O presente trabalho busca analisar a aplicação da Transferência de Potencial Construtivo (TPC), no âmbito da Operação Urbana Centro, na área central de São Paulo. Através de uma perspectiva histórica, onde se estuda a formulação da política de preservação brasileira, observando seu caráter distanciado das questões econômicas, de um pensamento prospectivo no que se refere a gestão dos bens protegidos e, ainda, se utilizando da história para embasar a concepção do Solo Criado; procuramos analisar o funcionamento de dois instrumentos internacionais cujos modelos serviram de base para a formatação do nosso objeto de estudo. Em funcionamento há vinte anos, o referido mecanismo é o único instrumento urbanístico que visa promover a conservação do patrimônio cultural edificado por intermédio da concessão de contrapartida financeira, paga pela iniciativa privada, em troca da permissão para exceder o coeficiente de aproveitamento do solo imposto pela legislação de zoneamento. Após a análise dos documentos e dados referentes a operacionalização da TPC iremos verificar a efetividade desta por meio do estudo de dois casos de transferência de potencial, escolhidos num rol de seis processos finalizados durante o período compreendido entre 1997, ano de instituição da Lei nº12.349/97 e 2016, quando a Norma Regulamentadora que rege a operacionalização dos trabalhos na Operação Urbana Centro, foi revisada. / This master thesis aims to investigate the operationalization of the land use regulation tool called Transferência de Potencial Construtivo (TPC), which has been implemented as part of the Operação Urbana Centro in the main area of São Paulo. By studying the formation of Brazil\'s preservation policy through a historical perspective, observing its character distanced from economic issues; and through a prospective inspection of the management of historic buildings, still using history as the basis of the Solo Criado its conception; we seek to analyse the functioning of two international mechanisms whose models served as the basis for drawing out the instrumental object of our study. In operation since 1997, this mechanism is the only urban instrument that sought to promote the conservation of historic buildings by granting a financial contribution, financed by private initiative, in exchange for the permission to exceed the right to build controlled by zoning. After the analysis of the documents and data pertaining the operation of the TPC we intend to observe the mechanism\'s effectiveness trough two case studies, selected from a list of six completed processes during the period from 1997, year of establishment of Law No. 12.349/97, and 2016, when the document responsible for the regulation of norms of the Operação Urbana Centro was revised.

O presente trabalho trata da evolução do conceito de Operação Urbana e de Solo Criado no contexto institucional do planejamento urbano do Município de São Paulo, numa perspectiva propositiva de aprimoramento desses instrumentos. Foram identificadas três fases de desenvolvimento das Operações Urbanas e do Solo Criado: introdução das idéias (décadas de 1970 e 1980), prática e experimentação (décadas de 1980 e 1990) e prática e revisão (década de 2000). A pesquisa contempla a genealogia dos conceitos de Operação Urbana e de Solo Criado, sendo caracterizadas as matrizes conceituais que originaram esses instrumentos. Quando se avança na análise da experiência do Solo Criado e das Operações Urbanas no Município de São Paulo, verifica-se que os resultados e estratégias de aplicação dos instrumentos se distanciam dos propósitos iniciais aos quais as Operações Urbanas e o Solo Criado estavam submetidos. O que se identifica é a construção de um modelo de Operação Urbana ao longo dessa experiência. Esse modelo se caracteriza pela negociação financeira do potencial adicional de construção que proporcionou considerável monta de recursos ao Poder Público, que por sua vez alocou esses investimentos em obras de natureza essencialmente viária e na mesma região onde os incentivos na legislação urbana foram concedidos. O estudo também engloba análise dos trabalhos recentes desenvolvidos no âmbito institucional da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo voltados à revisão desse modelo de Operação Urbana, o que ainda não ocorreu na prática. Por fim, lança-se mão do estudo dos conceitos e dos instrumentos de compartilhamento equitativo de custos e benefícios a partir do sistema colombiano de planejamento urbano, como uma possível referência para subsidiar o aprimoramento das Operações Urbanas em São Paulo, na tentativa de superação do modelo até agora adotado. / The present work deals with the evolution of the concepts of Urban Operations and Solo Criado (or Created Land) in the urban planning context of the Sao Paulo Municipality, in a perspective to improve these instruments. It was identified three phases: introduction of the ideas (1970 and 1980 decades), practice and experimentation (1980 and 1990 decades) and practice and revision (2000 decade). The research explores the genealogy of the concepts of Urban Operations and Created Land characterizing the conceptual matrixes that contributed to the origin of these instruments. When it goes ahead in the analysis of the experience of Urban Operations and Created Land in Sao Paulo city, it finds out that the results and the strategies of application of these instruments is far from the initial purposes which Urban Operations and Created Land were submitted. Along the analysis it is identified the construction of a model of Urban Operation. This model is characterized by the financial negotiation of the building additional potential which provided a consider amount of resources to the Municipality, that in its turn applied these resources in road works and in the same region where the incentives in the zoning law were granted. The study also encloses the analysis of the recent works developed by the Secretariat of Urban Planning of Sao Paulo Municipality related to the revision of this model of Urban Operation that still didnt happen in practice. At last, it makes use of the concepts and the instruments of equitable sharing of costs and benefits from the Colombian urban planning system, like a possible reference to support the improvement of Urban Operations in Sao Paulo in a trial to surpass the model adopted until now.

O presente trabalho trata da evolução do conceito de Operação Urbana e de Solo Criado no contexto institucional do planejamento urbano do Município de São Paulo, numa perspectiva propositiva de aprimoramento desses instrumentos. Foram identificadas três fases de desenvolvimento das Operações Urbanas e do Solo Criado: introdução das idéias (décadas de 1970 e 1980), prática e experimentação (décadas de 1980 e 1990) e prática e revisão (década de 2000). A pesquisa contempla a genealogia dos conceitos de Operação Urbana e de Solo Criado, sendo caracterizadas as matrizes conceituais que originaram esses instrumentos. Quando se avança na análise da experiência do Solo Criado e das Operações Urbanas no Município de São Paulo, verifica-se que os resultados e estratégias de aplicação dos instrumentos se distanciam dos propósitos iniciais aos quais as Operações Urbanas e o Solo Criado estavam submetidos. O que se identifica é a construção de um modelo de Operação Urbana ao longo dessa experiência. Esse modelo se caracteriza pela negociação financeira do potencial adicional de construção que proporcionou considerável monta de recursos ao Poder Público, que por sua vez alocou esses investimentos em obras de natureza essencialmente viária e na mesma região onde os incentivos na legislação urbana foram concedidos. O estudo também engloba análise dos trabalhos recentes desenvolvidos no âmbito institucional da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo voltados à revisão desse modelo de Operação Urbana, o que ainda não ocorreu na prática. Por fim, lança-se mão do estudo dos conceitos e dos instrumentos de compartilhamento equitativo de custos e benefícios a partir do sistema colombiano de planejamento urbano, como uma possível referência para subsidiar o aprimoramento das Operações Urbanas em São Paulo, na tentativa de superação do modelo até agora adotado. / The present work deals with the evolution of the concepts of Urban Operations and Solo Criado (or Created Land) in the urban planning context of the Sao Paulo Municipality, in a perspective to improve these instruments. It was identified three phases: introduction of the ideas (1970 and 1980 decades), practice and experimentation (1980 and 1990 decades) and practice and revision (2000 decade). The research explores the genealogy of the concepts of Urban Operations and Created Land characterizing the conceptual matrixes that contributed to the origin of these instruments. When it goes ahead in the analysis of the experience of Urban Operations and Created Land in Sao Paulo city, it finds out that the results and the strategies of application of these instruments is far from the initial purposes which Urban Operations and Created Land were submitted. Along the analysis it is identified the construction of a model of Urban Operation. This model is characterized by the financial negotiation of the building additional potential which provided a consider amount of resources to the Municipality, that in its turn applied these resources in road works and in the same region where the incentives in the zoning law were granted. The study also encloses the analysis of the recent works developed by the Secretariat of Urban Planning of Sao Paulo Municipality related to the revision of this model of Urban Operation that still didnt happen in practice. At last, it makes use of the concepts and the instruments of equitable sharing of costs and benefits from the Colombian urban planning system, like a possible reference to support the improvement of Urban Operations in Sao Paulo in a trial to surpass the model adopted until now.

The legal nature of spatial planning instruments Abstract This thesis analyzes the legal nature of spatial planning instruments in the context of the sustainable land development, both in the general level as a structured system of spatial planning instruments and in the specific level of individual types of spatial planning instruments. The thesis provides a comprehensive picture of the system of spatial planning instruments, their interconnectedness and connections that are applied in this system. The thesis also analyzes the various spatial planning insturments, whose legal nature is defined by the purpose and conditions of their use, by the process of their formation and by the subject of their regulation. The emphasis in this work is mainly put on their legal form and the resulting aspects of the individual spatial planning instruments. Thesis also analyzes theoretical and legal basis of spatial planning, which is based primarily on the requirements of sustainable land development, from the concept of which the main goals of spatial planning are formed. Thesis define the concept of spatial planning and its individual levels. Thesis also defines the subjects that participate in the spatial planning processes and the interests that these subjects represent in the spatial planning and what procedural...

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo refletir sobre o Zoneamento por meio da abordagem dos aspectos morfológicos e tipológicos resultantes de sua utilização como instrumento de planejamento urbano. O zoneamento continua sendo um dos instrumentos mais difundidos e utilizados no tocante ao controle do uso e ocupação do solo entre os municípios brasileiros mesmo diante das inovações pós-Estatuto da Cidade, aprovado em 2001. Sua concepção de regulação da forma urbana, construída por meio de um processo cumulativo por mais de um século, utiliza uma matriz de parâmetros urbanísticos com base em critérios de incomodidade de usos e controle da replicabilidade do solo. A pesquisa contou com a investigação teórica de conceitos ligados à disciplina da morfologia urbana e urbanidade, a partir dos quais foram definidos componentes para seleção e análise de tecidos urbanos existentes, que compuseram o corpus desta dissertação. Tais análises, realizadas com base no universo da amostragem selecionada, composta por alguns municípios paulistas, permitiram apontar as principais limitações do zoneamento no que se refere à qualidade urbanística e urbanidade das cidades, assim como, a ausência quanto às considerações das dimensões das políticas urbanas e de otimização do solo. Pretende-se assim, contribuir para possíveis (e necessários) avanços na regulação da forma urbana como parte da estratégia de cumprimento da função social da propriedade e da cidade, principalmente diante do atual cenário socioeconômico, marcado pela intensa produção imobiliária e acirramento na disputa pela terra urbana. / This thesis intends to investigate the Zoning ordinances, using a morphological and typological approach regarding the results of its use as an urban planning instrument. Zoning remains one of the most widespread and employed instrument in the control of land use and occupancy between Brazilians municipalities, even in spite of the new legal framework after the \"Estatuto da Cidade\" Act, approved in 2001. Its conception to regulate the urban form was formulated by a centenary cumulative process, using an urban code array based on the control of nuisance uses and occupancy intensity. Theoretical investigation on urban morphology and livable environment were performed. From its results, components for the selection and analyzes of urban pattern were defined. Theses components draw up the main data of this thesis. Such analyzes, which sampling was composed by some municipalities in the state of São Paulo (Brazil), allowed point out the main zoning limitations, regarding the quality of urban places, as well as the absence of urban policies and better land use. It is thus intended, contribute for possible (and necessary) advances in urban form regulation, as part of a strategy to achieve the right to the city and the social function of private property, mainly due to the actual socioeconomic scenario, characterized by intense real estate development and worsening in the struggle for urban land.

Considerando-se que qualquer relação de propriedade consiste em uma mentalidade, a presente investigação identifica na história os momentos que permitiram aos homens estabelecer as bases de sua concepção moderna. A recuperação dessa história é vista mediante a identificação, no período moderno, de três grandes movimentos combinados, embora assíncronos: rigidez-abstração, absolutização-relativização, estabilidade-mobilidade, movimentos estes que remetem a uma potente lógica organizadora da sociedade. A pesquisa analisa, a partir dessa lógica, as estratégias econômicas envolvendo a propriedade, em especial a imobiliária, e o papel do Estado na promoção dos negócios envolvendo a propriedade urbana através da prática do planejamento e do urbanismo com vistas à economia política do espaço. Inclui-se o estudo de diversas legislações sobre a propriedade urbana e instrumentos de política urbana envolvendo o fundiário: Estatuto da Cidade, Plano Diretor Estratégico, Zoneamento Urbano, Operação Urbana Consorciada, Direito de Superfície, Concessão Urbanística são algumas normativas analisadas. Através da lógica do possível-impossível, e de uma perspectiva da história como possibilidades, a contra-propriedade apresenta-se, face aos negócios, como possibilidade consciente do homem se situar acima dos diversos vestígios de animalidade que a noção de propriedade conserva. / This research situates the property relationship as a mind, and identifies the moments in the history that allowed men to lay the foundations of its modern. The recovery of this history is seen through the identification, in the modern period, of three large movements combined, while asynchronous: stiffness-abstractio, absolutarion-relativization, stability-mobility, which refer to a powerful organization society logic. From this logic, the research examines the economic strategies involving the property, especially real estate, and the States role in promoting business involving the urban property through the practice of urban planning and urban development under the view of the political economy of space. This moment includes various laws studies on urban property and urban planning instruments involving land: Estatuto da Cidade (Federal Act number 10.257/2001 Statue of the City), Plano Diretor Estratégico (Master Urban Planning), zoning, Urban Consortium Operation, Surface Right, Concessão Urbanística (Urban Grant) are some instruments analyzed. Through the logic of the possible-impossible, and a perspective of history as possibilities, the counter-property concept is formulated. Itss a conscious possibility that situates the human over several traces of animality that the notion of property preserves.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo refletir sobre o Zoneamento por meio da abordagem dos aspectos morfológicos e tipológicos resultantes de sua utilização como instrumento de planejamento urbano. O zoneamento continua sendo um dos instrumentos mais difundidos e utilizados no tocante ao controle do uso e ocupação do solo entre os municípios brasileiros mesmo diante das inovações pós-Estatuto da Cidade, aprovado em 2001. Sua concepção de regulação da forma urbana, construída por meio de um processo cumulativo por mais de um século, utiliza uma matriz de parâmetros urbanísticos com base em critérios de incomodidade de usos e controle da replicabilidade do solo. A pesquisa contou com a investigação teórica de conceitos ligados à disciplina da morfologia urbana e urbanidade, a partir dos quais foram definidos componentes para seleção e análise de tecidos urbanos existentes, que compuseram o corpus desta dissertação. Tais análises, realizadas com base no universo da amostragem selecionada, composta por alguns municípios paulistas, permitiram apontar as principais limitações do zoneamento no que se refere à qualidade urbanística e urbanidade das cidades, assim como, a ausência quanto às considerações das dimensões das políticas urbanas e de otimização do solo. Pretende-se assim, contribuir para possíveis (e necessários) avanços na regulação da forma urbana como parte da estratégia de cumprimento da função social da propriedade e da cidade, principalmente diante do atual cenário socioeconômico, marcado pela intensa produção imobiliária e acirramento na disputa pela terra urbana. / This thesis intends to investigate the Zoning ordinances, using a morphological and typological approach regarding the results of its use as an urban planning instrument. Zoning remains one of the most widespread and employed instrument in the control of land use and occupancy between Brazilians municipalities, even in spite of the new legal framework after the \"Estatuto da Cidade\" Act, approved in 2001. Its conception to regulate the urban form was formulated by a centenary cumulative process, using an urban code array based on the control of nuisance uses and occupancy intensity. Theoretical investigation on urban morphology and livable environment were performed. From its results, components for the selection and analyzes of urban pattern were defined. Theses components draw up the main data of this thesis. Such analyzes, which sampling was composed by some municipalities in the state of São Paulo (Brazil), allowed point out the main zoning limitations, regarding the quality of urban places, as well as the absence of urban policies and better land use. It is thus intended, contribute for possible (and necessary) advances in urban form regulation, as part of a strategy to achieve the right to the city and the social function of private property, mainly due to the actual socioeconomic scenario, characterized by intense real estate development and worsening in the struggle for urban land.

Considerando-se que qualquer relação de propriedade consiste em uma mentalidade, a presente investigação identifica na história os momentos que permitiram aos homens estabelecer as bases de sua concepção moderna. A recuperação dessa história é vista mediante a identificação, no período moderno, de três grandes movimentos combinados, embora assíncronos: rigidez-abstração, absolutização-relativização, estabilidade-mobilidade, movimentos estes que remetem a uma potente lógica organizadora da sociedade. A pesquisa analisa, a partir dessa lógica, as estratégias econômicas envolvendo a propriedade, em especial a imobiliária, e o papel do Estado na promoção dos negócios envolvendo a propriedade urbana através da prática do planejamento e do urbanismo com vistas à economia política do espaço. Inclui-se o estudo de diversas legislações sobre a propriedade urbana e instrumentos de política urbana envolvendo o fundiário: Estatuto da Cidade, Plano Diretor Estratégico, Zoneamento Urbano, Operação Urbana Consorciada, Direito de Superfície, Concessão Urbanística são algumas normativas analisadas. Através da lógica do possível-impossível, e de uma perspectiva da história como possibilidades, a contra-propriedade apresenta-se, face aos negócios, como possibilidade consciente do homem se situar acima dos diversos vestígios de animalidade que a noção de propriedade conserva. / This research situates the property relationship as a mind, and identifies the moments in the history that allowed men to lay the foundations of its modern. The recovery of this history is seen through the identification, in the modern period, of three large movements combined, while asynchronous: stiffness-abstractio, absolutarion-relativization, stability-mobility, which refer to a powerful organization society logic. From this logic, the research examines the economic strategies involving the property, especially real estate, and the States role in promoting business involving the urban property through the practice of urban planning and urban development under the view of the political economy of space. This moment includes various laws studies on urban property and urban planning instruments involving land: Estatuto da Cidade (Federal Act number 10.257/2001 Statue of the City), Plano Diretor Estratégico (Master Urban Planning), zoning, Urban Consortium Operation, Surface Right, Concessão Urbanística (Urban Grant) are some instruments analyzed. Through the logic of the possible-impossible, and a perspective of history as possibilities, the counter-property concept is formulated. Itss a conscious possibility that situates the human over several traces of animality that the notion of property preserves.

Die Entwicklung und Bewahrung der historischen Städte ist zu einer großen Herausforderung aktueller Stadtentwicklung in Russland geworden. In diesem Prozess kommt der Stadterneuerung von historischen Stadtteilen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. In der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit wurden die Übertragungsmöglichkeiten von deutschen Planungs- und Entscheidungsverfahren, Rechtsinstrumenten und Fördermöglichkeiten zum Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung historischer Bausubstanz auf die Situation in Russland diskutiert. Dabei wurden nicht nur einzelne denkmalpflegerische Aspekte, sondern eine Integration von Aspekten der Stadtsanierung, der Stadtentwicklungsplanung, der Stadtbaugeschichte sowie des Planungs- und Denkmalschutzrechts in einer interdisziplinären Arbeitsweise betrachtet. Städtebauliche, rechtliche, administrative und auch kulturwissenschaftliche Aspekte wurden anhand der Städte Dresden und Irkutsk als „Laborsituationen“ untersucht. Geprägt durch den geschichtlichen Verlust von wertvoller Bausubstanz stellte und stellt sich noch immer in beiden Städten die Hauptfrage: Wie können einerseits historische Gebäude und Ensembles, als Träger und Symbol von Stadtgeschichte und kulturellen Werten erhalten, und andererseits neue funktionale Anforderungen auf angemessene Art und Weise bei der Entwicklung der Stadt berücksichtigt werden? Dabei sind die Gründe zum Verlust der historischen Ortsteile in der Geschichte unterschiedlich. In Dresden wurde historische Bausubstanz durch den zweiten Weltkrieg und in Irkutsk werden aktuell die Quartiere durch Modernisierungsdruck zerstört. Die neu erarbeitete wissenschaftliche Grundlage zum weiteren Diskurs stellt eine übersichtliche Gegenüberstellung deutscher und russischer Planungssysteme mit Berücksichtigung von Unterschieden und Gemeinsamkeiten in Bezug auf Begriffe und angewendete Rechts- und Planungsinstrumente zum Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung der historischen Bausubstanz dar. Dabei werden einige Ansätze zur Übertragung der deutschen Methoden auf die Situation in russischen historischen Städten in Bezug auf die Erfassung der historischen Quartiere und für die Erarbeitung von geeigneten Rechts- und Planungsinstrumenten am Beispiel von Irkutsk präsentiert. Sie können als Modelle für andere russische Städte benutzt werden. Wichtiges Ergebnis der Forschungsarbeit ist die Herausarbeitung, Überprüfung und Bestätigung der These, dass in Russland im Vergleich zu Deutschland der städtische Raum an sich nicht als eigenständiges Element des baukulturellen Erbes geschützt wird. Demzufolge wird eine zu geringe Erfassung der großflächigen historischen Territorien wie Ensembles und Stadtquartiere in Bezug auf Plätze, Straßen, Blickbezüge oder Stadtsilhouette durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit sind auf die wissenschaftlichen und praktischen Arbeitsfelder der Architekten, der Juristen, der Denkmalpfleger und der Kulturwissenschaftler, sowie der kommunalen Gesetzgebung und der Bau- und Planungsbehörden der historischen Städte ausgerichtet. / The development and preservation of historical cities has become a major challenge for the current urban-planning development in Russia. In this process, the urban regeneration of historic districts is of crucial importance. In this research work, the possibilities of transferring German urban-planning tools for historical areas, as well as decision-making procedures, legal instruments and funding possibilities for the preservation and further development of historical urban heritage to the situation in Russia were/are discussed. Not only individual aspects of the preservation of monuments, but also the integration of aspects of urban regeneration, urban development planning, urban history as well as planning and monument protection law were taken into account in an interdisciplinary approach. Urban, legal, administrative and also cultural-scientific aspects were examined as "laboratory situations" using the examples of the cities of Dresden and Irkutsk. Characterized by the historical loss of valuable urban heritage, the main question for both cities was and still is: How can historical buildings and ensembles be preserved, as a bearer and symbol of urban history and cultural values, and on the other hand, appropriate new functional requirements for the modern urban development of the city be fulfilled/taken into consideration? The reasons for the loss of the historical districts in history of the cities are different. In Dresden, historical urban fabric was destroyed by the Second World War and in Irkutsk the quarters are currently being destroyed by modernization. The newly developed scientific thesis for further discourse represents a clear comparison of German and Russian planning systems considering differences and similarities regarding concepts and applied legal and planning instruments for the preservation and further development of historical urban heritage. Various approaches in the practice use of German methods regarding the urban regeneration of historical quarters and the development of appropriate legal and planning instruments, as exemplified by Irkutsk are presented. They can be used as models for other Russian cities. The important result of the research work is the identification, verification and confirmation of the thesis that urban space in Russia is not itself regarded as an independent element of the historical urban heritage deserving preservation as it is in Germany. As a result of this, too few surveys of large-scale historical territories, such as ensembles and city quarters taking into account squares, streets, views, or city skylines are carried out. The results of this research work are orientated towards the scientific and practical fields of work of architects, lawyers, conservationists and cultural scientists as well as municipal legislation and the construction and planning authorities of historical cities. / В диссертационном исследовании проведен анализ немецкого опыта градостроительного регулирования, способствующего сохранению ценной историко-архитектурной градостроительной среды. Сформулированы возможности использования и практической реализации изученных правовых и градостроительных инструментов в исторических городах России. На примере городов Дрездена и Иркутска создана система практических рекомендаций, направленная на оценку, сохранение, развитие и управление ценной историко-архитектурной градостроительной средой. На основе немецкого опыта расширено понятие историко-архитектурной градостроительной среды с классификацией особо ценных пространств и объектов без статуса памятника. Обоснована научная идея, которая ставит в центр всей системы, пространство, как объект, подлежащий охране. / Dans cette thèse est analysée l'expérience de la régulation urbaine allemande, qui permet la préservation du précieux environnement historique et architectural urbain. Ici sont formulés les possibilités d'utilisation et de mise en œuvre pratique, pour les villes russes historiques, des instruments juridiques et urbains étudiés dans cette thèse. Les villes de Dresde et d’Irkoutsk sont pris comme exemples pour la création d’un système pratique visant à l'évaluation, la conservation, le développement et la gestion du précieux environnement urbain historique et architectural. Sur la base de l'expérience allemande, est élargi le concept de l'environnement urbain historique et architectural avec la classification des espaces les plus importants et les bâtiments non-classifiés comme monuments historiques. Comme résultat de l'étude est la mise en place du concept scientifique qui place au centre du système l'espace qui englobe le bâtiment comme un objet à protéger.

Die Entwicklung und Bewahrung der historischen Städte ist zu einer großen Herausforderung aktueller Stadtentwicklung in Russland geworden. In diesem Prozess kommt der Stadterneuerung von historischen Stadtteilen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. In der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit wurden die Übertragungsmöglichkeiten von deutschen Planungs- und Entscheidungsverfahren, Rechtsinstrumenten und Fördermöglichkeiten zum Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung historischer Bausubstanz auf die Situation in Russland diskutiert. Dabei wurden nicht nur einzelne denkmalpflegerische Aspekte, sondern eine Integration von Aspekten der Stadtsanierung, der Stadtentwicklungsplanung, der Stadtbaugeschichte sowie des Planungs- und Denkmalschutzrechts in einer interdisziplinären Arbeitsweise betrachtet. Städtebauliche, rechtliche, administrative und auch kulturwissenschaftliche Aspekte wurden anhand der Städte Dresden und Irkutsk als „Laborsituationen“ untersucht. Geprägt durch den geschichtlichen Verlust von wertvoller Bausubstanz stellte und stellt sich noch immer in beiden Städten die Hauptfrage: Wie können einerseits historische Gebäude und Ensembles, als Träger und Symbol von Stadtgeschichte und kulturellen Werten erhalten, und andererseits neue funktionale Anforderungen auf angemessene Art und Weise bei der Entwicklung der Stadt berücksichtigt werden? Dabei sind die Gründe zum Verlust der historischen Ortsteile in der Geschichte unterschiedlich. In Dresden wurde historische Bausubstanz durch den zweiten Weltkrieg und in Irkutsk werden aktuell die Quartiere durch Modernisierungsdruck zerstört. Die neu erarbeitete wissenschaftliche Grundlage zum weiteren Diskurs stellt eine übersichtliche Gegenüberstellung deutscher und russischer Planungssysteme mit Berücksichtigung von Unterschieden und Gemeinsamkeiten in Bezug auf Begriffe und angewendete Rechts- und Planungsinstrumente zum Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung der historischen Bausubstanz dar. Dabei werden einige Ansätze zur Übertragung der deutschen Methoden auf die Situation in russischen historischen Städten in Bezug auf die Erfassung der historischen Quartiere und für die Erarbeitung von geeigneten Rechts- und Planungsinstrumenten am Beispiel von Irkutsk präsentiert. Sie können als Modelle für andere russische Städte benutzt werden. Wichtiges Ergebnis der Forschungsarbeit ist die Herausarbeitung, Überprüfung und Bestätigung der These, dass in Russland im Vergleich zu Deutschland der städtische Raum an sich nicht als eigenständiges Element des baukulturellen Erbes geschützt wird. Demzufolge wird eine zu geringe Erfassung der großflächigen historischen Territorien wie Ensembles und Stadtquartiere in Bezug auf Plätze, Straßen, Blickbezüge oder Stadtsilhouette durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit sind auf die wissenschaftlichen und praktischen Arbeitsfelder der Architekten, der Juristen, der Denkmalpfleger und der Kulturwissenschaftler, sowie der kommunalen Gesetzgebung und der Bau- und Planungsbehörden der historischen Städte ausgerichtet. / The development and preservation of historical cities has become a major challenge for the current urban-planning development in Russia. In this process, the urban regeneration of historic districts is of crucial importance. In this research work, the possibilities of transferring German urban-planning tools for historical areas, as well as decision-making procedures, legal instruments and funding possibilities for the preservation and further development of historical urban heritage to the situation in Russia were/are discussed. Not only individual aspects of the preservation of monuments, but also the integration of aspects of urban regeneration, urban development planning, urban history as well as planning and monument protection law were taken into account in an interdisciplinary approach. Urban, legal, administrative and also cultural-scientific aspects were examined as "laboratory situations" using the examples of the cities of Dresden and Irkutsk. Characterized by the historical loss of valuable urban heritage, the main question for both cities was and still is: How can historical buildings and ensembles be preserved, as a bearer and symbol of urban history and cultural values, and on the other hand, appropriate new functional requirements for the modern urban development of the city be fulfilled/taken into consideration? The reasons for the loss of the historical districts in history of the cities are different. In Dresden, historical urban fabric was destroyed by the Second World War and in Irkutsk the quarters are currently being destroyed by modernization. The newly developed scientific thesis for further discourse represents a clear comparison of German and Russian planning systems considering differences and similarities regarding concepts and applied legal and planning instruments for the preservation and further development of historical urban heritage. Various approaches in the practice use of German methods regarding the urban regeneration of historical quarters and the development of appropriate legal and planning instruments, as exemplified by Irkutsk are presented. They can be used as models for other Russian cities. The important result of the research work is the identification, verification and confirmation of the thesis that urban space in Russia is not itself regarded as an independent element of the historical urban heritage deserving preservation as it is in Germany. As a result of this, too few surveys of large-scale historical territories, such as ensembles and city quarters taking into account squares, streets, views, or city skylines are carried out. The results of this research work are orientated towards the scientific and practical fields of work of architects, lawyers, conservationists and cultural scientists as well as municipal legislation and the construction and planning authorities of historical cities. / В диссертационном исследовании проведен анализ немецкого опыта градостроительного регулирования, способствующего сохранению ценной историко-архитектурной градостроительной среды. Сформулированы возможности использования и практической реализации изученных правовых и градостроительных инструментов в исторических городах России. На примере городов Дрездена и Иркутска создана система практических рекомендаций, направленная на оценку, сохранение, развитие и управление ценной историко-архитектурной градостроительной средой. На основе немецкого опыта расширено понятие историко-архитектурной градостроительной среды с классификацией особо ценных пространств и объектов без статуса памятника. Обоснована научная идея, которая ставит в центр всей системы, пространство, как объект, подлежащий охране. / Dans cette thèse est analysée l'expérience de la régulation urbaine allemande, qui permet la préservation du précieux environnement historique et architectural urbain. Ici sont formulés les possibilités d'utilisation et de mise en œuvre pratique, pour les villes russes historiques, des instruments juridiques et urbains étudiés dans cette thèse. Les villes de Dresde et d’Irkoutsk sont pris comme exemples pour la création d’un système pratique visant à l'évaluation, la conservation, le développement et la gestion du précieux environnement urbain historique et architectural. Sur la base de l'expérience allemande, est élargi le concept de l'environnement urbain historique et architectural avec la classification des espaces les plus importants et les bâtiments non-classifiés comme monuments historiques. Comme résultat de l'étude est la mise en place du concept scientifique qui place au centre du système l'espace qui englobe le bâtiment comme un objet à protéger.