and subjected to EE2 concentration analysis. The efficiency of EE2 load (concentration times volume) removal was calculated and the treatments were compared. The efficiency of EE2 removal was 80.22%; 87.44%; 89.65% and 95.33% respectively for sewage with EE2 concentrations of 2 mg/L; 2.5 mg/L; 3 mg/L and 3.5 mg/L. The efficiency of EE2 removal by soil covered with bamboo increased as the concentration of hormone increased. / O desregulador endócrino 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2), presente nos anticoncepcionais femininos, após consumido é eliminado pela urina e vai para o efluente. Os sistemas convencionais de tratamento não conseguem removê-lo de forma adequada e são então dispostos nos corpos receptores, onde são capazes de mimetizar, antagonizar ou alterar de forma negativa os níveis de esteroides de vários organismos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial do uso do solo vegetado com bambu barriga de Buda (Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa) para a remoção do EE2 do efluente. Para tanto, foram aplicados 760 mL de efluente sanitário contendo concentrações de 2 mg/L; 2,5 mg/L; 3 mg/L e 3,5 mg/L de EE2, em vasos plásticos de 10 litros de capacidade volumétrica, plantados com o bambu. O líquido drenado de cada vaso foi coletado, medido e submetido a análise de determinação da concentração de EE2. Calcularam-se as eficiências de remoção da quantidade absoluta de EE2 (concentração vezes volume) e compararam-se os tratamentos. A eficiência na remoção de EE2 foi de 80,22%; 87,44%; 89,65% e 95,33%, respectivamente, para o efluente aplicado nas concentrações de 2 mg/L; 2,5 mg/L; 3 mg/L e 3,5 mg/L de EE2. A eficiência de remoção do EE2 pelo solo vegetado com bambu cresceu com a concentração de hormônio aplicada, sendo parte deste hormônio absorvido pela planta, devido a capacidade do EE2 mimetizar outros hormônios, e outra parte adsorvida no solo que atuou como filtro.

Os metais pesados são elementos químicos com alta densidade (>5 g.cm-3), presentes naturalmente na crosta terrestre, e o aumento das atividades antropogênicas vêm acelerando a liberação destes elementos nos ecossistemas. Tais elementos podem ser extremamente tóxicos (ex. mercúrio, chumbo, cádmio) ou tóxicos quando em concentrações elevadas (zinco e cobre). A fitorremediação é uma técnica de descontaminação que utiliza as plantas para remover poluentes do ambiente ou transformá-los em formas menos perigosas para os seres vivos, sendo que o impacto ambiental e custos de implementação são muito inferiores àqueles alcançados pelos métodos físico-químicos. Uma cultura para ser utilizada com sucesso na recuperação de áreas contaminadas, deve ser eficiente na acumulação de metais, produzir grandes quantidades de biomassa e ser capaz de se adaptar as condições do ambiente contaminado. A cana-de-açúcar apresenta características fisiológicas, que a tornaram uma das culturas mais importantes e difundidas nas regiões tropicais, com alta produtividade de biomassa e rusticidade, possuidora de genes que codificam peptídeos quelantes de metais, já identificados no projeto genoma da cana-de-açúcar (SUCEST). Neste trabalho foi estudada a expressão gênica de metalotioneínas em plântulas de canade- açúcar. As plântulas foram cultivadas em hidroponia contendo níveis elevados de Cu+2 (50, 100, 250 e 500 µM) e Cd+2 (100, 250 e 500µM). A concentração do metal foi determinada nos tecidos de raiz e partes aéreas de plantas coletadas após 11 e 33 dias de tratamento. As maiores doses de Cu (250 e 500 µM) foram letais para as plantas após 11 dias de cultivo, entretanto o efeito das menores dosagens no crescimento foi comparável ao controle aos 33 dias de tratamento. As plantas foram capazes de acumular quantidades significativas de cobre e cádmio, principalmente nas raízes. Todas as dosagens de cádmio limitaram significativamente o crescimento, mas não o impediram. Extratos de RNA total foram analisados para a expressão dos genes de metalotioneína dos tipos I, II e III mediante Northern blot. Os resultados mostraram que houve expressão dos genes para metalotioneínas dos três tipos constitutivamente, sendo mais elevada para MT I e MT II, tanto em folhas como em raízes de cana de açúcar. A expressão de MT I foi maior nas raízes que nas folhas. Já os genes MT II e MT III foram mais expressos em folhas que em raízes. Os genes de metalotioneínas de cana-deaçúcar são pouco afetados ou não são modulados por Cobre. Em relação ao Cd, ocorre um acúmulo de transcritos de MT nas raízes aos 11 dias levemente proporcional à concentração do metal, (exceto para MT III) que é seguido de um decréscimo de transcritos, também paralelo aos teores de Cd na solução, aos 33 dias. Da mesma forma, existe uma indução de MT II e principalmente MT III na parte aérea, com o aumento da concentração de cádmio na solução, mais acentuada aos 11 dias. Estes resultados evidenciam a capacidade da cana-de-açúcar de tolerar e acumular Cu e Cd, sugerindo um potencial fitorremediador para recuperação de áreas contaminadas com esses metais. / Heavy metals are elements with high density (>5 g.cm-3), naturally occurring in soils, and with the increase of anthropogenic activities has accelerated the release of these elements in ecosystems. Heavy metals can be highly toxic (e.g. Mercury; Lead; Cadmium) or toxic at high concentration (Zinc and Copper). Phytoremediation is a clean up technology based on the use of plants to remove pollutants from the environment or to transform them in less toxic forms to living organisms, with less environmental impact at a lower cost than physic-chemical methods. A crop to be successfully used to recover contaminated areas must be efficient in metal accumulation, must yield large amounts of biomass and to be able to adapt to contaminated conditions. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) presents physiological characteristics that allowed this crop to become widely adopted in tropical, with high biomass production and with genes associated with chelating peptides already identified by the Sugarcane genome project (SUCEST). In this work, metallothionein gene expression was investigated in sugarcane plantlets. The young plants were growth in ¼ Hoagland solution containing elevated levels of Cu+2 (50, 100, 250 and 500 µM) or Cd+2 (100, 250 and 500µM). Metal concentration were determined in root and shoot tissues harvested at 11 and 33 days of treatment. The highest Cu doses (250 and 500 µM) killed the plants after 11 days of culture, however the effect of the lowest dosages were comparable to the control after 33 days of treatment. The plants were capable of accumulate large amount of Cu and Cd, mainly in roots. All Cd dosages significantly limited growth, but without stopping it. Total RNA was analyzed for metallothionein Type I, II and III gene expression by northern. Results indicated that expression of the three types of metallothionein genes was constitutive, with more expression of MT I and MT II, in leaves and roots. MT I expression was greater in roots than in shoots. But MT II and MT III genes were more expresses in shoots. Metallothionein gene expression was poorly affected or not at all by Cu. But for Cd, there was an accumulation of MT transcripts in roots at 11 days slightly proportional to Cd concentration, except for MT III, which was followed by a decrease in transcripts, also parallel to Cd levels in solution at 33 days. Similarly, there as an induction of MT II and mainly MT III in shots with the increase of Cd concentration in solution, more pronounced at 11 days of treatment. These results demonstrated the ability of sugarcane to tolerate and accumulate Cu and Cd, suggesting a potential application in phytoremediation of areas contaminated with heavy metals.