The methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, has been used as a protein expression system to express over 500 heterologous proteins. P. pastoris provides many advantages over other organisms that have been utilized for this purpose. In this project, we developed a new host/selectable marker and auxotrophic strains of P. pastoris based on methionine biosynthesis to increase P. pastoris's versatility as a host for homologous protein expression. This was accomplished by selecting for a yeast that is deficient in methionine biosynthesis, P. pastoris (yJC239), and gene complementation through transformation with a genomic DNA library. Bioinformatics show that the P. pastor is MET gene has 54% amino acid identity with 68% similarity to the S. cerevisiae MET2 gene, which codes for homoserine O-transacetylase. We have constructed expression vectors for intracellular and extracellular expression of proteins with the MET2 marker and have also constructed strains with various auxotrophs including me/2.

The methylotropic yeast Pichia pastoris has been used for many applications, particularly for its ability to produce and readily secrete heterologous proteins. Nonetheless, there are obstacles in making this useful yeast into a more efficient secretion system that readily secretes problem proteins. In the Lin-Cereghino lab, mutant strains were developed by the method of restriction enzyme mediated integration. These mutants have the ability to secrete β-galactosidase at higher levels in comparison to the wild type. This study focused on characterizing the specific mutant ah2 for its ability to secrete HRP, SLPI, and CALB lipase proteins, as well as using transmission electron microscopy to observe the effect of the pREMI-Z mutation on the morphology. Analysis of the Ah2 protein resulted in a comparative β-galactosidase secretion study, as well as a growth rate study, between the original pREMI-Z ah2 mutant and ah2 mutant cells that were transformed with pKanB-AH2 rescue construct. Lastly, a cell localization experiment was done to examine where Ah2p localizes. By these analyses, we gain a bit more understanding of the P. pastoris secretion pathway, while also outlining a procedure by which to characterize the other pREMI-Z mutants.

No description available.

<p> Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), is commonly used as thrombolytic agent for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. This thesis constitutes the first report on cloning and expression of tPA in the methylotrphic yeast Pichia pastoris. </p> <p> The tPA gene was first cloned into an E. coli/Pichia shuttle plasmid and then integrated into the Pichia genome. The recombinant Pichia was able to express tPA intracellularly, under methanol induction. The tPA produced by the Pichia had a similar molecular weight as native tPA and it had serine protease activity. At the shake flask scale, the recombinant Pichia strain was able to produce twice as much tPA as reported for E. coli. </p> <p> Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) are proteins that have a peculiar characteristic: they are able to undergo a reversible inverse phase transition temperature within a very narrow temperature range. On a second aspect of heterologous protein, a construct composed of thioredoxin-intein-ELP was used to provide direct evidence, for the first time, that protein folding and activity, in this case the intein, was maintained when the tripartite fusion was present in the aggregated state. These results are important, since they provide the necessary degree of confidence to stimulate future work directed towards expression and maintenance of proper folding of aggregation-prone proteins when expressed in-vivo E. Coli as ELP directed inclusion bodies. It is also shown that the intein-ELP system may be a very interesting system to be used as a drug delivery vehicle. </p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The high cell density fermentation of recombinant Pichia pastoris for human serum albumin (HSA) production is a high oxygen demand process. The oxygen demand is usually met by increased agitation rate and use of oxygen-enriched air. Microbubble fermentation however can supply adequate oxygen to the microorganisms at relatively low agitation rates because of improved mass transfer of the microbubbles used for the sparging. Conventionally sparged fermentations were conducted for the production of HSA using P. pastoris at agitation rates of 350, 500, and 750 rpm, and were compared to MBD sparged fermentation at 150, 350, and 500 rpm agitation rates. The MBD improved the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) and subsequently increased the cell mass and protein production compared to conventional fermentation. Cell production in MBD fermentation at 350 rpm was 4.6 times higher than that in conventional fermentation at 350 rpm, but similar to that in the conventional 750 rpm. Maximum cell mass productivity in the conventional 350 rpm was only 0.37 g / (L·h), while the maximum value in MBD 350 rpm was 2.0 g / (L·h), which was similar to 2.2 g / (L·h) in the conventional 750 rpm. Biomass yield on glycerol Ys (g cell/ g glycerol) was 0.334 g / g in the conventional 350 rpm, 0.431 g / g in MBD 350 rpm and 0.438 g / g in the conventional 750 rpm. Protein production in MBD 350 rpm was 7.3 times higher than that in the conventional 350 rpm, but similar to the conventional 750 rpm. Maximum protein productivity in the conventional 350 rpm was 0.37 mg / (L·h), 2.8 mg / (L·h) in MBD 350 rpm, and 3.3 mg / (L·h) in the conventional 750 rpm. Protein yield on methanol Yp (mg protein / g methanol) was 1.57 mg /g in the conventional 350 rpm, 5.02 in MBD 350 rpm, and 5.21 in the conventional 750 rpm. The volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient kLa was 1011.9 h-1 in MBD 350 rpm, which was 6.1 times higher than that in the conventional 350 rpm (164.9 h-1) but was similar to the conventional 750 rpm (1098 h-1). Therefore, MBD fermentation results at low agitation of 350 rpm were similar to those in the conventional fermentation at high agitation of 750 rpm. There was considerable improvement in oxygen transfer to the microorganism using MBD sparging relative to the conventional sparging. Conventional fermentations were conducted both in a Biostat Q fermenter (small) at 500 rpm, 750 rpm, and 1000 rpm, and in a Bioflo III fermenter (large) at 350 rpm, 500 rpm, and 750 rpm. At the same agitation rate of 500 rpm, cell production in the large reactor was 3.8 times higher than that in the small one, and no detectable protein was produced in the small reactor at 500 rpm. At the same agitation rate of 750 rpm, both cell production and protein production in the large reactor were 4.6 times higher than the small reactor. Thus, the Bioflo III fermenter showed higher oxygen transfer efficiency than the Biostat Q fermenter, because of the more efficient aeration design of the Bioflo III fermenter. / Master of Science

No presente trabalho foram estudados a necessidade de suplementação nutricional do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz para bioconversão a etanol pela levedura Pichia stipitis, e os efeitos da agitação e da razão Vfrasco/Vmeio, em frascos agitados, sobre os parâmetros fermentativos deste processo. Os estudos da suplementação do hidrolisado para produção de etanol por bioconversão pela levedura Pichia stipitis avaliou a adição dos nutrientes: uréia ( 0 a 2,3 g/L) MgSO4.7H2O (0 a 1,0 g/L) e extrato de levedura (0 a 3,0 g/L). Este estudo mostrou que apenas a adição 3 g/L de extrato de levedura foi necessária para que o processo alcançasse bons resultados de conversão (YP/S = 0,29 g/g) e produtividade em etanol (QP = 0,24 g/L.h) não necessitando portanto da adição dos demais nutrientes. Comparado com o meio suplementado com todos os nutrientes, a suplementação com apenas 3 g/L de extrato de levedura, levou a um aumento de 14% na produtividade do processo. A avaliação da oxigenação em frascos agitados mostrou que a aeração foi um fator capaz de influenciar fortemente os parâmetros de fermentação (YP/S e QP). A condição de maior aeração favoreceu a produção de células e a condição de menor aeração favoreceu a conversão em etanol, porém com baixa produtividade, sendo a produtividade em etanol favorecida por condições intermediárias de aeração, correspondente a agitação de 200 rpm e a razão Vfrasco/Vmeio de 2,5, onde foram alcançadas conversão em produto (YP/S) e produtividade em etanol (QP) de 0,36 g/g e 0,39 g/L.h, respectivamente, o que representa um aumento de cerca de 63% a produtividade e 24% a conversão em etanol, quando comparado com as condições de aeração utilizadas anteriormente. A cinética de fermentação de Pichia stipitis no hidrolisado empregando as condições de suplementação nutricional e aeração otimizadas mostrou que a máxima concentração de etanol alcançada para o hidrolisado suplementado foi cerca de 23,6 g/L após 48 horas, consumindo neste tempo 86 % dos açúcares presentes no meio. Comportamento semelhante foi observado para o meio sintético, onde, no mesmo tempo, a máxima concentração de etanol foi de 24,4 g/L, porém com completo consumo dos açúcares. / The present work studied the necessity of nutritional supplementation of rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate for ethanol bioconversion by Pichia stipitis, and the aeration (effects of agitation and Vflask/Vmedium ratio) in agitated flasks, on the fermentative parameters of the process. The studies on the hydrolysate supplementation for ethanol production by Pichia stipitis yeast bioconversion evaluated the nutrients addition: urea (0 to 2.3 g/L), MgSO47H2O (0 to 10 g/L) and yeast extract (0 to 3.0 g/L). This study showed that only the addition of 3g/L yeast extract was enough to obtain good results for ethanol conversion (YP/S = 0.29 g/g) and productivity (QP = 0.24 g/L.h). By comparing to the medium supplemented with all the nutrients, the supplementation with only 3 g/L yeast extract increased 14% the process productivity. The evaluation of the oxygenation in agitated flasks showed that the aeration highly influenced the fermentative parameters (YP/S and QP). The condition of higher aeration favored the cells production and the condition of lower aeration favored the ethanol conversion, but with low productivity. The ethanol productivity was favored by intermediary conditions of aeration, correspondent to 200 rpm agitation and 2.5 Vflask/Vmedium ratio, thus obtaining 0.36 g/g product conversion (YP/S) and 0.39 g/L.h ethanol productivity (QP). This means an increase of approximately 63% productivity and 24% ethanol conversion, when compared to the aeration conditions previously used. The kinetics of Pichia stipitis fermentation in the hydrolysate using the optimized conditions of nutritional supplementation and aeration rate showed that the maximum ethanol concentration for the supplemented hydrolysate was about 23.6 g/L after 48h, consuming 86% sugars present in the medium. Similar behavior was observed for the synthetic medium where, with the same time, the maximum ethanol concentration was 24.4 g/L, but with the complete sugars consumption.

Neste trabalho, construiu-se linhagens recombinantes de Pichia pastoris e Saccharomyces cerevisiae que expressam hormônio de crescimento de carpa (GHc). Para expressão de GHc em P. pastoris, o cDNA de GH de H. molitrix foi inserido nos plasmídeos pHILD2 (expressão interna) e pPIC9K (expressão e secreção) dando origem aos plasmídeos pHILGH e pPICGH. A expressão em S. cerevisiae foi controlada pelo promotor e terminador PGK e o cassete de expressão ladeado por elementos &#948;, dirigindo a integração em múltiplas cópias no genoma. Ainda, construiu-se um plasmídeo onde a sequência de GHc foi fusionada a uma sequência sinal modificada (sequência sinal de proteína de K. lactis, fusionada a fragmento de interleucina humana), visando altos níveis de secreção. Os transformantes (expressão interna) expressaram proteína recombinante de 20 KDa. Um dos transformantes de S. cerevisiae secreta cerca de 1045,0 µg/ml de GHc. As proteínas recombinantes apresentaram hibridação específica contra anticorpo anti GHc comercial indicando que são biologicamente ativas. / In order to achieve the GHc expression in P. pastoris, the GH cDNA of the carp H. molitrix was introduced into the plasmids pHILD2 (intracellular expression) and pPIC9K (expression and secretion) originating the plasmids pHILGH and pPICGH. The expression of the GH cassette in S. cerevisiae was driven by the PGK promoter and terminator and the cassette was flanked by the &#948; elements, which provides multiple copies integration into the genome. We also constructed a plasmid in which the GHc cDNA sequence was fused to a modified signal sequence (K. lactis protein signal sequence fused to a human interleukin fragment), aiming to reach high levels of secretion. P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae recombinant clones (intracellular expression) were shown to express a recombinant protein of 20 KDa. One of the S. cerevisiae recombinant clones secreted around 1045.0 µg/ml of GHc. The recombinant proteins showed hybridization of the bands against antibody anti-commercial GHc. The results indicate that the recombinant proteins produced in this work are biologically active.

Papilomavírus humanos (HPVs) são vírus de DNA que infectam células epiteliais, podendo ser responsáveis pelo aparecimento de lesões benignas e malignas. Dentre os mais de 120 tipos identificados, o HPV -16 constitui o principal agente etiológico do câncer cervical, que é uma das maiores causas de morte por câncer em mulheres no mundo. Sendo assim, infecções associadas ao HPV devem ser prevenidas por vacinas indutoras de resposta imune vírus-específicas. A proteína L1 do capsídio viral é capaz de arranjar-se em partículas morfologicamente e antigenicamente semelhantes ao vírus, denominadas \"virus-like particles\" (VLPs), que induzem altos títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes. Neste trabalho, foram clonados os genes L1 selvagem e otimizado de HPV -16 em vetores de expressão de leveduras metilotróficas como Hansenula polymorpha e Pichia pastoris. Foi observada uma expressão consistente da proteína recombinante apenas em P. pastoris, com o gene L1 otimizado. Foram realizadas diversas tentativas de purificação da proteína heteróloga, empregando técnicas de cromatografia e ultracentrifugação em gradiente descontínuo de sacarose. A correta montagem das VLPs foi confirmada por microscopia eletrônica. Problemas de agregação, heterogeneidade e adsorção a superfícies apresentados pela proteína L1 foram resolvidos após utilização de surfactante não-iônico e de um procedimento de desmontagem e remontagem das partículas, gerando preparações mais homogêneas. Ensaios de hemaglutinação e inibição da hemaglutinação comprovaram a apresentação de epítopos conformacionais na superfície das VLPs. Este trabalho demonstrou pela primeira vez a expressão da proteína L1 de HPV -16 em P. pastoris, visando ao desenvolvimento de uma vacina profilática de baixo custo para o sistema público de saúde. / Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells and can cause both benign and malignant lesions. From over 120 types catalogued so far, HPV-16 is the main etiologic agent of cervical cancer, which is the one of the most common causes of cancer deaths among women worldwide. Thus, HPV -associated infections might be prevented by vaccine inducing virus-specific immune responses. The L1 major capsid protein can self assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), which are morphologically and antigenically indistinguishable from native viruses and induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies. In this work, we have cloned wild-type and codon-optimized L1 genes from HPV-16 in expression vectors of the methylotrophic yeasts Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pastoris. Consistent L1 expression was only observed in P. pastoris transformed with the construction containing the codon-optimized gene. Many attempts to purify the heterologous protein were made, including chromatography and ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients. The correct assembly of VLPs was confirmed by electron microscopy. Some problems presented by recombinant L1 like aggregation, surface adsorption and heterogeneity were solved by using non-ionic surfactants and a procedure of disassembly and reassembly of the particles. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition assays corroborated the display of surface conformational epitopes by VLPs. This work showed for the first time the expression of the HPV-16 L1 protein in P. pastoris, aiming the development of a prophylactic vaccine free of charge for the public health system in Brazil.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da suplementação do meio de fermentação com diferentes fontes de nitrogênio e avaliar estratégias de aclimatação da levedura Pichia stipitis ao hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz visando melhorar a produção de etanol. Em uma primeira etapa do trabalho foram realizados estudos em meio semissintético para avaliar o efeito das fontes de nitrogênio arginina, ácido glutâmico, uréia e fosfato de amônio sobre a produção de etanol por P. stipitis. Os resultados em meio semissintético demonstraram que o meio composto por ácido glutâmico, fosfato de amônio e extrato de levedura nas concentrações de 3 g/L proporcionou os melhores resultados de conversão (YP/S = 0,36 g/g) e produtividade (QP = 0,71 g/L.h). O estudo de suplementação nutricional do hidrolisado mostrou que o crescimento de P. stipitis foi inibido pela suplementação com ácido glutâmico, e que a presença de extrato de levedura e fosfato de amônio não apresentou qualquer efeito sobre a produção de etanol, sendo o hidrolisado hemicelulósico capaz de suprir a necessidade nutricional da levedura, dispensando a sua suplementação para o uso como meio de fermentação. Na etapa de aclimatação da levedura P. stipitis ao hidrolisado, foram avaliadas cinco estratégias (A, B, C, D e E), baseadas em transferências sucessivas de células para meios com concentrações crescentes de hidrolisado, 45, 60 e 75 % (v/v). Durante a estratégia de aclimatação A foi possível isolar uma colônia (A75-2) capaz de fermentar em hidrolisado contendo 70 g/L de xilose, alcançando valores dos parâmetros YP/S (0,35 g/g) e QP (0,23 g/L.h), 10 e 28 % superiores, respectivamente, aos obtidos pela cepa original. Os resultados das estratégias B e C mostraram que mesmo empregando um maior número de transferências, assim como a utilização de elevadas concentrações celulares, não foram capazes de contribuir com o processo de aclimatação. Na avaliação das estratégias D e E, verificou-se que o emprego de condições de maiores níveis de fornecimento de oxigênio durante as etapas de transferências sucessivas propiciaram condições mais adequadas para que a levedura superasse os efeitos de inibição ocasionados pelos compostos tóxicos presentes no hidrolisado. A estratégia E, realizada sob condição de maior aeração, apresentou os melhores resultados dentre as estratégias de aclimatação avaliadas, sendo obtida uma produção de 27 g/L de etanol após 72 horas. Além disso, esta estratégia foi a única em que a levedura foi capaz de manter os valores de YP/S (0,33 g/g) e QP (0,35 g/L.h) durante todas as transferências, indicando uma maior aclimatação ao hidrolisado. Na fermentação em biorreator, o emprego de inóculo proveniente de cultivo sucessivo de células, quando comparado à fermentação realizada sem cultivo sucessivo, proporcionou um aumento de 7 e 50% sobre os valores de YP/S e QP, respectivamente. Com os resultados do presente trabalho pode-se concluir que estratégias de aclimatação da levedura P. stipitis em hidrolisado não destoxificado são métodos eficazes para a superação de inúmeros problemas relativos às condições de stress fisiológico e inibição do metabolismo microbiano. Porém, a resposta fisiológica da levedura P. stipitis é dependente do número de transferências, concentração celular e oxigenação do meio. / In this work, different acclimatization strategies employing the yeast Pichia stipitis on rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate with high xylose concentration were evaluated. Initially, the effects of nitrogen sources supplementation in the semisynthetic and hydrolysate medium on P.stipitis fermentation were studied. The results showed that in semisynthetic medium the addition of glutamic acid, ammonium phosphate and yeast extract at concentrations of 3 g/L provided the best conversion (YP/S = 0.36 g/g) and productivity (QP = 0.71 g/L.h). On the other hand, the hydrolysate supplementation with yeast extract and ammonium phosphate did not show effect on the fermentative parameters, whereas glutamic acid supplementation inhibited completely the cellular growth. These results show that the hemicellulosic hydrolysate can be used as a fermentation medium without any nutritional supplementation. To overcome the effects of inhibition caused by toxic compounds present on rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate, five acclimatization strategies (A, B, C, D and E) were performed by sequentially transferring of the cells in hydrolysate containing increasing concentrations (45, 60 and 75% (v/v). During the strategy A was possible isolate a colony (A75-2) with ability to ferment the hydrolysate containing xylose at 70 g/L (YP/S = 0.35 g/g and QP =0.23 g/L.h), which corresponded to increase of 10 and 28%, respectively, as compared to the values obtained by the original strain. Employing a greater number of transfers, as well as the use of high cell concentrations (strategies B and C) was not possible improve to the acclimatization process. Regarding the strategy E, which employed higher levels of oxygen supply during periods of successive transfers, showed the most appropriate for the yeast overcome the effects of inhibition caused by toxic compounds present in the hydrolysate. With this strategy the best results (27 g/L ethanol after 72 hours) among all assessed, were observed. Moreover, this approach was the only in which the yeast was able to keep the values of YP/S (0.33 g/g) and QP (0.35 g/L.h) for all transfers, indicating greater acclimatization to hydrolysate. By using this strategy in bioreactor fermentation, it was obtained an increase of 7 and 50% on the values of YP/S and QP, respectively, in relation the reference fermentation (without successive transfer). It is possible conclude that acclimatization strategies of the yeast P. stipitis in no detoxified hydrolysate are effective methods to overcome numerous problems concerning the physiological stress and inhibition of microbial metabolism. However, the physiological response of yeast is dependent on the transfers number, cell concentration and oxygenation level of the medium.

A leucemia linfóide aguda (LLA) é considerada uma doença grave dos glóbulos brancos, sendo mais comum e mais agressiva em crianças e adolescentes. O tratamento para a LLA tem avançado devido aos estudos para a otimização de drogas já utilizadas em quimioterapias. Entre essas drogas estão as enzimas L- asparaginases (ASPases) que atuam reduzindo a concentração de L-asparagina (Asn) na corrente sanguínea, impedindo a proliferação das células cancerosas, visto que essas não conseguem sintetizar quantidades apropriadas desse aminoácido. No entanto, o medicamento por ser oriundo de um procarioto causa severas reações alérgicas aos usuário, afim de diminuir a imunogenicidade deste quimioterápico, é importante gerar um biofármaco oriundo de um eucarioto. Neste âmbito, obtivemos a Pichia pastoris recombinante responsável pela produção da enzima ASPase intermembranar, oriunda do gene ASP3 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Através do planejamento experimental, foi possível ter um aumento de 5 vezes na atividade obtida na condição inicial. O clone Mut+ alcançou sua melhor atividade de 8,6 U/g de célula nas seguintes condições: 20°C, pH inicial 6 e 1,5% de concentração de indutor. / Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is considered a serious disease of white blood cells, is more common and more aggressive in children and adolescents. Treatment for ALL has advanced due to studies for drug optimization already used in chemotherapy. Among these drugs are the enzymes L-asparaginases (ASPases) which act by reducing the concentration of L-asparagine (Asn) in the bloodstream, preventing the proliferation of cancer cells, since these can not synthesize appropriate amounts of this amino acid. However, the drug to be derived from a prokaryote causes severe allergic reactions to the user, in order to decrease the immunogenicity of the chemotherapy, it is important to generate a biopharmaceutical derived from a eukaryote. In this context, we obtained the recombinant Pichia pastoris responsible for producing the enzyme ASPase intermembrane, coming from the ASP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Through the experimental design, it was possible to have a 5-fold increase in activity obtained at the initial condition. The Mut + clone achieved their best activity of 8.6 U/g cell under the following conditions: 20 °C, initial pH 6 and 1.5% of inducer concentration.