A intoxicação por chumbo tem conseqüências devastadoras para o ser humano, principalmente para crianças. Em Ribeirão Preto foram detectadas crianças com níveis de chumbo no dente tão elevados quanto de crianças com conhecida contaminação na cidade de Bauru (SP). Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivos investigar fatores físicos e químicos que possam elevar a concentração de chumbo na água de consumo, e avaliar a possível correlação entre a contaminação por chumbo nas crianças com a água de suas residências. O estudo da capacidade de corrosão da água utilizando um pedaço de cano a base de chumbo mostrou que ao diminuir o pH de 6,40 para 5,94 a lixiviação de chumbo aumentou 3 vezes, enquanto o aumento de 6,40 para 7,06 diminuiu a lixiviação em 20%, após 8 horas de experimento. Não foi observada influência na capacidade de corrosão em testes de 48 horas quando aumentou-se a dureza da água. Foram coletadas amostras (1L) de água das 40 casas estudadas, sendo as primeiras alíquotas coletadas após pelo menos 6 horas de repouso nos encanamentos. Amostras de água recém tratada de 11 postos de abastecimento de Ribeirão Preto serviram como controle. A faixa de condutividade da água das casas foi bastante ampla (50,4 - 116,9 S cm-1), e nenhum dado foi estatisticamente diferente do grupo controle (70,6 ± 40,2 S cm-1). Cerca de 60% dos valores de pH das amostras das casas estavam menores que do controle (6,20 ± 0,25), provavelmente devido à hidrólise de metais vindos da corrosão de encanamentos. Dos parâmetros estudados, as variações mais significativas que ocorreram entre a água da torneira do registro e da cozinha foi o pH, que teve a tendência em aumentar, principalmente em casas que tinham caixa d\'água. As concentrações de cálcio nas casas variaram de 2,36 - 7,23 mg L-1, e magnésio de 0,77 - 2,62 mg L-1, estando portanto dentro da faixa de concentração do grupo controle (1,94 - 10,74 mg L-1 Ca2+ e 1,01 - 3,62 mg L-1 Mg2+). Nas casas amostradas as concentrações de cobre (de 0,82 a 458 g L-1) e chumbo (de <0,28 a 3,19 g L-1) não ultrapassaram os máximos recomendados pela portaria 518 do Ministério da Saúde. No entanto, verificou-se um aumento na concentração desses metais em relação ao grupo controle ([Pb] = 0,16 ± 0,10 g L-1 e [Cu] = 2,17 ± 3,19 g L-1), reforçando a idéia de que ocorre lixiviação no percurso dos postos de abastecimento às residências. Após o escoamento de 5 minutos entre alíquotas, as concentrações de metais foram significativamente menores. Os coeficientes de correlação linear entre a concentração de chumbo na água e no sangue ou no esmalte (1ª e 2ª biópsia) das crianças não foram estatisticamente significativos (rmáximo = 0,2324; p = 0,17231). Porém, considerando as concentrações de chumbo na água maiores que 0,5 g L-1 o coeficiente de correlação linear com o sangue passou de 0,1517 para 0,8373 (p = 0,00129; n = 11). A relevância dessa correlação só poderá ser estabelecida uma vez que haja um maior número de amostras. / Lead poisoning has devastating consequences for humans, especially for children. It has been found that a significant percentage of children from Ribeirão Preto had as much lead in enamel teeth as the children from Bauru (SP), a city with a well described contamination by lead. Thus, this study aimed to investigate physical and chemical factors that can increase the concentration of lead in drinking water, and evaluate the possible correlation between lead poisoning in children with the water from their homes. The drinking water capability of corrosion was studied using a piece of lead-based pipe. The results showed that lowering the pH from 6.40 to 5.94 increased the leaching of lead three times, while the increase from 6.40 to 7.06, decreased the leaching by 20% after 8 hours of experiment. Increases on the hardness of the water had no effect on the capability of corrosion in tests performed during 48 hours. Drinking water samples (1L) from 40 houses were collected after at least 6 hours of stagnation in the pipes. Samples (1L) of water from 40 homes were studied, being the first fractions collected after at least six hours of stagnation in the pipes. Samples from 11 water treatment plants from Ribeirão Preto were collected after treatment and were used as the control group. The water conductivity from the studied houses had a large variation (50.4 to 116.9 S cm-1), however, these values were within those for the control group (70.6 ± 40.2 S cm-1). The pH values for 60% of the drinking water samples were bellow 6.20 ± 0.25 found for the control group. This is probably due to the hydrolysis of metals from the pipes and parts that may occur during the corrosion processes. When comparing the results found for the water from the back yard and that from the kitchen, the pH values had the most significant variations. For most of the houses which had a water reservoir the pH increased after standing in the reservoir. Calcium concentrations in the drinking water ranged from 2.36 to 7.23 mg L-1, and magnesium from 0.77 to 2.62 mg L-1, which is close to the range of the control group (1.94 - 10.74 mg L-1 Ca2+ and 1.01 to 3.62 mg L-1 Mg2+). Concentrations of copper (0.82 to 458 g L-1) and lead (from <0.28 to 3.19 g L-1) did not exceed the maximum recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. However, there was an increase in the concentration of these metals compared to the control group ([Pb] = 0.16 ± 0.10 g L-1 and [Cu] = 2.17 ± 3.19 g L- 1), reinforcing the idea that an important leaching can occur from the source to the houses. Metal concentrations were significantly lower after 5 minutes of flushing. There was not a significant linear correlation (rmaximum = 0.2324; p = 0,17231) between the concentration of lead in drinking water and in blood or tooth enamel (1st and 2nd biopsy) from children. However, considering lead concentrations in drinking water higher than 0.5 g L-1 the linear correlation coefficient with lead in blood went from 0.1517 to 0.8373 (p = 0,00129; n = 11). The relevance of this correlation can only be established after the analysis of a larger number of samples.

<p><a>This dissertation focused on better understanding the fundamental processes that control organic and inorganic contaminant interaction with plastic plumbing pipes. Plastic pipes are increasingly being installed for drinking water plumbing, but their role in affecting drinking water quality has received little study. It is well-known that plastic pipes can sorb and release organic contaminants and be difficult to decontaminate. Several problems were identified in the literature and through discussions with industry: (1) Past guidance issued to communities affected by petroleum contaminated water does not seem to specifically consider plastic plumbing pipe remediation, (2) investigators have also identified heavy metals can accumulate on pipe inner walls, (3) Others have proposed certain heavy metals can catalyze plastic water pipe degradation, (4) No nondestructive cleaning methods were found for removing metal scales from plastic pipes.</a> These topics were a basis for studies conducted because lack of information inhibits greater protection of public health, safety, and welfare.</p> This dissertation involved the application of knowledge and techniques from the environmental engineering and science, polymer engineering, and material science disciplines. Chapter 1 focused on the response of copper and plastic pipes (i.e., chlorinated polyvinylchloride (cPVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), crosslinked polyethylene (PEX)) exposed to petroleum contaminated drinking water. Bench-scale results revealed that pipe rinsing followed by a single 3 day water stagnation period removed target monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAH) from copper pipes, but much longer (<u>></u>15 days) time was required for decontaminating cPVC, HDPC, and PEX pipes. Benzene, trimethylbenzene and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are not typically considered in drinking water contamination investigations, were found desorbed into clean drinking water from pipes. Future plumbing decontamination guidance should consider the conditions necessary for plastic pipe remediation. Chapter 2 describes the influence of drinking water conditions on heavy metal contaminant – low density polyethylene (LDPE) pellet surface interactions. Mixed metal drinking water solutions were applied and contained Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn at 30 µg/L. LDPE was selected as the model polymer because of its prior use for piping in Europe, use in bench-scale studies by others, and similarity to products used for the manufacture of more complex materials in the USA (HDPE, PEX). As expected, metal loadings were about 5 times greater for aged LDPE pellets suspended in solution compared to new LDPE pellets. This difference was attributed to the aged plastic surfaces having oxygen containing functional groups, increased surface area, and enhanced hydrophilicity. Metal loading was lower at pH >9.5 and in the presence of dissolved organic contaminants. The presence of free chlorine and corrosion inhibitor also decreased metal adsorption onto LDPE pellets. These factors likely enabled metal precipitation thereby not allowing metal species to adsorb to LDPE pellets suspended in water. XPS results showed deposited metals (i.e., Cu, Pb, Zn) primarily consisted of hydroxides and oxides. To further understand heavy metal – plastic pipe interactions, Chapter 3 involved the use of metal and plastic pipe rigs and exhumed PEX plumbing pipes. Exhumed cold and hot water PEX pipes contained a noticeable amount of heavy metals (i.e., most abundant metals were 2049 mg/m² Fe, 400 mg/m² Ca, 438 mg/m² Zn and 150 mg/m² P). Metal release and deposition onto PEX pipe was examined using bench-scale pipe rigs that contained new PEX pipe, brass valves, and copper pipe. Two water matrices (pH 4 and 7.5) and two temperatures (23^oC and 55^oC) were explored. The pH 4 water often accelerated metal leaching from brass valves, and a greater amount of heavy metals deposited on PEX pipes at high water pH and temperature (pH 4 and 55^oC) conditions. Oxygen containing functional groups were detected on PEX pipes connected to a brass valve or a brass valve combined copper pipe, but were not found on PEX pipe only (controls) samples, indicating that certain configurations may facilitate plastic pipe degradation. The last chapter describes the ability of a new lignin derived ligand to remove metal deposits from exhumed PEX plumbing pipes. When the ligand concentration was ≥ 5mM, more than 95% of sorbed metals (i.e., Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) were removed. The ligand favored certain metals over others (Cu > Zn > Fe > Mn > Pb) and heavy metal removal mechanisms were proposed. This dissertation provides insights into the role of plastic pipes on drinking water quality. As plastic pipes continue to be installed, it is in the interest of public health, welfare, and safety to understand their role in positively and negatively affecting drinking water safety.

Improving our understanding of magma plumbing and storage remains one of the majorchallenges for petrologists and volcanologists today. This is especially true for explosivevolcanoes, where constraints on magma plumbing are essential for predicting dynamicchanges in future activity and thus for hazard mitigation. This study aims to investigate themagma plumbing system at Anak Krakatau; the post-collapse cone situated on the rim of the1883 Krakatau caldera. Since 1927, Anak Krakatau has been highly active, growing at a rateof ~8 cm/week. The methods employed are a.) clinopyroxene-melt thermo-barometry (Putirkaet al., 2003; Putirka, 2008), b.) plagioclase-melt thermo-barometry (Putirka, 2005), c.)clinopyroxene composition barometry (Nimis &amp; and Ulmer, 1998; Nimis, 1999; Putirka,2008) and d.) olivine-melt thermometry (Putirka et al., 2007). Previously, both seismic(Harjono et al., 1989) and petrological studies (Camus et al., 1987; Mandeville et al., 1996a;Gardner et al., in review, J. Petrol.) have addressed the magma plumbing beneath AnakKrakatau. Interestingly, petrological studies indicate shallow magma storage in the region of2-8 km, while the seismic evidence points towards a mid-crustal and a deep storage, at 9 and22 km respectively.This study shows that clinopyroxene presently crystallizes in a mid-crustal storage region(8-12 km), a previously identified depth level for magma storage, using seismic methods(Harjono et al., 1989). Plagioclases, in turn, form at shallower depths (4-6 km), in concertwith previous petrological studies (Camus et al., 1987; Mandeville et al., 1996a; Gardner etal., in review, J. Petrol.). Pre-1981 clinopyroxenes record deeper levels of storage (8-22 km),indicating that there may have been an overall shallowing of the plumbing system over thelast ~40 years. The magma storage regions detected coincide with major lithologicalboundaries in the crust, implying that magma ascent and storage at Anak Krakatau is probablycontrolled by crustal discontinuities and/or density contrasts. Therefore, this study shows thatpetrology has the sensitivity to detect magma bodies in the crust where seismic surveys faildue to limited resolution. Combined geophysical and petrological surveys offer an increasedpotential for the thorough characterization of magma plumbing at active volcanic complexes.

The aim of this study is to identify the opportunities that currently exist in the Egyptian market in order for Franke to make a decision on the expansion of their business into this market. In order for the Board of Directors to make a quality decision they require good and accurate information. In line with the Franke growth strategy Franke South Africa was given the clear directive to grow the market share on the African continent. With this continent being as diverse as it is and suffering from many years of poverty, a focused strategy is required. With this in hand a study of the African continent was undergone and a couple of markets were identified as targets for either a take-over or new formation. With the information gathered on Egypt it became clear that this would be the ideal market to establish another Franke operation. Egypt has many positive issues that attract a decision like this of which the local market size, geographical position, COMESA membership and the fact that the market is well structured form the backbone. Based on this Business Plan, which researches all the relevant issues required to make a quality decision, an investment could be qualified and supported. It focuses on the possible target as well as elaborates on the medium term forecasted performance of the new setup. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

This thesis attempts to develop our understanding of volcanic magma plumbing systems and the magmatic processes that operate within them, such as fractional crystallisation, crustal partial melting, assimilation, and magma mixing. I utilise petrology, rock and mineral geochemistry, and isotope systematics to seek to improve our ability to forecast the eruptive frequency and style of active volcanoes, an aspect often lacking in current volcano monitoring efforts. In particular, magma reservoir dynamics are investigated from a mineral scale at Katla volcano in Iceland, to a sub-mineral scale at Merapi, Kelud, and Toba volcanoes in Indonesia. The magma plumbing architecture of Katla volcano on Iceland is explored in the first part of this thesis. Crystalline components within tephra and volcanic rock preserve a record of the physical and chemical evolution of a magma, and are analysed through oxygen isotopic and thermobarometric techniques to temporally constrain changes in reservoir depth and decode the petrogenesis of the lavas. We find both prolonged upper crustal magma storage and shallow level assimilation to be occurring at Katla. The results generated from combining these analytical strands reveal the potential for unpredictable explosive volcanism at this lively Icelandic volcano. The second part of this thesis examines the magma plumbing systems of Merapi, Kelud and Toba volcanoes of the Sunda arc in Indonesia at higher temporal and petrological resolution than possible for Katla (e.g., due to the crystal poor character of the rocks). For this part of the thesis, minerals were analysed in-situ to take advantage of sub-crystal scale isotopic variations in order to investigate processes of shallow-level assimilation in the build-up to particular eruptions. We find that intra-crystal analyses reveal an otherwise hidden differentiation history at these volcanoes, and establish a better understanding as to how they may have rapidly achieved a critical explosive state. The outcomes of this thesis therefore deepen our knowledge of evolutionary trends in magma plumbing system dynamics, and highlight the importance of understanding the geochemical processes that can prime a volcano for eruption. Lastly, I emphasise the vital contribution petrology can make in current volcano monitoring efforts.

Orientador: Marina Sangoi de Oliveira Ilha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T17:19:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boni_SolangedaSilvaNunes_D.pdf: 2475928 bytes, checksum: 1748c60492975188a4888d1d5259fbc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Varias medidas de conservação de água tem sido adotadas visando minimizar o consumo de água, utilizando este insumo de maneira sustentável e racional, alem de proteger os recursos hídricos da poluição, por meio da geração de menor volume de esgoto. Dentre as linhas de ação dos programas de conservação de água em edifícios, destaca-se o reuso de água em atividades que possam prescindir da potabilidade. No entanto, para isso, e necessário o conhecimento dos diversos usos da água dentro de uma edificação, bem como determinar onde será possível utilizar este insumo, tendo como base um plano de gestão. Este trabalho propõe um conjunto de diretrizes para reuso de água para fins não potáveis em edificações, levando-se em consideração os riscos ocasionados com a utilização desta técnica. O método de pesquisa foi baseado em estudo de caso exploratório, de natureza fenomenológica, contando com duas fontes de evidencias: observação direta e entrevista. O Fator motivador do trabalho e o subsidio de diretrizes para a substituição de água potável por efluentes tratado, de forma a reduzir o consumo da edificação. O trabalho contou um estudo de caso em uma edificação existente, ocorrendo em duas fases distintas: caracterização da edificação e da demanda de água não potável e caracterização da oferta de fontes alternativas e a avaliação dos custos envolvidos para a implantação do sistema de reuso de água. Foi realizada a analise dos estudos e proposta as diretrizes para reuso de água para fins não potáveis, dentro dos contextos estudados. As diretrizes formuladas estão baseadas na complexidade das ações que envolvem a implantação do sistema de reuso, verificando-se a necessidade de estabelecimento de códigos de praticas e normas para implantar o referido sistema. / Abstract: Various measures to conserve water have been taken to minimize water consumption, using this input for sustainable and rational way, and protect water resources from pollution through the generation of lower quantity of sewage. Among the lines of action programs for water conservation in buildings, is the use of alternative sources to the public in activities that can disperse the drinking. However, for this reason it is necessary to know the various uses of water within a building and determine where you can use this input, based on a management plan. This paper proposes a set of guidelines for reuse of non-potable water in buildings, taking into account the risks incurred by using this technique. The research method was based on exploratory case study, a phenomenological, with two sources of evidence: direct observation and interview. The motivating factor is the work of the subsidy guidelines for the replacement of drinking water by treated effluent, to reduce the consumption of the building. The work had two case studies, one in an existing building and the other in design, occurring in two distinct phases: construction and characterization of the demand for non-drinking water and characterization of alternative sources of supply and assessment of the costs involved for deployment of the system for reuse of water. We performed the analysis of the studies and proposed guidelines for reuse of non-potable water, within the contexts studied. The guidelines are formulated based on the complexity of actions involving the deployment of the system for reuse, there is a need to establish codes of practice and standards to implement the system. / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

A intoxicação por chumbo tem conseqüências devastadoras para o ser humano, principalmente para crianças. Em Ribeirão Preto foram detectadas crianças com níveis de chumbo no dente tão elevados quanto de crianças com conhecida contaminação na cidade de Bauru (SP). Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivos investigar fatores físicos e químicos que possam elevar a concentração de chumbo na água de consumo, e avaliar a possível correlação entre a contaminação por chumbo nas crianças com a água de suas residências. O estudo da capacidade de corrosão da água utilizando um pedaço de cano a base de chumbo mostrou que ao diminuir o pH de 6,40 para 5,94 a lixiviação de chumbo aumentou 3 vezes, enquanto o aumento de 6,40 para 7,06 diminuiu a lixiviação em 20%, após 8 horas de experimento. Não foi observada influência na capacidade de corrosão em testes de 48 horas quando aumentou-se a dureza da água. Foram coletadas amostras (1L) de água das 40 casas estudadas, sendo as primeiras alíquotas coletadas após pelo menos 6 horas de repouso nos encanamentos. Amostras de água recém tratada de 11 postos de abastecimento de Ribeirão Preto serviram como controle. A faixa de condutividade da água das casas foi bastante ampla (50,4 - 116,9 S cm-1), e nenhum dado foi estatisticamente diferente do grupo controle (70,6 ± 40,2 S cm-1). Cerca de 60% dos valores de pH das amostras das casas estavam menores que do controle (6,20 ± 0,25), provavelmente devido à hidrólise de metais vindos da corrosão de encanamentos. Dos parâmetros estudados, as variações mais significativas que ocorreram entre a água da torneira do registro e da cozinha foi o pH, que teve a tendência em aumentar, principalmente em casas que tinham caixa d\'água. As concentrações de cálcio nas casas variaram de 2,36 - 7,23 mg L-1, e magnésio de 0,77 - 2,62 mg L-1, estando portanto dentro da faixa de concentração do grupo controle (1,94 - 10,74 mg L-1 Ca2+ e 1,01 - 3,62 mg L-1 Mg2+). Nas casas amostradas as concentrações de cobre (de 0,82 a 458 g L-1) e chumbo (de <0,28 a 3,19 g L-1) não ultrapassaram os máximos recomendados pela portaria 518 do Ministério da Saúde. No entanto, verificou-se um aumento na concentração desses metais em relação ao grupo controle ([Pb] = 0,16 ± 0,10 g L-1 e [Cu] = 2,17 ± 3,19 g L-1), reforçando a idéia de que ocorre lixiviação no percurso dos postos de abastecimento às residências. Após o escoamento de 5 minutos entre alíquotas, as concentrações de metais foram significativamente menores. Os coeficientes de correlação linear entre a concentração de chumbo na água e no sangue ou no esmalte (1ª e 2ª biópsia) das crianças não foram estatisticamente significativos (rmáximo = 0,2324; p = 0,17231). Porém, considerando as concentrações de chumbo na água maiores que 0,5 g L-1 o coeficiente de correlação linear com o sangue passou de 0,1517 para 0,8373 (p = 0,00129; n = 11). A relevância dessa correlação só poderá ser estabelecida uma vez que haja um maior número de amostras. / Lead poisoning has devastating consequences for humans, especially for children. It has been found that a significant percentage of children from Ribeirão Preto had as much lead in enamel teeth as the children from Bauru (SP), a city with a well described contamination by lead. Thus, this study aimed to investigate physical and chemical factors that can increase the concentration of lead in drinking water, and evaluate the possible correlation between lead poisoning in children with the water from their homes. The drinking water capability of corrosion was studied using a piece of lead-based pipe. The results showed that lowering the pH from 6.40 to 5.94 increased the leaching of lead three times, while the increase from 6.40 to 7.06, decreased the leaching by 20% after 8 hours of experiment. Increases on the hardness of the water had no effect on the capability of corrosion in tests performed during 48 hours. Drinking water samples (1L) from 40 houses were collected after at least 6 hours of stagnation in the pipes. Samples (1L) of water from 40 homes were studied, being the first fractions collected after at least six hours of stagnation in the pipes. Samples from 11 water treatment plants from Ribeirão Preto were collected after treatment and were used as the control group. The water conductivity from the studied houses had a large variation (50.4 to 116.9 S cm-1), however, these values were within those for the control group (70.6 ± 40.2 S cm-1). The pH values for 60% of the drinking water samples were bellow 6.20 ± 0.25 found for the control group. This is probably due to the hydrolysis of metals from the pipes and parts that may occur during the corrosion processes. When comparing the results found for the water from the back yard and that from the kitchen, the pH values had the most significant variations. For most of the houses which had a water reservoir the pH increased after standing in the reservoir. Calcium concentrations in the drinking water ranged from 2.36 to 7.23 mg L-1, and magnesium from 0.77 to 2.62 mg L-1, which is close to the range of the control group (1.94 - 10.74 mg L-1 Ca2+ and 1.01 to 3.62 mg L-1 Mg2+). Concentrations of copper (0.82 to 458 g L-1) and lead (from <0.28 to 3.19 g L-1) did not exceed the maximum recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. However, there was an increase in the concentration of these metals compared to the control group ([Pb] = 0.16 ± 0.10 g L-1 and [Cu] = 2.17 ± 3.19 g L- 1), reinforcing the idea that an important leaching can occur from the source to the houses. Metal concentrations were significantly lower after 5 minutes of flushing. There was not a significant linear correlation (rmaximum = 0.2324; p = 0,17231) between the concentration of lead in drinking water and in blood or tooth enamel (1st and 2nd biopsy) from children. However, considering lead concentrations in drinking water higher than 0.5 g L-1 the linear correlation coefficient with lead in blood went from 0.1517 to 0.8373 (p = 0,00129; n = 11). The relevance of this correlation can only be established after the analysis of a larger number of samples.

Orientador: Marina Sangoi de Oliveira Ilha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T11:57:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_MarcusAndreSiqueira_D.pdf: 2890130 bytes, checksum: 1dd550889b35580500ff1fcbf1bf6c8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os sistemas prediais de aproveitamento de água pluvial tem como objetivos possibilitar o uso de fontes alternativas de água em atividades que prescindam da água potável nas edificações e também contribuir para a redução do escoamento superficial ocasionado pela impermeabilização do solo dos centros urbanos. O uso desses e de outros sistemas relacionados com a conservação de água nas edificações pode ser também atrativo do ponto de vista econômico, do que resulta um maior incentivo para a sua implementação. Para tanto, a análise da qualidade dos investimentos nesses sistemas deve ser considerada na tomada da decisão pela implantação de medidas voltadas para a mitigação do impacto ambiental da construção dos edifícios. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma ferramenta para a análise da qualidade de investimentos em sistemas prediais de aproveitamento de água pluvial, baseada na otimização do valor presente líquido dos investimentos necessários. Para tanto, é proposto o uso da técnica da Particle Swarm Optimization. A ferramenta desenvolvida foi utilizada para a avaliação da qualidade dos investimentos em sistemas prediais de aproveitamento de água pluvial em edificações representativas de três categorias tarifárias: pública, comercial e industrial. Os resultados obtidos indicam as oportunidades de investimentos nos referidos sistemas, a partir da consideração de cenários que contemplam ou não a cobrança da tarifa de esgoto decorrente do uso dessa fonte alternativa / Abstract: The main purposes of a Rainwater Harvesting systems is to allow the use of alternative water sources where potable water is not necessary and to contribute to reduce the surface runoff caused by the impervious areas in urban centers. The use of this system or any other technology that promotes water conservation in buildings can also be economically feasible, resulting in more incentives for their implementation. To achieve this goal, the quality of the investment's analysis must be considered when the decision making process is occurring, that way, the reduction of the impacts caused by is encouraging. The present work aims to propose a tool to analyze the quality of investments in rainwater harvesting systems, based on optimizing the net present value of the investments realized. It was proposed the use of the Particle Swarm Optimization technique. The developed tool was used to evaluate the quality of investments in buildings that uses rainwater representing three tariff categories: public, commercial and industrial. The results indicate the opportunities for invest in those systems, specially those scenarios that include or not the sewage rate , resulting from the use of this alternative water source / Doutorado / Edificações / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Marina Sangoi de Oliveira Ilha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T11:15:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ywashima_LaisAparecida_M.pdf: 4111482 bytes, checksum: 8b37c02d441b73933d2437667f623e43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O volume de água consumido em uma edificação, constante na conta de água, pode ser dividido em duas parcelas: o uso propriamente dito e o desperdício. O desperdício pode ocorrer tanto pela ocorrência de vazamentos como pelo mau uso desse insumo nas diferentes atividades realizadas. Em edificações escolares públicas, é freqüente o uso não racional desse insumo, uma vez que os usuários não são os responsáveis diretos pelo pagamento da conta de água. Inserido nesse contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta a metodologia e os resultados obtidos em uma investigação de campo realizada com o objetivo de identificar a forma de realização das diferentes atividades que envolvem o uso da água em uma amostra de escolas da rede pública de Campinas, com a indicação dos ambientes responsáveis pelas maiores parcelas do consumo e a proposição de uma metodologia para a avaliação qualitativa da percepção dos usuários para o uso racional de água nessa tipologia de edificação. Além disso, tendo em vista que uma das ações para a implementação do uso racional consiste na instalação de tecnologias economizadoras nos pontos de consumo de água e que o fator motivador para a implementação desse tipo de intervenção é, na maioria das vezes, de ordem financeira, apresenta-se um método para a avaliação econômica dos investimentos necessários para tanto / Abstract: The water consumption, which is printed in water bills can be divided in two parts: the use itself and waste. The waste is usually due to leaking events or bad use of tap water in several daily activities. In public schools buildings, it¿s often the irrational use of water due the user is not directly responsible for paying the water bill. In this context, the present research presents the methodology and results obtained in a field survey that was done to identify different ways of water use in a sample of public schools from Campinas, Sao Paulo, and it also be done the identification of which environments are responsible for higher portions of the water consumption and the proposition of a methodology to evaluate the users perception for the rational use of water at this building type. Moreover, one of the alternatives to achieve the rational use of water is the installation of water saving technologies at consumption points and the motivator reason to the implementation of these devices it is, normally, financial issues, then, this work shows a method to evaluate economic feasibility of the essential investments to do it / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

In Brazil, the noise generated by plumbing systems into buildings is still little studied. Despite residents of multi-family vertical building citing this pathology as a cause of discomfort and complaints, there is not yet a standard that regulate noise measurements of hydrosanitary installations in the country in loco. This paper has as objective to establish an adequate measurement procedure of sound pressure level based in ISO 16032 (ISO, 2004) appropriate to evaluation the noise of plumbing systems, executed according to national standards, aiming to provide acoustic comfort to users. To verify the standard applicability, a 10 floor residential building, not inhabited yet, in the city of Santa Maria, with reinforced concrete structure and masonry wall, was chosen. The hydrosanitary devices measured were the faucet of the sink and the flushing cistern of the toilet bowl, both located in the master bathroom of the background apartments. The measurements was realized in suites, in 5 floors, and in the master bathroom of the 9th floor. The general rule was that the sanitary devices to be measured were triggered in the master bathroom, of the autonomous unit situated 1 floor above the suite, where was the microphone. However, exceptions occurred on the 10th and on the 7th floor, where measurements were made relating to hydrosanitary devices of the same floor and of two floors above, respectively. Therefore were measured and subsequently analyzed, all quantities allowed by ISO 16032 (ISO, 2004), in the weighting A and C, they are: Leq,nT, LFmax,nT and LSmax,nT. Were also performed measurements of the reverberation time of the suites according to ISO 3382-2 (ISO, 2008). After analyzing the results, it was found that in the situation of measurements, some results of the sink were influenced or masked by residual noise. Finally, to ensure the usefulness of the measurement procedure used, the results were compared with unique values expressed in NBR 15575-6 (ABNT, 2013) and was then evaluated the performance of hydrosanitary installations of the building, in situations that apply to standard. It is considered, therefore, that this paper contributed to the improvement of studies that search to enlarge the acoustic comfort in the Brazilian buildings, to establish measurement procedure of sound pressure level for the noise evaluation of plumbing systems. / No Brasil, o ruído gerado pelas instalações prediais hidrossanitárias ainda é pouco estudado. Apesar dessa patologia seguidamente ser citada como motivo de desconforto e reclamações, por parte de moradores de edificações residenciais multifamiliares verticais, ainda não há no país uma norma que regulamente medições de ruído de instalações hidrossanitárias in loco. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer um procedimento de medição dos níveis de pressão sonora, com base na ISO 16032 (ISO, 2004), apropriado para avaliação de ruído de instalações hidrossanitárias executadas conforme os padrões brasileiros, visando proporcionar conforto acústico aos usuários. Para a verificação da aplicabilidade da norma, foi escolhido um prédio residencial de 10 pavimentos, ainda não habitado, na cidade de Santa Maria, com estrutura de concreto armado e paredes de alvenaria. Os aparelhos hidrossanitários medidos foram a torneira do lavatório e a caixa de descarga da bacia sanitária, ambos localizados no banheiro da suíte dos apartamentos de fundo. As medições foram realizadas nas suítes em cinco diferentes pavimentos e no banheiro da suíte do 9º andar. Por norma, os aparelhos sanitários a serem medidos são acionados no banheiro da unidade autônoma situada um pavimento acima de onde se instala o microfone. Isso foi realizado e, além disso, no 10º e no 7º pavimento realizaram-se medições referentes aos aparelhos hidrossanitários do mesmo pavimento e de dois pavimentos acima, respectivamente. Foram medidas e, posteriormente analisadas, todas as grandezas recomendadas pela ISO 16032 (ISO, 2004), nas ponderações A e C, são elas: Leq,nT, LFmax,nT e LSmax,nT. Também foram realizadas medições do tempo de reverberação das suítes, segundo a ISO 3382-2 (ISO, 2008). Após a análise dos resultados, foi constatado que, na situação das medições, houve resultados do lavatório que foram influenciados ou mascarados pelo ruído residual. Por fim, para garantir a utilidade do procedimento de medição adotado, os resultados foram comparados com os valores únicos expressos na NBR 15575-6 (ABNT, 2013) e foi, então, avaliado o desempenho das instalações hidrossanitárias da edificação, nas situações que se aplicam à norma. Considera-se, portanto, que esse trabalho contribuiu para o avanço dos estudos que buscam ampliar o conforto acústico nas edificações brasileiras, ao estabelecer um procedimento de medição dos níveis de pressão sonora para avaliação do ruído de instalações hidrossanitárias.