Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The issue of migrants’ access to drinkable water is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which migrants access water across metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of piped water access, different water sources, other alternative water, reliability of water, and closely related issues focusing specifically on internal migrants in general. The study focuses on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, employment status, level of income, duration of residence, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and water related variables, the study captures the determinants of water access by comparing metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Using the 2011 Census secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed.

p. 1 - 107 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-02-18T20:11:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 7777.pdf: 1680836 bytes, checksum: 52eee00cf9c8d34c6ddf28db32daa7b4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2013-02-19T16:31:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 7777.pdf: 1680836 bytes, checksum: 52eee00cf9c8d34c6ddf28db32daa7b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-19T16:31:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 7777.pdf: 1680836 bytes, checksum: 52eee00cf9c8d34c6ddf28db32daa7b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Este trabalho propôs-se a analisar a regulação de serviços públicos de gás natural canalizado, na Bahia, a partir da atuação da agência reguladora estadual, procurando comparar as ações dirigidas ao acompanhamento das tarifas praticadas com aquelas voltadas à qualidade da prestação dos serviços, além de descrever a relação existente entre esta agência, o Estado da Bahia e a concessionária prestadora dos serviços de gás canalizado. Empreendeu-se pesquisa descritiva de cunho qualitativo, por meio de estudo de caso do tipo organizacional. Elegeu-se como objeto empírico o desempenho, no gás canalizado, da Agência Estadual de Regulação de Serviços Públicos de Energia, Transportes e Comunicações da Bahia – AGERBA, no período de 2004 a 2006. Além da revisão de literatura que buscou aprofundamento sobre o tema, foram realizadas pesquisa documental e entrevistas estruturadas, para a coleta de dados, assim como analisado o material coletado e feita a articulação entre os teóricos estudados e os resultados obtidos na investigação. As agências reguladoras surgiram, no Brasil, na década de noventa do século passado, com o objetivo de favorecerem um ambiente institucional propício aos investimentos privados e com a finalidade de fiscalizarem a qualidade dos serviços públicos, intermediando, portanto, os interesses dos usuários, das empresas prestadoras e do poder concedente. Como resultado, no tocante ao gás canalizado, verificou-se que, como mediadora dos interesses do Estado, usuários e concessionária, a relação entre a agência e esses atores se dá de forma desigual, diferentemente do que preceitua a teoria da regulação. O estudo do caso demonstrou que a atuação da AGERBA limita-se, basicamente, à regulação econômica através do acompanhamento das tarifas, deixando de atender, com igual desempenho, à regulação da qualidade da prestação dos serviços e à regulação social. / Salvador

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3951.pdf: 4065471 bytes, checksum: 6bca7e3049841545a8e51fd8370f8cca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In an increasingly competitive civil construction market affected by the ever greater shortage of skilled construction labor, the correct calculation of work team size based on labor productivity data that are feasible and representative of each construction company is an important strategy for overcoming today s challenges. Construction work includes hydraulic and sanitary sewer systems and piped cooking gas installations for buildings, due to the fact that work team size is often calculated empirically. Thus, the objective of this work is to propose a method to calculate the size of teams for the execution of these systems, based on goals of labor productivity and operational planning for the execution of these services, by allocating the members of the teams to the jobs programmed within the timetable foreseen in the work schedule. The proposed method is divided into three main stages: (a) diagnosis of current labor productivity; (b) calculation of work team size and planning at operational level, involving programming of the activities of each work team over the period stipulated for the execution of the work; and (c) control of productivity according to the established goals. The method was applied at a construction site, specifically during the execution of the cold water supply systems and the sanitary sewer systems located in the wet environments of two multistorey residential towers. The method produced satisfactory results, improving labor productivity in the execution of the cold water supply systems by 20.1% and in that of the sanitary sewer systems by 27.7%. / Num mercado de construção civil cada vez mais competitivo e potencializado com o crescente aumento da escassez de mão de obra qualificada para a execução dos serviços, o correto dimensionamento das equipes de execução destes com base em dados de produtividade da mão de obra factíveis e representativos de cada empresa construtora torna-se uma estratégia importante na superação destes desafios impostos atualmente. Dentre os serviços de construção, merecem destaques aqueles relacionados aos sistemas prediais hidráulicos, sanitários e de gás combustível pelo fato de, muitas vezes, as equipes de trabalho serem dimensionadas de forma empírica. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposição de um método para o planejamento operacional da execução destes serviços com base no estabelecimento de metas de produtividade da mão de obra e da programação das atividades das equipes dentro dos prazos previstos de acordo com o cronograma da obra. O método proposto é dividido em três etapas principais: (a) diagnóstico da produtividade da mão de obra vigente; (b) dimensionamento das equipes de execução e planejamento ao nível operacional contendo a programação das atividades de cada equipe ao longo do prazo estipulado para execução dos serviços e (c) controle da produtividade em função das metas estabelecidas. O método foi aplicado em um canteiro de obras, especificamente na execução dos ramais de água fria e na execução dos ramais de esgoto sanitário localizados nos ambientes molháveis de duas torres de edifício residencial de múltiplos pavimento. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação do método nestes dois serviços foram satisfatórios, ocasionando uma melhoria da produtividade da mão de obra (RUP cumulativa) na execução destes serviços na ordem de 20,1% e 27,7%, respectivamente.

[pt] Um amplo rearranjo institucional e de mercado decorreu das privatizações de concessões de serviços públicos no Brasil em diversos setores econômicos. Tornou-se evidente, assim, uma crescente necessidade de estabelecer ações de gestão que produzam o desempenho esperado dessas concessões. Inseridos num ambiente de incertezas, setores regulados, como o de distribuição de gás canalizado, têm sido pouco investigados por pesquisadores no âmbito da gestão estratégica. A presente pesquisa procurou, sob as óticas integrativa e relacional, estudar o efeito dos fatores macro ambientais no desempenho da CEG e da CEG RIO, distribuidoras de gás canalizado do Estado do Rio de Janeiro privatizadas em julho de 1997. De acordo com a metodologia de estudo de caso de Yin, foi adotada a estratégia de triangulação dos métodos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de investigação documental/telematizada, pesquisa de percepções tipo survey via questionário predominantemente estruturado e entrevistas complementares. A interpretação e a análise dos dados foram realizadas com base no referencial teórico apropriado e com o auxílio dos modelos genérico integrativo e relacional de Macedo-Soares. Os resultados evidenciaram a adequação estratégica das empresas, embora os fatores macro ambientais pudessem ser mais estrategicamente orientados. Ainda que o estabelecimento de alianças não seja uma prática estratégica, a análise relacional agrega valor à análise tradicional, contribuindo com novos insights para a tomada de decisão estratégica da CEG e da CEG RIO. O estudo também trouxe contribuições aos referidos modelos de análise estratégica e à gestão de concessões de serviços públicos. / [en] A wide institutional and market reorganization derived from the privatizations of public services concessions in Brazil in economic sectors. It became evident an increasing need to establish business management actions in order to produce the expected performance from those concessions. Embbeded in uncertainties, regulated sectors like piped gas distribution have been underestimated by researchers in respect of strategic management issues. The present research focused, under integrative and relational perspectives, the effect of the environmental factors to the performance of CEG and CEG RIO - gas distribuiton companies in Rio de Janeiro State, privatized in july, 1997. According to Yin´s case study methodology, a triangulation of methods was adopted. Therefore, data was collected through documental/telematized investigation, survey of management perceptions using a mostrly structured questionnaire and complementary interviews. The interpretation and analysis of data were based on the appropriate theoretical reference aided by the generic integrative and the relational models from Macedo-Soares (2000 e 2002). The results highlighted a strategic fit by the companies, although environmental factors could be more strategically oriented. Despite the establishment of alliances not being a strategic practice, the relational perspective added value to the traditional perspective, contributing with new insights to the companies´ strategic decision making processes. The study also brought contributions to the mentioned strategy analysis models and to the management of public services concessions.

In most of the urban cities of developing countries piped water supply is intermittent and they receive water on alternate days for about few hours. The Unaccounted For Water (UFW) in these cities is very high due to aged infrastructure, poor management and operation of the system. In the cities of developing countries, supplied water is not able to meet the demand and there is huge gap between supply and demand of water. To meet the water demand people are depending on other sources of water like groundwater, rain water harvesting, waste water treatment, desalination etc. Huge quantity of groundwater is extracted without any account for the quantity of water used. The main challenge for water authorities is to meet the consumer demands at varying loading conditions. However, the present execution of decisions in the operational management of WDS is through manual control. The manual control of valve throttling and control of pump speed, reduces the efficiency and operation of WDS. In such cases, system modeling coupled with automated control can play a significant role in the appropriate execution and operation of the system. In the past few decades, there has been a major development in the field of modeling and analysing water distribution systems. Most of the people in Indian mega cities are facing water problems as they are not able to receive safe reliable drinking water. In rapidly growing cities, the water resources management has been a major concern for the Government. There is always a need to optimize the available water resources when the rate of demand constantly beats the rate of replenishments. Mathematical modeling of WDS has become an indispensible tool since the ages to model any type of WDS. Development of mathematical models of WDS is necessary to analyse the system behavior for a wide range of operating conditions. Using models, problems can be anticipated in proposed or existing systems, and solutions can be evaluated before time, money, and materials are invested in a real-world project. In the present study, we have developed a model of WDS of a typical city like Bangalore, India and analysed them for several scenarios and operating conditions. Bangalore WDS is modeled using EPANET. Before a network model is used for analysis purpose, it must be ensured that the model is predicting the behavior of the system with reasonable accuracy. The process of matching the parameters of the developed model and the field observed data is known as calibration. All WDS require calibration for effective modeling and simulation of the system. Demand and roughness are the most uncertain parameters and they are adjusted repeatedly to get the required head at nodes and flow in the pipes. The calibration parameters usually include pipe roughness, valve settings, pipe diameter and demand. Pipe roughness, valve settings and pipe diameter are associated with the flow conditions and the demands relate to the boundary conditions. For Bangalore WDS, the values of roughness coefficient and demand are available; and the values of valve settings are not available. Hence, this value is estimated during calibration process. Dynamic Inversion (DI) nonlinear controller with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) features (DI-PID) is used for calibrating WDS for valve settings on the basis of observed flow and roughness coefficient. From the obtained results it is observed that, controllers are capable of achieving the target flow to all the GLRs with acceptable difference between the flow meter readings and the simulated flow. After calibrating any real WDS to the field observed data, it will be useful for water authorities if the consumer demands are met up to certain extent. This can be achieved by using the concept of equitable distribution of water to different consumers. In the urban cities of developing countries, often large quantities of water are supplied to only a few consumers, leading to inequitable water supply. It is a well known fact that quantity of water supplied from the source is not distributed equitably among the consumers. Aged pipelines pump failures, improper management of water resources are some of the main reasons for it. Equitable water to different consumers can be provided by operating the system in an efficient manner. Most of the urban cities receive water from the source to intermediate reservoirs and from these reservoirs water is supplied to consumers. Therefore, to achieve equitable water supply, these two supply levels have to be controlled using different concepts/ techniques. The water requirement of each of the reservoirs has to be calculated, which may depend on the number of consumers and consumer category. Each reservoir should receive its share of water to satisfy its consumer demand and also there must be provision to accommodate shortages, if any. The calibrated model of Bangalore WDS is used to achieve equitable water supply quantity to different zones of Bangalore city. The city has large undulating terrain among different zones which leads to unequal distribution of water. Dynamic Inversion (DI) nonlinear controller with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) features (DI-PID) is used for valve throttling to achieve the target flows to different zones/reservoirs of the city at different levels. Equitable water distribution to different reservoirs, when a part of the source fails to supply water is also discussed in this thesis. From the obtained results it is observed that, controllers were responding in all the cases in different levels of targets for such a huge network. When there is change in supply pattern to achieve the equitable supply of water to different zones, the hydraulics of the WDS will change. Therefore, it is necessary to understand whether the system is able to handle these changes. The concept of reliability can be used to analyse the performance of WDS for wide range of operating conditions. Reliability analysis of a WDS for both normal and likely to occur situations will give a better quality of service to its consumers. Calculating both hydraulic and mechanical reliability is important as the chances of occurrence of both the failure scenarios are equal in a WDS. In the present study, a methodology is presented to model the nodal, system and total reliability for water supply networks by considering the hydraulic and mechanical failure scenarios. These two reliability measures together give the total reliability of the system. Analysing a real and complex WDS for the probable chances of occurrence of the failure scenarios; and then to anlyse the total reliability of the system is not reported in the literature and this analysis is carried out in the present study for Bangalore city WDS. The hydraulics of the system for all the operating conditions is analysed using EPANET. Hydraulic reliability is calculated by varying the uncertain independent parameters (demand, roughness and source water) and mechanical reliability is calculated by assuming system component failures. The system is analysed for both the reliability scenarios by considering different chances of failure that may occur in a real WDS; and hence the total reliability is calculated by making different combinations of hydraulic and mechanical failure scenarios. Sensitivity analysis for all the zones is also carried out to understand the behavior of different demand points for large fluctuation in hydraulics of the system. From the study, it is observed that, Hydraulic reliability decreases as the demand variation increases. But, as the roughness variation increases, there is no much change in the nodal or system reliability. Consumer demand or reliability of the WDS can be increased by saving the water lost in the system. This can be achieved by tracking the water parcel from the source till the consumer end, which will give an idea about the performance of different stages and zones in achieving the target flows. Huge quantity of water is lost in WDS and hence it is necessary to account for the water lost at different levels, hence the system can be managed in a better way. In most of the intermittent water supply systems demand is controlled by supply side; there is also a need to understand the demand variation at the consumer end which in turn affects the supply. Matching this varied supply-demand gap at various levels is challenging task. To get a better control of such problem, water balance (WB) equations need to be derived at various levels. When we derive these WB equations it should be emphasized that UFW is one of the major component of this equation. Given this back ground of the complex problem, for a typical city like Bangalore, an attempt is made to derive WB equations at various levels. In the present study, stage-wise and zone-wise WB is analysed for different months based on the flow meter readings. The conceptual model developed is calibrated, validated and also the performance of the model is analysed by giving a chance of error in the flow measurement. Based on all the above observations, stage-wise and zone-wise water supply weights are also calculated. From the study it is found that, there is no much loss of water in all the four stages of supply. Water loss is minimal of about 3 % till water reaches from source to GLRs. Water is transferred between the stages during some days of the month, may be due to shortage of water or due to unexpected demand. Huge quantity of water is lost in the distribution main which is of about 40 to 45% for all the moths which is analysed. This type of model will be extremely useful for water supply managers to manage their resources more efficiently and this study is discussed in detail as a part of this thesis. As mentioned above, huge quantity of groundwater is used in urban cities and the quantity of water extracted is not accounted. In the present study, zone wise and sub zone-wise piped water and ground water used in different parts of the cities is analysed with the help of available data. From the study it is observed that, the quantity of piped water supply and UFW is consistent for the time period analysed and the quantity of water withdrawn from the borewells are varying considerably depending on the yield of the borewlls in different zones. The main components of urban water supply are piped water, ground water, rainfall and runoff generated, UFW, waste water produced and other water quantities which may be minute. In future, to manage the water resources properly, integrated water management is necessary in city scale which will give an idea about the total water produced and the water utilized at the consumer end. Therefore, integrated water management concept is carried out in Hebbal region, (a small part of Bangalore) using the available data. From the analysis we noticed that, domestic water supplied to North sub zones are better when comparing to East sub zones. This type of total water balance can be studied in other parts of Bangalore, to understand the behavior of different water components and to make better decisions. The developed model, analysis and operating conditions of this study can be applied to other similar cities like Bangalore. This type of study may be useful to water authorities for better control of the resources, or in making better decisions and these types of models will act as decision support systems.