OLIVEIRA, Tânia Elizabeth Sampaio. Efeito da inclusão de raspa integral de mandioca e formas de arraçoamento sobre o desempenho de leitões na fase inicial. 2005. xiii, 47 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2005. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T15:36:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_tesoliveira.pdf: 1307024 bytes, checksum: c10f4579160e01dd61401d00cba3e598 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T15:42:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_tesoliveira.pdf: 1307024 bytes, checksum: c10f4579160e01dd61401d00cba3e598 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T15:42:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_tesoliveira.pdf: 1307024 bytes, checksum: c10f4579160e01dd61401d00cba3e598 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / 32 piglets were used to castrate commercial line weaned at 21 days of age with approximately 6.0 kilograms of weight, to evaluate the effects of different levels (0, 12, 24 and 36%) of full inclusion of scraping of cassava (RIM) and forms of arraçoamento on the performance of breeding pigs in the initial stage - I (21 to 42 days of age), the initial phase - II (42 to 70 days old) and total phase (21 to 70 days of age), and its economic viability. The diets were isoproteic (21.0 and 19.0%) and isocaloric (3,100 and 3,200 kcalEM / kg), respectively. The experimental design was a block at random in a 4 x 2 factorial (four levels of inclusion of RIM) and two forms of arraçoamento (dry and wet diets), with four repetitions per eatment and one animal per share. The criterion for training block was the initial weight of piglets. The gain in average daily weight (GPMD), the average daily consumption of feed (CRMD), and feed conversion (CA) did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) for different levels of between RIM and the forms of arraçoamento. It follows that it is technically feasible to use the full scraping of cassava to the level of 36% in pig feed in the initial phase (21 to 70 days of age), regardless of the form of arraçoamento and that the level of inclusion of 12% RIM, which was the best response showed bioeconômica. / Foram utilizado 32 leitões machos castrados de linhagem comercial desmamados com 21 dias de idade com aproximadamente 6,0 kg de peso vivo, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis (0; 12; 24 e 36%) de inclusão de raspa integral de mandioca (RIM) e formas de arraçoamento sobre o desempenho zootécnico de suínos na fase inicial - I (21 a 42 dias de idade), fase inicial - II (42 a 70 dias de idade) e fase total (21 a 70 dias de idade), bem como a sua viabilidade econômica. As rações foram isoprotéicas (21,0 e 19,0%) e isocalóricas (3.100 e 3.200 kcalEM/kg), respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso num esquema fatorial 4 x 2 ( quatro níveis de inclusão de RIM) e duas formas de arraçoamento ( dietas secas e úmidas), com quatro repetições por ratamento e um animal por parcela. O critério para formação de blocos foi o peso inicial dos leitões. O ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), o consumo de ração médio diário (CRMD), e a conversão alimentar (CA) não diferem significativamente (P>0,05) para os diferentes níveis de RIM e entre as formas de arraçoamento. Conclui-se que é tecnicamente viável a utilização da raspa integral de mandioca até o nível de 36% nas rações de suínos na fase inicial (21 a 70 dias de idade), independente da forma de arraçoamento e que o nível de inclusão de 12% de RIM foi o que mostrou melhor resposta bioeconômica.

Bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobianos representam um risco, não apenas para a saúde animal, como também para a saúde pública. As bactérias comensais, como Escherichia coli, são consideradas um bom indicador do padrão de resistência de uma população microbiana, uma vez que, por residirem no intestino, estão submetidas à constante pressão de seleção resultante da administração de antimicrobianos, podendo sobreviver ao processo de abate de suínos e chegar aos consumidores. Neste sentido, os objetivos deste estudo foram: i. avaliar a frequência de resistência antimicrobiana fenotípica e a presença de grupos clonais em E. coli isoladas de fezes e carcaças suínas; ii. determinar o perfil fenotípico e genotípico de resistência aos antimicrobianos em isolados multirresistentes de E. coli provenientes de carcaças de suínos e identificar grupos clonais presentes em carcaças suínas; iii. comparar o perfil fenotípico de resistência antimicrobiana em isolados de E. coli de fezes de suínos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de administração de antimicrobianos via ração; iv. descrever o perfil da microbiota intestinal de suínos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de uso de antimicrobianos via ração. Para isto, três etapas distintas foram realizadas. Na etapa 1, dois ciclos de amostragem foram conduzidos em três matadouros-frigoríficos (A, B, C) de suínos, sendo coletado fezes depositadas no piso da pocilga de espera e suabes de superfície de carcaças na etapa de pré-resfriamento. Escherichia coli foi isolada dessas duas origens e avaliada quanto à resistência aos antimicrobianos. Além disso, 92 isolados de ambas as origens apresentando perfil de multirresistência foram submetidos à análise por Pulsed-field gel eletrophoresis (PFGE). Para a etapa 2, os isolados multirresistentes provenientes de carcaças foram submetidos a novos testes de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e de acordo com o perfil fenotípico foram pesquisados quanto aos genes de resistências e submetidos à técnica de PFGE. Em relação a etapa 3, quatro grupos de suínos que utilizavam protocolos distintos de uso de antimicrobianos via ração foram acompanhados em todas as fases zootécnicas e avaliados quanto a frequência de resistência antimicrobiana de E. coli e perfil bacteriano da microbiota intestinal através do sequenciamento de duas regiões do gene 16S rRNA. Entre os 674 isolados de E. coli da etapa 1 apenas 7,4% foram susceptíveis a todos os antimicrobianos testados. As maiores frequências de resistência foram identificadas frente à tetraciclina (85,9%), ampicilina (73,0%), sulfonamida (70,0%), florfenicol (65,0%) e ácido nalidíxico (58,9%). Do total de isolados de E. coli, 79,5% (536/674) foram classificados como multirresistentes. A análise de macro restrição (PFGE), conduzida em isolados apresentando perfis de multirresistência mais prevalentes, demonstrou que isolados de fezes e carcaças eram na maioria dos casos relacionados (similaridade ≥70%) nos três matadouros-frigoríficos. Dos isolados multirresistentes provenientes das carcaças, dez novos antimicrobianos foram testados; em relação a esses, as maiores frequências de resistências foram à cloranfenicol (86,4%), estreptomicina (65,8%) e trimetoprima (57%). Cada matadouro-frigorífico apresentou um perfil distinto de multirresistência predominante. Nos isolados submetidos à pesquisa de genes de resistência, foram detectados por ordem de frequência: strA (83,3%); aac(3)IVa (70%); tetB (70%); sul2 (60%); floR (56,6%); tetA (50%); aph(3)Ia (43,3%); sul3 (26,6%) e blaTEM (10%); três grupos de isolados relacionados (similaridade ≥ 70%) foram encontrados na análise por PFGE. Em relação à etapa 3, os grupos com diferentes protocolos de uso antimicrobianos via ração não apresentaram alteração significativa no perfil de microbiota intestinal e contagem de E. coli; entretanto, os perfis fenotípicos de resistência antimicrobiana foram distintos entre os grupos. O grupo que recebia protocolo com uso alternado de antimicrobianos de seis classes distintas apresentou maior frequência de resistência e multirresistência. De acordo com os resultados encontrados protocolos de uso continuado de antimicrobianos na criação de suínos gera uma pressão seletiva, resultando em cepas multirresistentes que podem sofrer propagação no ambiente e na cadeia de produção de alimentos. Considerando os perfis de resistência encontrados em E. coli originada de carcaças suínas e fezes, em todas as etapas deste trabalho, observou-se que essas cepas são selecionadas na granja pelo uso de antimicrobianos, chegaram ao pré-abate, disseminaram-se na linha de abate e contaminar a carcaça. O uso prudente de antimicrobianos é amplamente citado em toda a literatura científica veterinária e, conforme nossos resultados demonstraram, deve ser incluído entre as metas da suinocultura brasileira. / Bacteria resistant to antimicrobials present a hazard not only for animal health but public health too. Commensal bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are considered a good indicator of microbial population resistance, because they live in gut and are subjected to constant pressure resulting selection of the administration of antibiotics, may survive in slaughtering process and get consumers. In this sense, the aims of this study were: i. to evaluate the frequency of antimicrobial phenotype resistance and presence of clonal groups for E. coli isolated from feces and pig carcasses; ii. to determine phenotypic profile and antimicrobial genotypic resistance in multiresistant E. coli isolated from pig carcasses and identify clonal groups present in pig carcasses; iii. to compare phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from swine feces submitted to different antimicrobial in-feed protocols; iv. to describe gut microbiota profile in pigs submitted to different antimicrobial in-feed protocols. For this, three steps were performed. In step 1, two sampling cycles were conducted in three slaughterhouses (A, B, C) of pigs being collected feces deposited in pen floor and pre-chill carcasses. Escherichia coli was isolated from these two sources and evaluated for antimicrobial resistance. In addition, 92 isolates with multidrug resistance profile were analyzed by pulsed-field gel eletrophoresis (PFGE). In step 2, isolated from carcasses and multiresistant underwent new antimicrobial susceptibility testing and in accordance with the phenotypic profile were screened for the resistance gene and PFGE. In step 3, four groups of pigs used different antimicrobial in-feed protocols were followed in all phases and evaluated frequency of antimicrobial resistance and gut bacterial profile by sequencing two regions of 16S rRNA. Among the 674 E. coli isolates from step 1 just 7.4% were susceptible to all antibiotics. The highest frequencies of resistance were: tetracycline (85.9%), ampicillin (73.0%), sulfonamide (70.0%), florfenicol (65.0%) and nalidixic acid (58.9%). Of total E. coli isolates, 79.5% (536/674) were multidrug. Macrorestriction analysis (PFGE), conducted in isolates with profiles more prevalent multidrug resistance showed that isolated from feces and carcasses were in most cases related (≥70% similarity) in the three slaughterhouses. The multiresistant isolates from carcasses, ten new antibiotics were tested, with greatest frequency in add antimicrobial resistance were: chloramphenicol (86.4%), streptomycin (65.8%) and trimethoprim (57%). Each slaughterhouse showed a distinct profile of resistance and number of resistance markers. Isolates submitted to research genes were detected in order of frequency: strA (83.3%); aac(3)IV (70%); tetB (70%); sul2 (60%); floR (56.6%); tetA (50%); aph(3)Ia (43.3%); sul3 (26.6%) and blaTEM (10%); and three related groups (similarity ≥ 70%) were formed in PFGE. For step 3, groups with different antimicrobial in-feed had no significant change in gut microbiota profile and E. coli counts; however the phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance were different between the groups. The group receiving protocol with alternate use of antimicrobials six different classes showed higher frequency of resistance and multidrug resistance. According to the results, different protocols of antimicrobial in pig farming creates a selective pressure, resulting in multi-drug resistant strains that may contribute to spread environment and in food production chain. Considering the resistance profiles found in E. coli originated from swine carcasses and feces, in all stages of this work, it was observed that these strains were selected for in farm by use of antimicrobials, reached the pre-slaughter, spread in the slaughterhouse and carcasses. The concept of prudent use of antimicrobials is widely quoted in all the veterinary scientific literature and, as our results showed, it should be included among the goals of the Brazilian pig farming.

Tratamentos de descontaminação pós-processamento podem ser adotados como medida complementar às Boas Práticas de Fabricação e Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle no processo de abate para diminuir a presença de bactérias patogênicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a eficácia antimicrobiana do ozônio aplicado em carcaças suínas durante o armazenamento na câmara fria. Foi conduzido um experimento em cinco blocos consecutivos que incluíram dois tratamentos: grupo controle (T1) constituído por oito carcaças suínas submetidas ao resfriamento (16 horas a 3°C); grupo tratamento (T2) oito carcaças suínas submetidas a dois períodos de quatro horas de aplicação de até 5 ppm de ozônio durante o período de resfriamento (16 horas a 3°C). Para geração do ozônio foi utilizado um equipamento comercial (Alvap®) com cronômetro e medidor de concentração acoplados. A aplicação do ozônio foi iniciada logo após o fechamento da câmara fria. A superfície das carcaças alocadas em cada um dos grupos de tratamento foi amostrada antes e após o período de 16 horas de resfriamento. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à contagem de mesófilos aeróbios totais e presença de Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. e Listeria sp. Isolados de Salmonella sp. e Listeria monocytogenes foram caracterizados por Eletroforese de Campo Pulsado. As médias de mesófilos aeróbios totais não diferiram significativamente (p>0,05) no grupo T1, antes e depois do resfriamento; enquanto no grupo T2 houve redução significativa (p<0,05) após o tratamento. A pesquisa de Salmonella sp. e E. coli demonstrou aumento significativo (p<0,05) no número de carcaças positivas após o resfriamento no grupo T1, enquanto não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) no grupo T2 após o tratamento. Os isolados de Salmonella sp. foram identificados como pertencentes aos seguintes sorovares: S. Derby (7), S. Typhimurium (2), S. Agona (10) e Salmonella O:4,5 (1). Todos os sorovares, exceto o último, foram encontrados tanto no grupo T1 quanto no grupo T2. Pulsotipos de S. Agona e S. Derby foram encontrados em carcaças pertencentes ao mesmo bloco do grupo T1, antes e após o resfriamento. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos e períodos amostrados na análise de Listeria sp. Nas carcaças positivas, duas espécies foram identificadas: L. inoccua (5) e L. monocytogenes (10). Três pulsotipos foram identificados entre os isolados de L. monocytogenes, sendo que o pulsotipo mais frequente incluiu oito isolados identificados em carcaças do grupo T1 amostradas antes e após o resfriamento. Diante dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo, conclui-se que a aplicação de ozônio na câmara fria, no protocolo testado, foi capaz de reduzir o número de mesófilos aeróbios totais em carcaças suínas, entretanto não foi eficaz na redução de Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli e Listeria sp. / Decontamination post-processing treatments can be adopted as a complementary measure to Good Manufacturing Practices and Hazard Analysis and Points of Critical Control Point in slaughter process to reduce the presence of pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study was to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of ozone applied in pig carcasses during storage in the cooler. The experiment comprised five consecutive blocks that included two treatments: control group (T1) made up of eight pig carcasses subjected to cooling (16 hours at 3°C); treatment group (T2) with eight pig carcasses subjected to two periods of four hours of application of up to 5 ppm of ozone during the cooling period (16 hours at 3°C). For ozone generation, a commercial equipment (Alvap®) with timer and monitor of concentration coupled was used. The application of ozone was initiated immediately after the closing of the cooler. The surface of the animal carcasses allocated to each treatment group was sampled before and after the 16 hour cooling. The samples were analyzed for total aerobic mesophilic count and presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Listeria sp. Isolates of Salmonella sp. and Listeria monocytogenes were characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. The average of total aerobic mesophilics did not significantly differ (p>0,05) before and after cooling in T1; while in the T2 group it was significantly reduced (p<0,05) after treatment. Salmonella sp. and E. coli showed a significant increase (p<0,05) in the number of positive carcasses after cooling in the T1 group, while there was no significant difference (p>0,05) in T2 after treatment. Salmonella sp. isolates were identified as belonging to the following serovars: S. Derby (7), S. Typhimurium (2), S. Agona (10) and Salmonella O:4.5 (1). All serotypes, except Salmonella O: 4.5 (1), were found in both groups. Pulsotypes of S. Agona and S. Derb were found in carcasses from a same batch of T1, before and after cooling. There was no significant difference (p>0,05) between treatments and periods of sampling regarding Listeria sp. In positive carcasses, two species were identified: L. inoccua (5) and L. monocytogenes (10). Three pulsotypes were identified among the isolates of L. monocytogenes, whereas the most frequent pulsotype included eight isolates identified in group T1 carcasses sampled before as well as after cooling. It was concluded that the tested protocol of ozone application during the cooling step is able to reduce the number of total aerobic mesophilic on pig carcasses, whereas it is not effective in reducing Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli and Listeria sp.

Smallholder pig farming is an important livestock activity in Mpumalanga. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether variation in agro-ecological climatic conditions differently impacts on the small-scale pig production systems in Mpumalanga province and to identify factors that influence production positively or negatively in the various agro-ecological zones. The study was conducted in Mpumalanga province of South Africa in three agro-ecological zones namely the highveld, the lowveld and the midveld. The study followed mixed methods approach, using qualitative and quantitative data. In total, 220 randomly selected smallholder pig farmers were interviewed face to face using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel2007® spreadsheet, filtered and analysed using Stata v9 (Statacorp., Texas, USA) and Microsoft Excel2007® for frequency, herd-related variables; in addition, some hypothesis were tested using appropriate analytical methods (descriptive and correlation analyses). Associations between agricultural training, government assistance (material or financial) and thirteen herd and farmer-related variables were analysed using multivariable logistic regression model. A pairwise correlation was used where necessary and outputs were generated to associate certain variables and preferred methods including markets, market determinants, treatment methods for sick pigs, feed preference, body conditions of the sows and age at weaning. To integrate economic analyses, a partial budgeting combined with other turn on investment (ROI) model has developed in Microsoft Excel 2007® spreadsheet. The outcomes from the field data obtained including details from published materials were utilized to develop and validate the model. Economic feasibility and viability of a 10-sow unit were tested for a three-year farm operation. The results indicated that smallholder pig farming was predominated by males (64%), age group 51 years and above (54%), black Africans (98.6%) and approximately three-quarters of the smallholder farmers were classified as being poor to just below average. The majority (80%) of respondents had no prior pig husbandry training while few had (33%) received assistance from Department of Agriculture. In terms of stock, mixed breeds (89%) from exotic pigs were mostly kept and the majority (87%) of the farmers kept between 1 – 10 ws in their herds. Many farmers (75%) engaged in bio-security risky behaviour of buying auctioned-sourced boars, free-range boars and untested boars from neighbours and relatives. Few (17%) farmers practiced vaccination and only (10%) kept records of the pigs. The majority of the responses on pre-weaning mortality (50%) and post-weaning mortality (90%) were within acceptable range of 1-10% and 1-5% mortality rates respectively. The lead causes of mortality were weak piglets and crushing (46%), diarrhea (27%), poor management knowledge (19%) and malnutrition (16%). Fifty-eight percent farrowed ≤10 piglets/born/sow/litter, 44.2% practiced no weaning method, many fed leftovers alone (41.6%), 47% was using self-medication and 41% of the sows were in poor body conditions. It was also discovered that only 27% sold the porkers in less than 6 months of age and local slaughter/sold live (64.4%) was the most preferred market source. A pair-wise correlation showed links that between the feeding of commercial feeds and pigs in relatively good to very good body conditions. Poor body conditioned pigs were positively correlated with the feeding of swill alone. The economic models for a 10-sow unit proved that pig farming at that scale is unprofitable by feeding commercial feed. However, only through a combination of cooperative systems, benefits of economic of scale, reduction of pre-weaning mortalities, and structured government inputs can improve pig production profitable at this scale of production. In addition, agricultural training and government incentives will facilitate improved productivity in smallholder pig farms within the province / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Falhas reprodutivas são importante causa de prejuízos econômicos na suinocultura. Elas implicam na diminuição do número de leitões nascidos vivos e aumentam o descarte de animais e as taxas de reposição de matrizes, levando à redução da produtividade do rebanho. Embora a maioria dos casos de natimortalidade sejam associados a fatores não infecciosos, os agentes infecciosos possuem um papel importante e ainda pouco conhecido na etiologia deste quadro. Até o presente, nenhum trabalho foi realizado visando o estudo do conjunto de vírus que possam estar presentes em matrizes com eventos de natimortalidade por ocasião do parto. Em função disso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo examinar o viroma do soro de matrizes suínas com e sem casos de natimortalidade. Foram coletadas 94 amostras de soro de matrizes de seis granjas distribuídas em cinco municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. Em cada granja foram formados dois pools de soros: um composto por matrizes que pariram (um ou mais) natimortos e outro por matrizes que pariram leitegadas sem natimortos. Os pools foram submetidos à extração de ácido nucleico viral, enriquecimento e sequenciamento de alto desempenho, buscando a identificação de agentes que possam representar um fator de risco à natimortalidade em suínos Não foi possível identificar diferenças significativas nos viromas de matrizes correlacionadas à ocorrência de natimortalidade. Não obstante, foi possível identificar uma ampla variedade de genomas virais, a maioria deles correspondendo a vírus das famílias Anelloviridae. Este estudo permitiu ainda identificar 20 genomas completos de três espécies de vírus: torque teno vírus suíno 1a e 1b, circovírus suíno tipo 3 (PCV3) e vírus circulares DNA fita simples codificantes de replicase (CRESS), seis dos quais até o presente ainda não reportados em suínos. Em duas granjas, em matrizes que apresentaram natimortalidade, foram identificados genomas de PCV3, cuja participação como potencial causador de problemas reprodutivos precisa ser futuramente investigada. Não foram identificados vírus com genoma de RNA. Este estudo traz uma contribuição ao conhecimento do viroma em soros de matrizes suínas e, paralelamente, busca contribuir para o esclarecimento das possíveis causas de natimortalidade de origem infecciosa em suínos. / Reproductive failure in swine herds is an important cause of economic losses. It leads to a decrease in the number of piglets reared per sow and may imply in the need for replacement of sows, reducing the productivity in a herd. Although the majority of cases of stillbirths have been attributed to non-infectious causes, several infectious agents have been implicated in the etiology of such condition. Nevertheless, other as yet unknown agents may be involved in the pathogenesis of stillbirths. The aim of this work was to investigate the virome in sera of sows without and with one or more cases of stillbirth in the litter. Sera were collected from 94 sows of six commercial farms in five municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Two pools of sera were collected from each farm: one representative of sows that had at least on stillbirth in the last litter and another composed by sera of sows that had litters with no stillbirths. The pools were subjected to nucleic acid extraction, enrichment and high throughput sequencing. No significant differences were detected in the serum viromes of sows with or without stillbirth Nevertheless, it was possible to identify a wide variety of viral genomes, most of these representing viruses of Anelloviridae family. In addition, the present work allowed the identification of 20 complete genome sequences including torque teno sus virus 1a and 1b, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) and circular rep-encoding ssDNA viruses (CRESS), including six species not previously reported in swine. In two farms, PCV3 genomes were identified in the serum pools of sows which had cases of stillbirth. The role for this virus as a potential cause of reproductive failure needs additional investigations. No genomes of viruses with RNA genomes were identified. This study provides a contribution to the knowledge on the serum virome of pregnant sows. In addition, it is expected to aid in the identification of possible causes of stillbirth in swine.

The goal of this thesis was analyze indicators collected during classification of carcass of final hybrids of pigs. Based on this information it was statistically evaluated a set of animals slaughtered in over a period of 1 year. It was analyzed 65 535 carcasses of pigs at all. Carcasses included in the SEUROP system (64 470 pigs) was divided into 6 the weight interval from 60 to 120 kg in increments of 10 kilos.

This diploma work is focused on the processing of information concerning meat quality and boar taint. The use of boar meat is in recent years a very common theme in the area of animal welfare. In addition to traditional castration of pigs, for piglets which is physically and mentally exhausting, are now new alternatives previous occurrence of boar taint. In the first part of this work there are listed aspects of breeding pigs and boars, boar taint problems and ways to eliminate objectionable taint. Using selected methods of sensory analysis were assessed for weight samples graded boar meat. The aim was to determine the acceptability of boar taint threshold for the consumer . For the purposes of veterinary inspection in slaughterhouses in the Czech republic uses boil test to identify boar taint. In the practical part was used boil test, when evaluated in some samples found unpleasant taint. Women were more sensitive to the taint of the meat than men, wichic is caused by steroid hormones. In further tests of sensory consumer panel evaluations submitted samples according to their preferences from best to worst and then in pairs test described the intensity differences between samples. The test results were processed according to the methodology and standard of ČSN. Between samples of boar meat were found statistically significant differences at a confidence level of 95%.

There were gaged indexes of 32 fattening cycles of hybrid Topigs and 31 fattening cycles of hybrid Danbred. Starting live weight of hybrid Topigs was 30.1 kg and hybrid Danbred 28.1 kg (P < 0.05). Final live weight of hybrid Topigs was 112.5 kg and hybrid Danbred 114 kg. Average daily gain of hybrid Topigs was 0.81 kg/pcs and hybrid Topigs was 0.9 kg/pcs (P < 0.05). Consumption of complete feed mixture per kilogram of gain of hybrid Topigs was 2.82 kg and hybrid Danbred 2.76 kg. The loss caused by death of pigs in the fattening period was 1.39% f hybrid Topigs was 3.87 % and hybrid Danbred (P < 0.05). There were looked carcass value of 2 374 pcs of hybrid Topigs and 2 468 pcs of hybrid Danbred. Average weight of carcass of hybrid Topigs was 88.1 kg with average part of muscles 57.5%. Average weight of carcass of hybrid Topigs was 91.4 kg (P < 0.05) with average part of muscles 59.1% (P < 0.05). As regards hybrid Topigs, there were classified 12,2% of carcasses in the quality class "S", 72% in the quality class "E" and 15,8% in the quality class "U". And of hybrid Danbred, there were classified 32.9 % of carcasses in the quality class "S", 61,9% in the quality class "E" and 5.2 % in the quality class "U". There were classified 78.5% of hybrid Topigs and 69.7% of hybrid Danbred in weight range 8099.9 kg.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The application of pig slurry (PS) in agricultural areas, mostly grown under no-till, can cause a substantial increase in N losses by nitrous oxide emissions (N2O) into the atmosphere, both for the characteristics of the PS and for the straw kept on the ground at SPD. However, little is known about the influence of the biochemical composition of the straw used in no till on emissions of N2O, after the application of PS as well as on how the collecting system of this gas can affect the quantification of N2O emissions. Thus, two field studies were conducted. In the study I , was evaluated the influence of the sampling system on the measurements of N2O following the application of PS on black oat straw. In the Study II was evaluated the influence of stages of decomposition of black oat straw at full flowering (experiment 1) and harvest stages (experiment 2) on emissions of N2O, after application of 50 m3 ha-1 of PS. In study I , two experiments were conducted between January and February 2011, (experiment 1) in the experimental area of Irrigation and Drainage Department, in the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), and between September and October 2012 (experiment 2) in the experimental area of Zootecnic Department (UFSM). The N2O sampling were performed after the application of PS and irrigations at 2 h intervals for every 24 h. In the study II , two experiments were conducted between September and December 2012, in the experimental area of Zootecnic Department (UFSM). All treatments used in both experiments of the study II were arranged in a random block design with three replicates, as follows: T1- Soil (control); T2- PS surface (Soil + PS); T3- straw at time 0 + DLS surface (T0 + PS); T4- straw at time 1 + DLS surface (T1 + PS); T5- straw at time 2 + DLS surface (T2 + PS); T6- straw- at time 3 + DLS surface (T3 + PS); and T7- straw at time 4 + DLS surface (T4 + PS). In study I , the sampling system was influenced for the quantification of N2O emissions, indicating that the sampling during times when emissions are high, for example, in the first 6 hours there would be an overestimation of emissions, suggesting that a sampling 8 hours after the rain stopped would be the best time to estimate the cumulative N2O emission. In study II , in both experiments was observed that the application of PS over the straw increased N2O emissions to the atmosphere. However, in the conditions which this study was conducted, it was not possible to statistically distinguish N2O emissions in relation to different stages of decomposition of the oat straw. / A aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) em áreas agrícolas, cultivadas principalmente sob o sistema de plantio direto (SPD), pode provocar um aumento substancial das perdas de N pelas emissões de óxido nitroso (N2O) para a atmosfera, tanto pelas características dos DLS quanto da palhada mantida sobre o solo no SPD. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a influência da composição bioquímica da palhada utilizada em SPD sobre as emissões de N2O, após a aplicação de DLS, assim como sobre o quanto o regime de coletas desse gás pode afetar a quantificação das emissões de N2O. Dessa forma, foram conduzidos dois estudos a campo. O estudo I objetivou avaliar a influência do regime de coletas sobre as quantificações de N2O após a aplicação de DLS sobre palha de aveia preta. Já o estudo II, objetivou avaliar a influência dos estágios de decomposição de aveia preta em pleno florescimento (experimento 1) e na colheita (experimento 2) sobre as emissões de N2O, após a aplicação de 50 m3 ha-1 de DLS. No estudo I, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2011 (experimento 1) na área experimental do setor de Irrigação e Drenagem da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), e entre setembro e outubro de 2012 (experimento 2) na área experimental do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM. As coletas de N2O foram realizadas logo após a aplicação dos DLS e das irrigações, em intervalos de 2 h, durante 24 h. No estudo II, foram conduzidos 2 experimentos entre setembro e dezembro de 2012, na área experimental do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM. Todos os tratamentos utilizados nos dois experimentos do estudo II foram dispostos em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, sendo eles: T1- Solo (testemunha); T2- DLS em superfície (Solo + DLS); T3- Palha no tempo 0 + DLS em superfície (T0 + DLS); T4- Palha no tempo 1 + DLS em superfície (T1 + DLS); T5- Palha no tempo 2 + DLS em superfície (T2 + DLS); T6- Palha no tempo 3 + DLS em superfície (T3 + DLS); e T7- Palha no tempo 4 + DLS em superfície (T4 + DLS). No estudo I, o regime de coletas influenciou a quantificação das emissões de N2O, indicando que a realização de coletas em momentos em que as emissões são altas, ou seja, nas primeiras seis horas ocorreria uma superestimação das emissões, sugerindo então que uma única coleta após 8 horas do fim das chuvas seria o melhor período para estimar a emissão acumulada de N2O. No estudo II, foi observado em ambos experimentos que a aplicação de DLS sobre a palhada aumentou as emissões de N2O para atmosfera. Entretanto, nas condições em que este estudo foi conduzido, não foi possível distinguir estatisticamente as emissões de N2O em relação ao diferentes estágios de decomposição das palhas de aveia preta.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Two experiments were performed in order to determine the maintenance requirements and marginal efficiency of utilization of the amino acids lysine and threonine, through the nitrogen balance technique. It was used 12 castrated pigs, on each experiment, with an average weight of 52 ± 2 kg (experiment with lysine) and 72 ± 2 kg (experiment with threonine) were kept in metabolism crates in temperature-controlled room of 22 ± 3°C. The pigs were distributed in four diets formulated to supply 30, 50, 60 and 70% of expected standardized digestible lysine requirements and supply 30, 45, 60 and 70% of expected standardized digestible threonine requirements using a changeover design with two periods (seven to adaptation and five collection). All of other essential amino acids were furnished at a minimum of 15% excess level relative to the level of amino acid test. The feed was provided to cover 2.6 times the metabolizable energy requirements needed to maintenance with a daily adjustment according to the expected gain of 0.8 kilograms. The lysine experiment there was no difference (P> 0.00) in dry matter intake (DMI) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) between treatments. Already in the experiment threonine significant difference was observed of DMI and MEI between treatments. In lysine experiment the amount nitrogen excreted represents on average 46% of the nitrogen ingested with 35% of the nitrogen excreted in feces and 65% in urine. As in lysine experiment the amount nitrogen excreted represents on average 43% of the nitrogen ingested with 35 and 60% of the nitrogen excreted in feces and urine, respectively. The total losses were lysine and threonine 36.4 and 46.3 mg kg-1 BW0.75, respectively, resulting in lysine maintenance requirements of 40.4 mg kg-1 BW0.75 and threonine maintenance requirements of 62.2 mg kg-1 BW0.75. In our experiment the marginal efficiency of lysine and threonine utilization was 90 and 74%, respectively, meaning that 10% of lysine and 26% of intake of standardized threonine was not recovered in the body protein. / Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de manutenção e eficiência marginal de utilização para deposição de proteína dos aminoácidos lisina e treonina, através da técnica de balanço de nitrogênio. Foram utilizados 12 suínos castrados, em cada um dos experimentos, com peso vivo médio de 52 ± 2 kg (experimento lisina) e 72 ± 2 kg (experimento treonina). Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas, mantidos em sala climatizada com temperatura de 22 ± 3°C. O delineamento experimental foi um changeover constituído de quatro dietas elaboradas para atender 30, 50, 60 e 70% das exigências nutricionais de lisina digestível estandardizada e 30, 45, 60 e 70% das exigências nutricionais de treonina digestível estandardizada. A quantidade ração fornecida foi calculada para suprir 2,6 vezes à energia metabolizável de manutenção. Os demais aminoácidos foram adicionados às dietas para atingir a proporção de, no mínimo, 15% de suas exigências expressas em relação ao aminoácido teste. Os animais foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia, com um ajuste diário no consumo de ração de acordo com uma taxa de ganho médio diária de 0,8 kg de peso vivo. Os experimentos foram divididos em dois períodos experimentais consecutivos (sete dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta). No experimento de lisina não houve diferença significativa da matéria seca ingerida (MSI) e energia metabolizável ingerida (EMI) entre os diferentes níveis de lisina na ração. Já no experimento de treonina observou-se diferença significativa da MSI e EMI entre os tratamentos. No experimento de lisina o nitrogênio excretado representou, em média, 46% do nitrogênio ingerido, sendo que 35% desse nitrogênio excretado foi eliminado pelas fezes e o restante (65%) na urina. No experimento de treonina o nitrogênio excretado representou, em média, 43% do nitrogênio ingerido, sendo que 35 e 65% desse nitrogênio excretado foi eliminado pelas fezes e urina, respectivamente. As perdas totais de lisina e treonina foram de 36,4 e 46,3 mg kg-1 PV0,75, respectivamente, resultando na exigência diária para manutenção de 40,4 mg kg-1 PV0,75 de lisina e 62,2 mg kg-1 PV0,75 de treonina. Em nossos experimentos a eficiência marginal de utilização de lisina e treonina foram de 90 e 74%, respectivamente, ou seja, 10% da lisina e 26% da treonina estandardizada ingerida não foram recuperadas nas proteínas corporais.