Cette recherche est une approche sur les processus transfrontaliers dans la Triple FrontièreBrésil-Argentine-Paraguay. Initialement nous avons cherché à identifier les acteurs et les nouveaux usages du territoire, ainsi que le rôle des régions transfrontalières au sein des blocs commerciaux régionaux en Amérique du Sud et en Europe. Afin de utiliser l'expérience européenne dans les politiques pour les régions frontalières, on a analysés les initiatives d'intégration dans l’Union européenne et un travail de terrain dans la Grande Région a été réalisé, dont les résultats ont été utilisés pour la composition d'un chapitre de la recherche. Au cours du present étude l'importance de l'infrastructure routière, l'énergie et les télécommunications, le rôle du tourisme, les diverses initiatives de coopération et d'interaction dans le Triple Frontière, ainsi que les effets négatifs desprocessus transfrontaliersont été également analysé. Dans la recherche, les acteurs et les processus transfrontaliers ont été signalées par des coremas et des cartes. Les éléments énumérés ont servi à soutenir l'idée que actuellement une régiontransfrontalière se dessine au coeur du bassin de La Plata. / A presente pesquisa constitui uma abordagem acerca dos processos de transfronteirização na Tríplice Fronteira Brasil-Argentina-Paraguai. Inicialmente buscou-se identificar os atores e os novos usos do território, bem como o papel das regiões transfronteiriças dentro dos blocos regionais de comércio na América do Sul e na Europa. Com o intuito de aproveitar a experiência europeia no âmbito das políticas para regiões transfronteiriças, foram analisadas as iniciativas de integração e foi realizado um trabalho de campo na Grande Région, cujos resultados serviram para a composição de um capítulo da pesquisa. No decorrer da pesquisa também foram analisados a importância das infraestruturas viárias, energéticas e de telecomunicações, o papel do turismo, as diferentes iniciativas de cooperação e interação na Tríplice Fronteira, bem como os efeitos negativos da transfronteirização. Os atores e os processos de transfronteirização foram relatados através de coremas e mapas elaborados para a pesquisa. Os elementos elencados serviram para embasar a ideia de que está surgindo uma região transfronteiriça no coração da Bacia do Prata. / This research is an approach to cross-border processes in the Tri-Border Area, between Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Initially we sought to identify the actors, the new land uses and the role of cross-border regions within regional trading blocs in South America and Europe. To take advantage of the European experience in policies for border regions, we analyzed the integration initiatives in the European Union and a fieldwork in the Grande Région was conducted. The results of the fieldwork were used to compose a chapter of the research. In the present study the importance of road infrastructure, energy and telecommunications, the role of tourism, initiatives of cooperation and interaction in Tri-Border Area, as well as the negative effects of cross-border processes were also analyzed. In the present research, actors and border processes have been reported by graphic schemes and maps. The items listed were used to support the idea that, presently, a cross-border region is emerging in the heart of La Plata Basin.

New research in lowland South America is beginning to reveal a diversity of complex and unique cultural trajectories in a region that was long-considered marginal with respect to Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations. This paper summarizes new archaeological, paleoecological, and archaebotanical data from the Los Ajos site, southeastern Uruguay, showing that a changing and increasingly drier mid-Holocene climate was associated with significant cultural transformations, including early village formation, the adoption of a mixed economy, and the construction of the earliest public architecture known for the area. Collectively, this evidence indicates an early and unexpected development of social complexity that had not heretofore been recorded in this area of South America. Human-environment interactions, social processes related to the development of early village life, and the role of early public architecture are discussed with reference to the emergence of early Formative communities in the region. / Nuevas investigaciones en las tierras bajas de Sudamérica están comenzando a revelar una diversidad de trayectorias culturales complejas y únicas en una parte de Sudamérica que ha sido tradicionalmente considerada como un área marginal en comparación con las civilizaciones que se desarrollaron en los Andes centrales y Mesoamérica. Este artículo resume nuevos datos arqueológicos, arqueobotánicos y paleoecológicos del sitio Los Ajos, en el sureste de Uruguay. Dichos estudios revelaron que el Holoceno Medio, que se caracterizó por un clima cambiante que se tornó cada vez más seco, está asociado a transformaciones culturales significativas, incluyendo el proceso de formación de aldeas, la adopción de una economía mixta y la construcción de la arquitectura pública más temprana conocida en la región. Estos recientes trabajos evidencian un desarrollo de la complejidad social temprana e inesperada que no había sido registrada en esta parte del continente. El presente artículo discute las interacciones del hombre con el medioambiente, los procesos sociales relacionados con el desarrollo de la vida aldeana incipiente y el papel que tuvo la arquitectura pública en relación con el surgimiento de las sociedades del Formativo Temprano en la región.

Cette recherche est une approche sur les processus transfrontaliers dans la Triple FrontièreBrésil-Argentine-Paraguay. Initialement nous avons cherché à identifier les acteurs et les nouveaux usages du territoire, ainsi que le rôle des régions transfrontalières au sein des blocs commerciaux régionaux en Amérique du Sud et en Europe. Afin de utiliser l'expérience européenne dans les politiques pour les régions frontalières, on a analysés les initiatives d'intégration dans l’Union européenne et un travail de terrain dans la Grande Région a été réalisé, dont les résultats ont été utilisés pour la composition d'un chapitre de la recherche. Au cours du present étude l'importance de l'infrastructure routière, l'énergie et les télécommunications, le rôle du tourisme, les diverses initiatives de coopération et d'interaction dans le Triple Frontière, ainsi que les effets négatifs desprocessus transfrontaliersont été également analysé. Dans la recherche, les acteurs et les processus transfrontaliers ont été signalées par des coremas et des cartes. Les éléments énumérés ont servi à soutenir l'idée que actuellement une régiontransfrontalière se dessine au coeur du bassin de La Plata. / A presente pesquisa constitui uma abordagem acerca dos processos de transfronteirização na Tríplice Fronteira Brasil-Argentina-Paraguai. Inicialmente buscou-se identificar os atores e os novos usos do território, bem como o papel das regiões transfronteiriças dentro dos blocos regionais de comércio na América do Sul e na Europa. Com o intuito de aproveitar a experiência europeia no âmbito das políticas para regiões transfronteiriças, foram analisadas as iniciativas de integração e foi realizado um trabalho de campo na Grande Région, cujos resultados serviram para a composição de um capítulo da pesquisa. No decorrer da pesquisa também foram analisados a importância das infraestruturas viárias, energéticas e de telecomunicações, o papel do turismo, as diferentes iniciativas de cooperação e interação na Tríplice Fronteira, bem como os efeitos negativos da transfronteirização. Os atores e os processos de transfronteirização foram relatados através de coremas e mapas elaborados para a pesquisa. Os elementos elencados serviram para embasar a ideia de que está surgindo uma região transfronteiriça no coração da Bacia do Prata. / This research is an approach to cross-border processes in the Tri-Border Area, between Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Initially we sought to identify the actors, the new land uses and the role of cross-border regions within regional trading blocs in South America and Europe. To take advantage of the European experience in policies for border regions, we analyzed the integration initiatives in the European Union and a fieldwork in the Grande Région was conducted. The results of the fieldwork were used to compose a chapter of the research. In the present study the importance of road infrastructure, energy and telecommunications, the role of tourism, initiatives of cooperation and interaction in Tri-Border Area, as well as the negative effects of cross-border processes were also analyzed. In the present research, actors and border processes have been reported by graphic schemes and maps. The items listed were used to support the idea that, presently, a cross-border region is emerging in the heart of La Plata Basin.

I Buenos Aires säger man att staden har vuxit fram med "la espalda al rio", med ryggen mot floden. Det betyder två saker, att Rio de la Plata är det som staden stödjer hela sin utveckling mot samt att man vänder ryggen bort från floden och in mot land. Buenos Aires har växt längre och längre bort från Rio de la Plata, idag ligger floden fågelvägen ca 2,3 km från stadsgränsen och den barriär som finns där imellan består till stor del av svårgenomtränglig infrastruktur. I mitt examensarbete undersöker jag hur man i den stora skalan kan förändra Buenos Airesbornas relation och tillgänglighet till vattnet och på samma gång lösa ett par av de stora problem som Buenos Aires brottas med. I den något mindre skalan har jag också undersökt vilka olika typer av specifika relationer Buenos Aires skulle kunna tänkas utveckla till Rio de la Plata.

No description available.

In data-poor regions around the world, particularly in less-privileged countries, hydrologists cannot always take advantage of available hydrological models to simulate a hydrological system due to the lack of reliable measurements of hydrological variables, in particular rainfall and streamflows, needed to implement and evaluate these models. Rainfall estimates obtained with remotely deployed sensors constitute an excellent source of precipitation for these basins, however they are prone to errors that can potentially affect hydrologic simulations. Concurrently, limited access to streamflow measurements does not allow a detailed representation of the system's structure through parameter estimation techniques. This dissertation presents multiple studies that evaluate the usefulness of remotely sensed products for different hydrological applications and the sensitivity of simulated streamflow to parameter uncertainty across basins with different hydroclimatic characteristics with the ultimate goal of increasing the applicability of land surface models in ungauged basins, particularly in South America. Paper 1 presents a sensitivity analysis of daily simulated streamflows to changes in model parameters along a hydroclimatic gradient. Parameters controlling the generation of surface and subsurface flow were targeted for the study. Results indicate that the sensitivity is strongly controlled by climate and that a more parsimonious version of the model could be implemented. Paper 2 explores how errors in satellite-estimated precipitation, due to infrequent satellite measurements, propagate through the simulation of a basin's hydrological cycle and impact the characteristics of peak streamflows within the basin. Findings indicate that nonlinearities in the hydrological cycle can introduce bias in simulated streamflows with error-corrupted precipitation. They also show that some characteristics of peak discharges are not conditioned by errors in satellite-estimated precipitation at a daily time step. Paper 3 evaluates the dominant sources of error in three satellite products when representing convective storms and how shifts in the location of the storm affect simulated peak streamflows in the basin. Results indicate that satellite products show some deficiencies retrieving convective processes and that a ground bias correction can mitigate these deficiencies but without sacrificing the potential for real-time hydrological applications. Finally, spatially shifted precipitation fields affect the magnitude of the peaks, however, its impact on the timing of the peaks is dampened out by the system's response at a daily time scale.

Realiza el estudio de la transición de fase líquido-sólido de las nanopartículas libres de plata AgN, donde N = 147, 309, 561, 923, 1415, 2057, 2869, 3871 y 5083 con diámetro entre 1.7 y 5.5 nm que corresponden a números mágicos relativos a la geometría icosaédrica. El estudio de la transición se realiza mediante dinámica molecular, usando simulaciones canónicas siendo la temperatura controlada por el termostato de Andersen. Las ecuaciones de movimiento atómico fueron integradas numéricamente por el algoritmo de Gear predictor-corrector de 5to orden y un paso de tiempo de 2 fs (2 × 10−15 s). Las nanopartículas fueron enfriadas en etapas sucesivas desde 1000 hasta 325 K y calentadas según el tamaño hasta 1000 o 1300 K (N > 1000) en intervalos de 25 K. En cada intervalo se usaron 20000 pasos de simulación para equilibrar las nanopartículas a cada temperatura, lo cual definió una rapidez de enfriamiento y calentamiento de 6,25 × 1011 K/s. Se estimó la dependencia de la energía interna de las nanopartículas con respecto a la temperatura, de cuyo análisis se obtuvieron sus propiedades termodinámicas tales como la capacidad calorífica en el estado sólido y líquido, el calor latente y la temperatura de fusión y solidificación. El análisis de pares y la función de distribución par se usaron para estudiar los cambios estructurales de las nanopartículas durante la simulación de la solidificación. Del análisis estructural se observó claramente una conexión entre la relación superficie/volumen de las nanopartículas y su evolución estructural. Las nanopartíıculas con ns > 50% y ns < 50% solidifican a estructuras con tendencia no cristalina y cristalina, respectivamente. Donde ns es el porcentaje de átomos en la superficie sobre el total. La solidificación de la nanopartícula Ag923 (d 3,14 nm) fue simulada utilizando una velocidad de enfriamiento de 5 × 109 K/s. También se hizo un análisis estructural, de la cual se pudo comparar su evolución con la teoría de nucleación homogénea. Se demostró que la transición de fase se dio mediante la creación de embriones de la nueva fase que al aumentar de tamaño y disminuir la temperatura se hacen más estables como describe la teoría de nucleación. Sin embargo, el parecer hay una discordancia entre el tamaño crítico predicho por la teoría y la calculada por la simulación. / Tesis

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / In the Dominican Republic (DR) the development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in rural areas is of great importance because SMEs generate employment and increase local capacity in areas with the highest poverty rates in the country. Ultimately, SME development can contribute to poverty alleviation especially in rural areas. Micro-enterprise training as a form of capacity development initiatives aim at effective empowerment of entrepreneurs and prospective entrepreneurs, which allow them to build capacities to develop their business. These capacities will enhance their ability to ensure sustainability of decisions that influence their quality of life. So far, very little research has been conducted on the precise effects and overall effectiveness of SME-related training in the Dominican Republic. Against this background, it is of great benefit to evaluate impacts of micro-enterprise training initiatives on the development of SMEs in rural DR, in order to find out which factors stimulate the creation and growth of enterprises and which factors hinder their development. This allows effective adjustments of future support initiatives in the development sector and it contributes to the existing empirical evidence base in this field. This study applies Human Capital Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour as theoretical frameworks to analyze impacts of micro-enterprise training on SME development. Secondary data for this study was drawn from the Dominican tourism-project La Ruta del Cacao, applying a mixed-method approach for the data collection. Quantitative research methods in the form of a semi-structured questionnaire helped to quantify the impacts of provided micro-enterprise training. Qualitative methods in the form of Focus Group Discussions allowed an in-depth analysis of training impacts on respondents, with the aim of identifying influencing factors, especially those which the theoretical framework may not have covered. The theoretical discussion of this study identified that entrepreneurial intentions are mediated by the attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. The empirical results show that the provided training is likely to have slightly improved the participants attitude towards enterprise creation. Perceived subjective norms have not decreased due to the training and appear not to have played a role in the participants decision to start or not start a business. The participants perceived behavioural control is not likely to have increased due to the training. On the other hand, results indicate that the training provided participants with useful entrepreneurship-related skills and knowledge. Overall, the participants entrepreneurial intentions slightly improved as a result of the training. However, the impact of these outputs on SME development was rather modest. Identified external factors which influenced the participants entrepreneurial behaviour were a lack of capital, job loss, having a family to take care of, being part of an entrepreneurial family and the existence of an entrepreneurial role model. Intrinsic characteristics were identified as the most influential in demonstrating successful entrepreneurial behaviour and SME creation. The findings of this research contribute firstly to the existing evidence base of micro-enterprise training impacts in rural Dominican Republic. In addition, the findings contribute to the literature base on applications of both Human Capital Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour in the field of entrepreneurship education.

Este trabalho busca demonstrar a influência da usina hidrelétrica de Itaipu nas relações de poder da Bacia do Prata, em especial entre Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai. Para isso se fez um regaste histórico dos acontecimentos mais relevantes nas relações internacionais dos três países. Também é apresentada a forma que a região platina se insere no contexto latino-americano, sobretudo no que diz respeito à política externa. O empreendimento de Itaipu é explorado em diversos âmbitos (político-diplomático, econômico, social etc.), desde sua ideia inicial, com a Ata das Cataratas, até sua operação no começo do século XXI está contemplado na pesquisa. Importantes mudanças de contextos políticos e econômicos ocorridos na região, como a transição democrática, também estão presente na análise enquanto elemento fundamental na mudança de paradigma observado. As relações platinas que historicamente foram marcadas pelo relativo equilíbrio na balança de poder, entre Argentina e Brasil, se deparam com o descolamento do Brasil enquanto país preponderante. Itaipu surge nesse contexto, acirrando ainda mais os conflitos, inicialmente. O empreendimento se mostra como elemento fundamental na consolidação da preponderância brasileira, e com o passar do tempo, é possível perceber a sua colaboração no movimento que se modificou, passando da confrontação para cooperação, e finalmente integração. / This paper wills to show the influence of the Itaipu hydroelectric plant in the power relations of the Plata Basin, particularly the relationsof Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. For it is made a ransom of most relevant historical events in international relations of the three countries. Is also presented the way that the platinum region fits into the Latin American context, especially with regard to foreign policy.Itaipu is explored in various contexts (political-diplomatic, economic, social, etc.) and the project since its initial idea, with the Ata das Cataratas, until its operation in the beginning of the XXI century is included in the paper. Major changes in political and economic contexts that occurred in the region, such as the transition to democracy, are also present in the analysis as a fundamental factor of the paradigm shift observed.The Platinum Relations that were historically marked by relative equilibrium in the balance of power, between Argentina and Brazil, are faced with the detachment of Brazil as a predominant country. Itaipu arises in this context, increasing even more the conflicts, at first. The project is shown as a key element in the consolidation of Brazilian dominance and after is possible to see their collaboration in the movement that went from confrontation to cooperation, and finally integration.

Este trabalho busca demonstrar a influência da usina hidrelétrica de Itaipu nas relações de poder da Bacia do Prata, em especial entre Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai. Para isso se fez um regaste histórico dos acontecimentos mais relevantes nas relações internacionais dos três países. Também é apresentada a forma que a região platina se insere no contexto latino-americano, sobretudo no que diz respeito à política externa. O empreendimento de Itaipu é explorado em diversos âmbitos (político-diplomático, econômico, social etc.), desde sua ideia inicial, com a Ata das Cataratas, até sua operação no começo do século XXI está contemplado na pesquisa. Importantes mudanças de contextos políticos e econômicos ocorridos na região, como a transição democrática, também estão presente na análise enquanto elemento fundamental na mudança de paradigma observado. As relações platinas que historicamente foram marcadas pelo relativo equilíbrio na balança de poder, entre Argentina e Brasil, se deparam com o descolamento do Brasil enquanto país preponderante. Itaipu surge nesse contexto, acirrando ainda mais os conflitos, inicialmente. O empreendimento se mostra como elemento fundamental na consolidação da preponderância brasileira, e com o passar do tempo, é possível perceber a sua colaboração no movimento que se modificou, passando da confrontação para cooperação, e finalmente integração. / This paper wills to show the influence of the Itaipu hydroelectric plant in the power relations of the Plata Basin, particularly the relationsof Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. For it is made a ransom of most relevant historical events in international relations of the three countries. Is also presented the way that the platinum region fits into the Latin American context, especially with regard to foreign policy.Itaipu is explored in various contexts (political-diplomatic, economic, social, etc.) and the project since its initial idea, with the Ata das Cataratas, until its operation in the beginning of the XXI century is included in the paper. Major changes in political and economic contexts that occurred in the region, such as the transition to democracy, are also present in the analysis as a fundamental factor of the paradigm shift observed.The Platinum Relations that were historically marked by relative equilibrium in the balance of power, between Argentina and Brazil, are faced with the detachment of Brazil as a predominant country. Itaipu arises in this context, increasing even more the conflicts, at first. The project is shown as a key element in the consolidation of Brazilian dominance and after is possible to see their collaboration in the movement that went from confrontation to cooperation, and finally integration.