La presente tesis se centra en conocer los actuales procesos de enseñanza del idioma inglés en los estudiantes de la carrera de Turismo, con la finalidad de obtener resultados favorables para ellos ayudandoles a potenciase en el avance de competencias para que pueden desarrollar habilidades y destrezas que sean propias al àrea del turismo. El problema identificado se resume en lo que hoy en dìa en la carrara de Turismo de la UMSA la enseñanza y aprendizaje del idioma inglés no ocupa un papel muy importante aunque forme parte de la malla curricular y es requisito indispensable de graduación, igualmente es un instrumento básico para la actividad laboral. Por lo que esta tesis tiene el objetivo principal determinar la relación entre el Proceso de Enseñanza – Aprendizaje del Inglés en el perfil profesional de la Carrera de turismo de la UMSA, para establecer si el contenido del programa vigente se adecua a las necesidades y expectativas especificas del profesional en Turismo. La metodología a emplearse se sentra en la teoría cognitiva entendiendo que es vital que los estudiantes y porfesores trabajen en procesos que lleven a esntender y comprender la importancia del ingles en la carrera. El perfil profesional de la carrera de turismo de la UMSA está diseñado para contar con profesionales de alto nivel por ende ser propositivo, analítico, investigador, sin embargo no se persive este proceso con el idioma ingles en la investigación planteada.

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El curso descubre como se desarrolla la actividad turística nacional de la mano de las instituciones,organismos y gremios (privados-públicos) más representativos del sector turismo. Asimismo, identifica, analiza y valora la importancia de la labor de los diferentes agentes de la supraestructura turística y sus principales funciones dentro del ámbito.

El material brinda a los alumnos los conocimientos básicos para conocer y entender cómo se desarrolla la operación turística considerando los elementos y actores claves que participan en ella sin dejar de lado la coyuntura actual. Asimismo, presenta a las instituciones, organismos y gremios más importantes que regulan y contribuyen al desarrollo de la actividad turística.

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La investigación se propone como objetivo general comprender el proceso de implementación de las políticas turísticas como arenas de conflicto político y las transformaciones territoriales generadas en la localidad de El Bolsón (Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina) durante el período 2000- 2010. El estudio se realiza a partir del enfoque cualitativo y se utilizan fuentes primarias y secundarias para la recolección de datos. La investigación se fundamenta en diversas perspectivas teóricas de las Ciencias Sociales. Se apoya simultáneamente en el Enfoque de Políticas Públicas y en la Geografía Humana y en particular dentro de ella, en el enfoque propuesto por la Nueva Geografía Cultural y la Nueva Geografía Política. De modo convergente, se toman elementos de la Teoría del Conflicto Social. El análisis de las políticas turísticas como políticas públicas se aborda desde el enfoque propuesto por O. Oszlak y G. O´Donnell (1981) denominado “Proceso de resolución de cuestiones sociales”. Como resultado del abordaje multidimensional, el estudio permite aportar como síntesis un conjunto de elementos teóricos metodológicos cuya consideración contribuye a un análisis integral de las políticas turísticas como políticas públicas en un territorio concreto. Durante el período considerado, la implementación de las políticas turísticas “Desarrollo turístico del Cerro Perito Moreno” y “Creación del Fondo de Desarrollo Turístico y el Consejo de Turismo”, marcan la agenda de gobierno del Organismo Municipal de Turismo y generan transformaciones en el territorio turístico estudiado. La investigación muestra que los procesos de implementación de estas políticas, se presentan como un conjunto de sucesivos procesos de recontextualizaciones en los cuales intervienen una cadena de actores sociales ubicados en forma estratégica en torno a cuestiones o asuntos incluidos en la agenda, cuyos comportamientos e interacciones materializan las políticas. En este período, cada una de las políticas abordadas configura en particular, una arena de poder político en un momento histórico y espacio determinado. A su vez, en cada una de estas arenas se conforman relaciones de poder en tanto interactúan determinados actores sociales con intereses compartidos pero también divergentes provocando conflictos. En este marco, se considera que los conflictos tienen una presencia constante en cualquier territorio y son inherentes a la noción de acción política. Los temas más relevantes incluidos en la agenda son el problema de la estacionalidad de la demanda turística y la debilidad estratégica de las acciones de comunicación turística a nivel institucional y se destacan como los principales reclamos hacia el Estado de los distintos actores sociales involucrados en las políticas abordadas. Además, las posturas adoptadas por el Estado afectan intereses de determinados actores que llevan al surgimiento de nuevas cuestiones. Sin embargo, dichas cuestiones no se resuelven a través de las acciones implementadas, alcanzando incluso a tener una mayor complejidad. A pesar de la relevancia que adquiere la búsqueda de soluciones estratégicas a estas cuestiones, a los fines del desarrollo turístico del territorio, la ausencia de acciones gubernamentales también implica definición de las políticas turísticas. / The general objective of this research is to understand the process of implementing tourism policies as arenas of political conflict and territorial changes generated in the town of El Bolsón (Argentina) during the period 2000- 2010. Study is conducted from a qualitative approach and it uses primary and secondary sources to collect data. The research is based on different theoretical perspectives of the social sciences. In this sense, the study relies simultaneously on the Public Policy Approach, in Human Geography and in particular within it, in the approach proposed by The New Cultural Geography and The New Political Geography. At the same tine, takes elements of the Theory of Social Conflict. To analyze tourism policy as public policy takes the approach proposed by O. Oszlak and G. O'Donnell (1981) entitled "Process for resolving social issues”. As a result of this multidimensional approach, the study provides with a set of theoretical methodological elements which its consideration contributes to a comprehensive analysis of tourism policy as public policy in a specific territory in a historical moment and in a given space. During the reporting period, the implementation of tourism policies "Tourism development of Cerro Perito Moreno" and "Creating the Tourism Development Fund and the Tourism Council", set the agenda of government Municipal Tourism Agency and generate transformations in the tourism territory studied. Research shows that the process of implementation of these tourism policies are presented as a set of successive processes that involved recontextualisations in which a chain of social actors strategically located around issues included on the agenda, whose behaviors and interactions materialize policies. In this period, each of the policies discussed set an arena of political power in a historical moment and in a given space. In turn, in each of these arenas are shaped power relationships as certain social actors interact with shared interests but also divergent causing conflicts. In this context, it considers that conflicts are a constant presence in any territory and are inherent in the concept of political action. However, the issues that shape the agenda of government are not resolved through the actions implemented, reaching even to have greater complexity. The most important issues on the agenda are the problem of seasonality of tourism demand and the strategic weakness of tourist communication actions at the institutional level and highlight the main complaints to the State of different social actors linked to tourism and involved in policies addressed. In addition, the public positions taken affect interests of certain actors conducive to the emergence of new issues. However, the issues that shape the agenda of government are not resolved through the actions implemented, reaching even to have greater complexity. Despite the relevance acquires strategic solutions to these issues, for the purposes of tourism development planning, the absence of government action also involves definition of tourism policies.

Despite the fact that innovation is rapidly emerging as an important topic in tourism policy there is still a gap between work on tourism policy and that on innovation outcomes which tend to be disconnected. In particular, this study bridges that gap by bringing together knowledge on tourism, innovation and policy. It connects a range of concepts from these fields and brings them into tourism studies using them to explore a number of significant innovation practices and processes. The aim of this research was to gain insight into the innovation outcomes of the tourism policy process and governmental strategies to encourage innovation by observing the implementation process and innovation outcomes of selected tourism innovation programmes in Spain. The study approaches this aim from different angles. It examines from a longitudinal perspective the outcomes of tourism policy changes in order to identify innovation. It also observes the expectations and limitations of governmental stimuli for tourism innovation. Additionally, it examines the relationship between innovation policy and tourism policy, particularly where they intersect. Finally, more specific and operative aspects of programme implementation and innovation outcomes are addressed through the exploration of two tourism innovation programmes targeting different agents and forms of attaining innovation: one is a clusters programme targeting cooperative innovation and the other a young entrepreneurs programme with innovation being at the heart of enterprise startups. The entrepreneurs’ case study additionally addresses a major gap in understanding the process of innovation. The study adopts a multi-methods approach combining different methodologies according to the research aims: contents analysis, supervision and policies evaluation and a participatory methodology for the selected case studies. It employs different qualitative research methods to actively engage policy programmes’ participants and, where possible, policy administrators in order to construct an in-depth portrayal of innovation outcomes and policy programmes’ effectiveness. Through this multi-methods approach, the study makes a number of contributions. First, it provides evidence of how innovation outcomes of tourism policy are difficult to attain and therefore infrequent being highly influenced by factors such as crisis or periods of significant change. The analysis also confirms the rarity of policy innovation and the predominance of incremental adaptation and policy succession. Second, the study provides a longitudinal view of the governmental stimulus to tourism innovation through a mix of policy instruments. Innovation has gradually gained importance since its first introduction in the 90s as a goal in the tourism policy albeit with an evident technological bias. Third, subtle and not always evident interactions have been found between tourism policy and innovation policy, even though tourism is still not considered as a national priority for the innovation policy. Fourth, the innovative clusters case study provides evidence of the difficulties in translating policy ideals like innovation into action and the questionable effectiveness of these types of systemic instruments to promote tourism innovation. Finally, by exploring the entrepreneurs’ innovation journey, the study had a privileged look inside the “black box” which constitutes the innovation process in tourism, its characteristics and the multiple factors which positively influence the success of the journey. In summary, through all the different case studies selected, the research has contributed to understanding the phenomenon of innovation from the point of view of those initiating and managing the innovation process. It has provided evidence of the implementation of this abstract concept by multiple-scale agents and thus being introduced in different specific contexts: government policy, clusters and entrepreneurs. It has also shown evidence of how the innovation process works in practice in all these different settings, its limitations and the difficulties involved in conducting the process successfully to make innovation happen. All the different obstacles found confirm that innovation is a complex process and indicate why it is rare to find it in practice.

Aquesta Societat volia assolir l'objectiu d'incloure Barcelona i per extensió tota Catalunya dins dels circuits europeus de turisme. Creia que el turisme era una forma de modernitzar Catalunya, a més d'una manera d'enriquir-la cultural i econòmicament. I naturalment el referent era Europa perquè representa el desenvolupament industrial, i molt particularment França, que es el mirall on es vol que Catalunya es vegi reflectida, ja que era un dels països que més es preparava pel foment del turisme. Això provocà que conflueixin en aquesta Societat personatges molt compromesos amb aquesta idea de modernització i que bastants estiguessin propers a l'ideari de la Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya. La rellevància d'aquesta Societat es fomentar el turisme quan pocs creien en aquesta activitat, quan tot estava per fer, i emmarcar-la dins d'un projecte més global de modernització de l'economia catalana. / This society aimed at including Barcelona and, by extension, all of Catalonia, within European tours. It believed that tourism was a way to modernise Catalonia in addition to enriching it financially and culturally speaking. It goes without saying that the referent was Europe, envisaged as a symbol of industrial development, and particularly France, which became the mirror on which Catalonia wanted to reflect its own image as it was one of the countries that was already excelling in tourist promotion. This would explain why the society gathered together a number of important people that showed a commitment towards this idea of modernisation, some of them with ideas particularly close to the ideology of the Regionalist League of Catalonia. The importance of this society was the role it played in tourist promotion at a time when only a few believed in the power of this relatively-new practice and to include it within a more general project of modernisation of the Catalan economy.