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New methods for in situ measurement of mechanical root-reinforcement on slopesMeijer, Gerrit Johannes January 2016 (has links)
Vegetation can increase the resistance of slopes against landsliding. The mechanical contribution of roots to the shear strength of the soil is however difficult to measure in situ. Existing methodologies are time-consuming and therefore not suitable to quantify spatial variability on the slope. Furthermore, some existing methods, for example large in situ shear box testing, can be difficult to apply on remote sites with difficult access, e.g. steep slopes. Therefore in this thesis novel, simple and portable methods to quantify mechanical root-reinforcement in the field were developed. The ‘blade penetrometer method’, one of these new methods, was based on standard penetrometer testing but used an adapted tip shape to increase sensitivity to roots. Root depths and diameters could be quantified based on characteristics of the depth–resistance trace, both in the laboratory and in the field. Several new analytical interpretive models were developed to predict the force–displacement behaviour of roots loaded under various conditions: one assuming roots broke in tension and another assuming roots broke in pure bending. Both methods did take root–soil interaction into account. Based on these models, some roots were shown to have broken in bending and others in tension, depending on plant species and root diameter. Two new methods were developed to measure the root-reinforced soil strength directly. The ‘pin vane’ was an adaptation of a standard field shear vane, replacing the cruciform blades of the latter by prongs to minimise the effects of soil disturbance and root breakage during installation. This was one of the main problems encountered when using standard vanes in rooted soil. This ‘pin vane’ method was qualitatively shown to be able to measure the reinforcing effects of both fine and thick roots (or root analogues), both in the laboratory and the field. This method will be most useful when the strength of densely rooted surface layers is to be analysed, e.g. for erosion resistance purposes. Another newly developed shear device was the ‘corkscrew’. Rotational installation of the screw ensured minimal soil and root disturbance. During vertical extraction the root-reinforced shear strength was mobilised along the interface of the soil plug caught within the screw. The measured extraction force could be related to the reinforced soil strength. This method underestimated the strength in surface layers (especially at 0–125 mm and less so at 125–250 mm depth) but functioned well in deeper soil layers important for landsliding. Although laboratory results were promising, during in situ testing in deeper layers ( > 125 mm) local variation in soil stress, gravel content and water content, combined with low root volumes, made it difficult to accurately quantify the effect of the roots. Where the effect of roots was pronounced, e.g. in more heavily rooted surface layers (0–125 mm), significant positive trends between the measured soil strength and root strength and quantity were found. Measured reinforcements were small compared with various root-reinforcement model predictions but comparable to direct shear tests on rooted soil reported by others. These new methods, although still in the early stages of development, showed promising results for practical use in field conditions. The equipment was simple to use and portable, enabling measurements on sites with difficult accessibility. However, more work is required to validate the interpretive models developed and to calibrate these methods for a wider range of soil and root conditions.
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BIOLOGIE ET PHYLOGEOGRAPHIE DE MONOCHAMUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS (COLEOPTERA, CERAMBYCIDAE) VECTEUR DU NEMATODE DU PIN EN EUROPEFotini, Koutroumpa 20 December 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Au Portugal où il a été récemment introduit accidentellement, le nématode phytopathogène invasif Bursaphelenhus xylophilus est véhiculé et transmis par son vecteur indigène Monochamus galloprovincialis aux arbres hôtes (Pinus pinaster). Pour estimer les risques d'invasion et de propagation en France et au reste de l'Europe, une étude approfondie de la biologie et de l'écologie du vecteur M. galloprovincialis,, a été menée dans ce pays, en parallèle avec une étude de la variabilité génétique et morphologique de ses populations et de celles de son espèce sœur M. sutor. Il a été montré que M. galloprovincialis, présent dans toutes les forêts françaises, possède quatre stades larvaires qui ont été décrits. La fécondité, la durée des stades larvaires et la longévité ont été mesurées. L'existence d'une diapause au quatrième stade larvaire a été observée, dont l'effet est une synchronisation des émergences d'adultes ; une diapause prolongée semble exister chez une faible fraction de la population. Le développement larvaire peut être affecté par divers facteurs, dont les dimensions du rondin d'élevage. M. galloprovincialis a montré une préférence pour Pinus sylvestris, mais il peut aussi bien se développer sur d'autres espèces de Pinus notamment P. pinaster, essence majoritairement attaquée dans les régions du Sud Ouest. Il s'est avéré que ce sont surtout les conditions climatiques et non l'essence hôte, qui jouent un rôle important dans la distribution de cet insecte, ce qui a été confirmé par l'étude moléculaire. La proximité génétique et morphologique des espèces M. galloprovincialis et M. sutor a été mise en évidence par douze sites polymorphes du gène de la cytochrome oxydase I et quatre caractères morphologiques dont trois correspondant à des caractères de génitalias mâles. L'ensemble des résultats a permis de conclure qu'un grand nombre de facteurs favorables à la propagation du nématode sont réunis en France.
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Plastic card frauds, a survey of current relevant card and system properties / Plastkortsystem och brottsmöjligheter, en genomgång av egenskaper hos kort och läsareSavostyanova, Natalia, Velichko, Valeriya January 2004 (has links)
<p>Recently the society has been turning from the use of paper-based technologies to plastic cards in certain spheres of our life. With the emergence and proliferation of high technologies we cannot content with the security provided bypaper only. Therefore the society has chosen plastic to protect its information because it offers far more security based not only on human perception but also on machine-readable elements. </p><p>The number of plastic cards in circulation in different spheres of our everyday life increases constantly. They replace money, documents and allow easy and safe access to some services. In spite of its security the plastic card however is subjected to fraud. </p><p>Plastic card fraud results in significant losses for the various industries. Since the first appearance of plastic cards methods of committing fraud have changed dramatically. Now there is a wide range of high technologies at the disposal of criminals as well as card manufacturers. </p><p>Therefore we have put the great emphasize of this work on the analysis of the most common card technologies in the Plastic Card World, the magnetic stripe and the chip, existing crimes and main means of their committing. And we also have revealed the weak and strong sides of the prevention techniques, which are currently in use.</p>
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A Tomographic Measurement Technique for Irradiated Nuclear Fuel AssembliesJacobsson Svärd, Staffan January 2004 (has links)
<p>The fuel assemblies used at the Swedish nuclear power plants contain typically between 100 and 300 fuel rods. An experimental technique has been demanded for determining the relative activities of specific isotopes in individual fuel rods without dismantling the assemblies. The purpose is to validate production codes, which requires an experimental relative accuracy of <2 % (1 σ).</p><p>Therefore, a new, non-destructive tomographic measurement technique for irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies has been developed. The technique includes two main steps: (1) the gamma-ray flux distribution around the assembly is recorded, and (2) the interior gamma-ray source distribution in the assembly is reconstructed. The use of detailed gamma-ray transport calculations in the reconstruction procedure enables accurate determination of the relative rod-by-rod source distribution.</p><p>To investigate the accuracy achievable, laboratory equipment has been constructed, including a fuel model with a well-known distribution of <sup>137</sup>Cs. Furthermore, an instrument has been constructed and built for in-pool measurements on irradiated fuel assemblies at nuclear power plants.</p><p>Using the laboratory equipment, a relative accuracy of 1.2 % was obtained (1 σ). The measurements on irradiated fuel resulted in a repeatability of 0.8 %, showing the accuracy that can be achieved using this instrument. The agreement between rod-by-rod data obtained in calculations using the POLCA–7 production code and measured data was 3.1 % (1 σ).</p><p>Additionally, there is a safeguards interest in the tomographic technique for verifying that no fissile material has been diverted from fuel assemblies, i.e. that no fuel rods have been removed or replaced. The applicability has been demonstrated in a measurement on a spent fuel assembly. Furthermore, detection of both the removal of a rod as well as the replacement with a non-active rod has been investigated in detail and quantitatively established using the laboratory equipment.</p>
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A Tomographic Measurement Technique for Irradiated Nuclear Fuel AssembliesJacobsson Svärd, Staffan January 2004 (has links)
The fuel assemblies used at the Swedish nuclear power plants contain typically between 100 and 300 fuel rods. An experimental technique has been demanded for determining the relative activities of specific isotopes in individual fuel rods without dismantling the assemblies. The purpose is to validate production codes, which requires an experimental relative accuracy of <2 % (1 σ). Therefore, a new, non-destructive tomographic measurement technique for irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies has been developed. The technique includes two main steps: (1) the gamma-ray flux distribution around the assembly is recorded, and (2) the interior gamma-ray source distribution in the assembly is reconstructed. The use of detailed gamma-ray transport calculations in the reconstruction procedure enables accurate determination of the relative rod-by-rod source distribution. To investigate the accuracy achievable, laboratory equipment has been constructed, including a fuel model with a well-known distribution of 137Cs. Furthermore, an instrument has been constructed and built for in-pool measurements on irradiated fuel assemblies at nuclear power plants. Using the laboratory equipment, a relative accuracy of 1.2 % was obtained (1 σ). The measurements on irradiated fuel resulted in a repeatability of 0.8 %, showing the accuracy that can be achieved using this instrument. The agreement between rod-by-rod data obtained in calculations using the POLCA–7 production code and measured data was 3.1 % (1 σ). Additionally, there is a safeguards interest in the tomographic technique for verifying that no fissile material has been diverted from fuel assemblies, i.e. that no fuel rods have been removed or replaced. The applicability has been demonstrated in a measurement on a spent fuel assembly. Furthermore, detection of both the removal of a rod as well as the replacement with a non-active rod has been investigated in detail and quantitatively established using the laboratory equipment.
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X-band High Power Solid State Rf SwitchGuzel, Kutlay 01 September 2012 (has links) (PDF)
RF/Microwave switches are widely used in microwave measurement systems,
telecommunication and radar applications. The main purposes of RF switches are
Tx-Rx switching, band select and switching the signal between different paths. Thus,
they are key circuits especially in T/R modules. Wideband operation is an important
criterion in EW applications. High power handling is also a key feature especially
for radars detecting long range.
In this study, different types of high power solid state switches operating at X-Band
are designed, fabricated and measured. The main objectives are small size and high
power handling while keeping good return loss and low insertion loss. The related
studies are investigated and analyzed. Solutions for increasing the power handling
are investigated, related calculations are done. Better bias conditions are also
analyzed. The measurement results are compared with simulations and analysis.
Circuit designs and simulations are performed using AWR® / and CST® / .
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Inverted Organic Light Emitting DiodesThomschke, Michael 27 May 2013 (has links) (PDF)
This study focuses on the investigation of the key parameters that determine the optical and electrical characteristics of inverted top-emitting organic light emitting diodes (OLED). A co-deposition of small molecules in vacuum is used to establish electrically doped films that are applied in n-i-p layered devices. The knowledge about the functionality of each layer and parameter is important to develop efficient strategies to reach outstanding device performances.
In the first part, the thin film optics of top-emitting OLEDs are investigated, focusing on light extraction via cavity tuning, external outcoupling layers (capping layer), and the application of microlens films. Optical simulations are performed to determine the layer configuration with the maximum light extraction efficiency for monochrome phosphorescent devices. The peak efficiency is found at 35%, while varying the thickness of the charge transport layers, the
semitransparent anode, and the capping layer simultaneously. Measurements of the spatial light distribution validate, that the capping layer influences the spectral width and the resonance wavelength of the extracted cavity mode, especially for TM polarization. Further, laminated microlens films are applied to benefit from strong microcavity effects in stacked OLEDs by spatial mixing of external and to some extend internal light modes. These findings are used to demonstrate white top-emitting OLEDs on opaque substrates showing power conversion efficiencies up to 30 lm/W and a color rendering index of 93, respectively.
In the second part, the charge carrier management of n-i-p layered diodes is investigated as it strongly deviates from that of the p-i-n layered counterparts. The influence of the bottom cathode material and the electron transport layer is found to be negligible in terms of driving voltage, which means that the assumption of an ohmic bottom contact is valid. The hole transport and the charge carrier injection at the anode is much more sensitive to the evaporation sequence, especially when using hole transport materials with a glass transition
temperature below 100°C. As a consequence, thermal annealing of fabricated inverted OLEDs is found to drastically improve the device electronics, resulting in lower driving voltages and an increased internal efficiency. The annealing effect on charge transport comes from a reduced charge accumulation due to an altered film morphology of the transport layers, which is proven for electrons and for holes independently. The thermal treatment can further lead to a device degradation. Finally, the thickness and the material of the blocking layers which usually control the charge confinement inside the OLED are found to influence the recombination much more effectively in inverted OLEDs compared to non-inverted ones.
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Snag dynamics in boreal mixedwood and coniferous forestsAngers, Virginie-Arielle 02 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Plusieurs études ont mis en lumière l'importance du bois mort dans la dynamique des écosystèmes forestiers boréaux, qu'il soit sur pied (chicot) ou au sol. Chez les espèces boréales de l'est de l'Amérique du nord, on dispose cependant de relativement peu d'informations sur la dynamique des arbres morts per se, en termes de recrutement, de taux de dégradation, de rapidité de décomposition, etc. Cette thèse vise à approfondir les connaissances sur la dynamique des arbres morts de quatre espèces très communes en forêt boréale de l'est : le peuplier faux-tremble (Populus tremuloides Michx.), le sapin baumier (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.), le pin gris (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) et l'épinette noire (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP). La thèse est divisée en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre décrit les trajectoires de dégradation du bois mort en forêt mature ou surannée. Des courbes de persistance sur pied des chicots ont été construites pour chaque espèce, et les trajectoires de dégradation ont été documentées en se basant sur la forme de la relation, le délai dans l'initiation de la chute et la demi-vie (le temps requis pour que la moitié des tiges soient tombées). Chez la plupart des espèces, les courbes de survie ont pris la forme de fonctions sigmoïdes inversées. Le peuplier faux-tremble, le pin gris et dans une moindre mesure le sapin baumier présentaient des délais significatifs avant que les taux de chute ne deviennent importants. De plus forts taux de chute étaient observables chez l'épinette noire dans les premières années suivant la mort. Le pin gris était clairement l'espèce la plus persistante vu sa grande résistance à la chute et aux bris. Le diamètre des arbres n'a pas influencé significativement la probabilité de chute. Au deuxième chapitre, je me suis intéressée aux taux de minéralisation du bois des chicots et aux facteurs qui les influencent. Les taux de minéralisation différaient significativement entre les espèces. Le peuplier faux-tremble présentait un taux de minéralisation plus rapide que ceux des conifères. Le pin gris occupait le deuxième rang, suivi par le sapin baumier. L'épinette noire s'est révélée particulièrement résistante à la minéralisation. Aucune différence n'a été observée entre les taux de minéralisation à la base et à hauteur de poitrine chez les conifères, tandis qu'à la base des chicots de peuplier faux-tremble, ce taux était significativement plus élevé qu'à hauteur de poitrine. Le temps écoulé depuis la mort de l'arbre (TDM) et l'activité des Cérambycidés étaient significativement associés à une minéralisation plus rapide chez le peuplier faux-tremble, le sapin baumier et le pin gris, alors qu'une croissance lente et un faible diamètre étaient associés à des taux de minéralisation plus lents chez l'épinette noire. Je suggère que les conditions environnementales dans lesquelles se trouvaient les pessières noires échantillonnées pourraient expliquer pourquoi le TDM influence moins la minéralisation du bois des chicots chez l'épinette noire. Au chapitre 3, j'ai examiné les patrons temporels de mortalité et la dynamique des arbres morts après feu sur une période de dix ans chez le peuplier faux-tremble, le pin gris et l'épinette noire. Les patrons temporels de mortalité des trois espèces ont révélé que la mortalité était décalée dans le temps. La majeure partie de la mortalité a eu cours dans les deux années suivant le feu, mais le processus de mortalité s'est poursuivi jusqu'à la fin de la période d'étude de dix ans. Le pin gris était l'espèce la plus persistante comme chicot, suivi du peuplier faux-tremble et de l'épinette noire. Les facteurs influençant la persistance des chicots représentaient plusieurs échelles et étaient généralement spécifiques à chaque espèce. La sévérité du feu était le seul facteur commun à toutes les espèces influençant la persistance des chicots, ceux situés dans des peuplements sévèrement brûlés étant moins susceptibles de tomber. La persistance sur pied des chicots de peuplier faux-tremble augmentait avec la surface terrière et le diamètre des tiges. La présence de coupes de récupération dans le paysage n'a affecté que la persistance des chicots d'épinette noire. Les patrons de chute différaient aussi selon les espèces. Le court-circuitage du stade de chicot (i.e. quand un arbre vivant tombe directement au sol) ainsi que le déracinement de chicots étaient communs. La mortalité décalée dans le temps des arbres dans plusieurs peuplements, ainsi que la persistance relativement élevée des chicots dix ans après feu, ont assuré un recrutement continu de bois mort frais qui a permis la présence d'une importante quantité de chicots ainsi que l'abondance simultanée de bois mort de différents stades de dégradation. Le dernier chapitre est intégrateur des chapitres précédents. J'y ai examiné quels traits morphologiques prévoient le mieux le TDM et la densité résiduelle du bois et j'y ai évalué dans quelle mesure un système de classification de la dégradation communément utilisé est représentatif de ces deux variables. Les résultats indiquent que les meilleures combinaisons de traits prédictifs du TDM et de la densité du bois diffèrent d'une espèce à l'autre. Le recouvrement d'écorce et la pénétrabilité du bois constituaient les seuls traits morphologiques prédictifs communs à toutes les espèces relativement au TDM et à la densité résiduelle du bois, respectivement. Le stade de dégradation constituait un indicateur grossier de l'âge des chicots (i.e. TDM). L'âge moyen des chicots croissait généralement avec les stades de dégradation, mais des chevauchements significatifs dans les TDM de stades de dégradation adjacents ont été observés chez toutes les espèces. Le même phénomène a été observé relativement à la densité du bois. Cette étude montre que le système de classification de la dégradation utilisé peut être utile lorsque des estimations grossières sont requises. Cependant, lorsque des estimations plus précises sont nécessaires, les modèles spécifiques à chaque espèce construits selon des traits morphologiques significatifs ne représentent pas des outils demandant plus de temps ou de ressources sur le terrain et procurent des estimations du TDM et de la densité plus précises. Les résultats de cette thèse montrent que la dynamique de dégradation et de décomposition différentielle des quatre espèces à l'étude traduit des réponses individuelles des espèces qui sont liées à leur autécologie. Ces différences entre espèces sont observables dans tous les chapitres, que ce soit en regard des trajectoires de dégradation des tiges (chapitres 1 et 3), de la minéralisation du bois (chapitre 2) ou des indicateurs morphologiques de l'état d'un chicot (chapitre 4). Cette conclusion est aussi valable pour les assemblages de facteurs qui influencent la dégradation (chapitre 3) et la minéralisation (chapitre 2). Le bois mort ne peut donc pas être considéré comme un substrat uniforme et la spécificité des espèces peut avoir d'importantes conséquences pour plusieurs fonctions écologiques liées au bois mort. Dans une perspective d'aménagement écosystémique, ces résultats devraient être considérés lors de l'élaboration de stratégies de rétention d'arbres à valeur de conservation.
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MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Bois mort, chicots, taux de chute, taux de minéralisation, mortalité, systèmes de classification de la dégradation, dendrochronologie, peuplier faux-tremble, Populus tremuloides Michx., sapin baumier, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., pin gris, Pinus banksiana Lamb., épinette noire, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.
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Nanocrystal Silicon Based Visible Light Emitting Pin DiodesAnutgan, Mustafa 01 December 2010 (has links) (PDF)
The production of low cost, large area display systems requires a light emitting material
compatible with the standard silicon (Si) based complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) technology. The crystalline bulk Si is an indirect band semiconductor with very
poor optical properties. On the other hand, hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) based wide
gap alloys exhibit strong visible photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature, owing to the
release of the momentum conservation law. Still, the electroluminescence (EL) intensity from
the diodes based on these alloys is weak due to the limitation of the current transport by the
localized states.
In the frame of this work, first, the luminescent properties of amorphous silicon nitride
(a-SiNx:H) thin films grown in a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system
were analyzed with respect to the nitrogen content. Then, the doping effciency of p- and
n-type hydrogenated nanocrystalline Si (nc-Si:H) films was optimized via adjusting the deposition
conditions. Next, the junction quality of these doped layers was checked and further
improved in a homojunction pin diode.
Heterojunction pin light emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated with a-SiNx:H as the
luminescent active layer. The EL effciency of the fresh diodes was very low, as expected.
As a solution, the diodes were electro-formed under high electric field leading to nanocrystallization
accompanied by a strong visible light emission from the whole diode area. The
current-voltage (I-V) and EL properties of these transformed diodes were investigated in detail.
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Acquisition of Spatial Environmental Information from Tactile DisplaysZeng, Limin 10 November 2014 (has links) (PDF)
It is still recognized as a challenge task while blind and visually impaired people travel outdoor independently, even if there are a number of assistive mobility aids available. In addition to building universal facilities in urban and rural environments for them, it is essential to develop novel mobility assistive technologies and systems to satisfy their increasing demands for mobility. To investigate those demands, an international survey with 106 blind and visually impaired people from 13 countries is undertaken within this work, with regarding to outdoor mobility experiences, usages of mobile devices and collaborative approaches.
From the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Accessibility, the dissertation focuses on enhancing blind people’s capabilities of acquisition of spatial environmental information from tactile displays. The spatial environmental information, in this study, is in terms of clusters of surrounding obstacles, geographic information on city maps, and information on environmental accessibility.
In order to non-visual representation of the clusters of surroundings obstacles detected by a 3D Time-of-Flight (ToF) infrared camera, a portable pin-matrix display with a matrix of 30 x 32 pins is employed and a pre-designed set of tactile obstacle symbols is used to render the properties of obstacles (e.g., type, size).
Additionally, aiming at helping blind people access geographic information, a desktop based pin-matrix display (an array of 60 x 120 pins) and a mobile pin-matrix display (an array of 30 x 32 pins) are used to represent a large-scale city map and a location-aware city map, respectively. A set of tactile map symbols rendered with the raised and lowered pins, has been designed for rendering various map features.
To allow blind and visually impaired people to acquire information on environmental accessibility, besides a traditional web browser client and a popular smart phone client, an audio-haptic client on a tactile display with 7200 pins is developed. Users are able to create and share collaborative annotations on environmental accessibility across the 3 clients.
The proposed approaches about non-visual representation of obstacles and map features by tactile symbols on pin-matrix displays, will contribute to the fields of accessible tactile graphic well, especially in the coming era of affordable pin-matrix displays. Meanwhile, the collaborative approach for improving environmental accessibility will encourage the society to raise the floor of accessibility for all. A number of further studies can be continued based on the current findings within this work, aiming at enhancing mobility aids for blind and visually impaired people gradually.
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