Contents of Thesis and Abstract: In a highly democratic nation, a majority of the national affairs are determined by the opinions of civilians. All public departments work their utmost to pursue ¡§public satisfaction.¡¨ As one of the control bodies of the society, the police organization not only performs intervening and banning acts, but also has to pay attention to the quality of its service to the public. Between the roles the police should play, there exists an extremely great conflict. Undoubtedly, there creates additional burden to the work of the police, which was originally under high working pressure and high degree of tiredness. According to Clause 2 of the Police Act of Taiwan, ¡§The duties of the police are to maintain public order, protect social safety, prevent all the dangers and harms, and facilitate the welfare of people according to laws.¡¨ However, in practice, the complicatedness of duties of the police in Taiwan and the multiplicity of businesses the police involves can be considered of the highest level in the world. The district on-duty police officers, who always stand on the frontline and have frequent contacts with citizens, are just the most basic-level police officers implementing different kinds of administrative work of the police. In view of this, this paper finds out the factors affecting the working pressure and job satisfaction of district on-duty police officers as well as their extents, hoping to understand whether they have strong preference for the change of duties in turn. It is hoped that the study can help improve the quality of both the district on-duty police officers and the administrative work of the police. The study took 1,202 district on-duty police officers subordinating to the Police Bureau of Kaohsiung City Government as the research targets, and employed the way of questionnaire survey to carry out the research. There were 430 questionnaires sent out, and 405 valid questionnaires were returned. After using the statistical software, SPSS to undergo descriptive analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, related and regressive statistical analysis, the study acquires the following results: 1. Part of the facets of working pressure, job satisfaction and the preference for the change of duties in turn has significant difference if there is a difference in the statistical variables of part of the attributes of individuals. 2. Working pressure has significant negative relativity and significant negative effects on job satisfaction. 3. Job satisfaction has significant negative relativity to the preference for the change of duties in turn. The facet of ¡§internal satisfaction¡¨ has significant negative effects on the facet of ¡§preference for the change of duties in turn,¡¨ but has significant positive effects on the facet of ¡§perception for the change of duties in turn.¡¨ The facet of ¡§external satisfaction¡¨ has significant positive effects on the facet of ¡§perception for the change of duties in turn.¡¨ 4. Working pressure has significant positive relativity to the preference for the change of duties in turn. The ¡§personal factor of pressure¡¨ has significant positive effects on the preference for the change of duties in turn. ¡§External environmental pressure¡¨ has significant positive effects on the facet of ¡§preference for the change of duties in turn.¡¨ 5. When both working pressure and job satisfaction at the same time perform regressive statistics on the preference for the change of duties in turn, the results show that job satisfaction really has mediating effect. Keywords: district on-duty police officers, working pressure, job satisfaction, preference for the change of duties in turn

行政裁量議題研究一直為法學界與公共行政學界，討論公部門的研究核心重點之一，然法學界重其結果的影響性，公共行政學界重其組織中的運作。據此，無論官僚受到規則如何的嚴密監控，當工作授權下級，便會產生模糊的行使空間。因此，在公共行政的下的觀點，已非單純考量規則是否會造成侵害，更注重官僚本身行使時的價值及其限制性。 再者，本文以警察單位為研究對象，理由在於其依法行政時，面對社會事件，常考驗其判斷力與抉擇與人性面的挑戰，此一特色，與提供服務性質的公部門大不相同。但另一方面，為避免基層員警的裁量權使用不當，在取締告發、逮捕追緝等須受到法規與組織內部的約束。 本文視裁量權行使為決策行為的一種，對於影響個人裁量行為的問題，乃由工作面與個人行為約束面探討既有權限下對決策的影響力。從裁量執行的強度歸結出得過且過與執法不阿兩種行為類型。而影響行為選擇者，歸結出個人層面裡個人責任感、對工作的熟悉度；工作層面裡管理的嚴密度、行政課責及人情關係。統計結果發現，人口統計變項部分，裁量行為類型與專業類別、學歷及年紀的差異有關；而五個自變項對依變項均有顯著差異。 本文共計五章。第一章為諸論敘明研究動機、研究目的、研究方法與限制。第二章藉由分析現有研究而歸納出行政裁量研究之重點，整理出法制面、組織理論面與代理人理論面下不同的裁量觀。再者，由決策理論中檢視人類的行為研究，最後與警察人員作整合。第三章為研究設計。第四章以統計結果作變項間之關聯性探討，第五章整理出本文研究結果並提出政策建議。 本文由決策的描述面研究，在政策建議上較難提供完全有效的處方，但仍可由組織與個人兩方面著手思考相關配套。就組織面而言，管理者應對行政課責、管理技術作適當的調控；績效考核宜注重對工作熟悉度的正面義意；決策透明化與行政倫理的遵守，以化解人情的壓力；另外，養成教育過程中，除專業技能外，不能忽略行政倫理重要性；定期檢視法令變遷後，對程序的差異性。而在個人面，鼓勵成員對裁量困境的回饋；重視資深基層人員人力資源的經驗傳承；增進服務品質以提昇警察聲望。以期對基層員警運用於裁量行使的過程中，有助其豐富判斷力，得到較佳的結果。 / Discretion is a core issue in law, concerned with facts and consequences, while in public administration concerned with power operation in public organizations. In public administration aspect, discretion emphasizes on the values and limits in bureaucratic implementation rather than on the harm of rules. No matter how bureaucrats are strictly monitored by rules, the fact of blur in execution due to delegation of authority still exists. The object of this study focuses on the street-level bureaucrats, junior-ranking-police-officers. On the one hand, they often confront with social events in using discretionary power with their judgment. Sometimes they deal with the events and have to face the challenges on humanity side. On the other hand, in order to avoid the abuse of discretionary power, they are always restricted by rules and organizational norms in the execution of enforcement, informing violators and arresting suspects. This paper researches the issue of discretionary power in the aspects of job and individual. Dependent variables are consisted of soft enforcement and strict enforcement. Independent variables are those of the degree of strict management, the familiar of work, interaction of favoritism pressure, the responsibility of individual and administrative accountability. There are five chapters in this study. Chapter one is an introduction to study motives, purposes, research methods and limits et cetera. Chapter two is engaged to literature review reading the differences between discretion in law, organization and principal-agent aspects and the descriptive decision theory of heuristics in human daily life under uncertainty. Finally this study made effects to integrate them into the practices of junior-ranking-police-officers’ discretionary power. Chapter three is consisted of research design about research framework, hypotheses, questionnaire and its reliability and validity. Chapter four is discussed the statistical result. Chapter five is the conclusion and policy suggestion of this study. Because of applying descriptive approach, the finding of this study won’t provide for directly prescriptions for management, but they still could help us to understand real interactions in some way. For the management side, the balance art of management technology, administrative accountability, and job performance is important for managers. Secondly, better education makes better enforcement. Decision in transparent and administrative ethics could reduce improper outside pressure. Thirdly, an individual policeman should pay more attention on learning law enforcement. At last, policemen not only learn knowledge in ordinary time but give the dilemma feedback would be helpful for managers.

Traditionally and historically certain jobs have been recognized as male or female professions leading to the assumption that the barrier crossing men and women working in these gender atypical jobs are being less masculine and less feminine. The aim of this study is to examine similarities and differences among male social workers and female police officers in the experience of being a gender minority in their workplace and how it effects the construction of their gender identity. Working with a qualitative approach and using semi-constructed interviews the study was conducted by interviewing a total of five social workers and four female police officers, in six different communities, about their personal experiences of being a gender minority in a gender atypical job. The result shows both differences and similarities between the genders and their occupation; on a personal level neither of the respondents seemed to have a problem working in a gender atypical job although admitting that working in a “female” and “male” profession  had effects on their personality but not on how they viewed themselves as men or women. On a group level the respondents experienced both differences and similarities; both genders talked about being stereotyped into taking on certain tasks but also about having advantages of being male or female in certain situations. Further on the female police officers talked about being pushed aside to give room for the male colleagues while the male social workers experienced the opposite; being more acknowledged. On a societal level respondents from both groups were talking about a shift in societies showcasing that the view on men and women and what is considered male and female have been or in a process of being disintegrated. The results were seen from a social constructionist viewing point and were interpreted and analyzed using following theories and theoretical concepts: Stereotype, gender, role theory, identity, gender identity and the theory about the mirrored self.

Tyrimo aktualumas (trumpai) Bakalauro darbo tema aktuali netik vidaus tarnybos sistemos, bet ir kūno kultūros bei sporto problema, nes pareigūnų rengimo funkciją turi užtikrinti kvalifikuoti kūno kultūros ir sporto specialistai. Sporto mokslininkai nagrinėja policijos pareigūnų fizinio parengtumo vertinimo sistemą bei pareigūnų fizinio parengtumo pokyčius, ieško blogo pareigūnų parengtumo priežasčių. Šios problemos sprendimas įmanomas tik bendradarbiaujant kūno kultūros bei sporto ir Vidaus reikalų ministerijos pareigūnams Dar 2004 m. A. Kutavičius ir S Dadelo, atlikę tyrimus padarė išvadą, kad pareigūnų fizinis parengtumas yra žemo lygio ir normatyvų neivykdė beveik 65 proc. pareigūnų. Tyrimų objektas – pirminės grandies policininkų bendrasis parengtumas bei jo lavinimo(si) galimybės (sąlygos). Tyrimo tikslas – pirminės grandies policijos pareigūnų bendrasis ir specialusis fizinis parengtumas bei jų siekis gerinti jį per fizinę saviugdą. Tyrimo metodai: teorinė analizė ir jos apibendrinimas, anketinė apklausa, testavimas, matematinė statistika. Tiriamoji imtis - 154 policijos pareigūnai, kurių amžius svyravo nuo 20 iki 54 m. Išvados. 1. Pareigūnai teigiamai vertina fizinio aktyvumo pratybų poveikį. Tačiau dėl netinkamo privalomų sporto treniruočių organizavimo įstaigoje, skurdžios sporto bazės, didelio darbo krūvio, mankštinimosi įpročio neturėjimo, kitų laisvalaikio praleidimo formų pripažinimo, ligų neįvykdo minimalių fizinio aktyvumo reikalavimu. 2. Pareigūno amžius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The relevance of the research. The subject of the bachelor thesis is not only a relevant problem of Internal Affairs Office but also a problem of physical education and sport since qualified specialists of physical education and sport have to ensure the function of officers’ training. Sport scientists analyze the evaluation system and changes of police officers’ physical fitness and look for the reasons of officers’ poor training. The solution of this problem is possible when officers of physical education and sport as well as officers of Ministry of the Interior cooperate. In 2004 A. Kutavičius and S. Dadelo performed the research and came to the conclusion that officers’ physical fitness is of a low level and almost 65% of them did not correspond to the required normatives. The subject of the research is general fitness of primary level officers and opportunities of their training. The aim of the research is general and special fitness of primary level officers and their striving to improve it through physical self-education. The methods of the research: theoretical analysis and its generalization, questionnaire, testing, mathematical statistics. The sample of the research: 154 police officers whose age ranged from 20 to 54. Conclusions. Officers positively evaluate the influence of physical activity training. However, minimal requirements of physical activity are not fulfilled due to the inappropriate organization of compulsory sport training in the office, poor sport... [to full text]

This dissertation investigated a very specialised, highly sensitive and complex research area in policing known as undercover policing or covert policing operations. This is the first examination to be conducted in the Australasian policing context and the only known research to explore, empirically, undercover operatives' experiences of returning to mainstream police duties after completing their covert duties.----- There were two main research objectives in this dissertation. The first was to develop research methodology specific for use with undercover police officers. The second main objective was to conduct an empirical investigation to identify the psychological processes associated with the reintegration or re-assimilation of undercover police officers into mainstream policing environments. Social identity theory was applied to deconstruct undercover police officers' reintegration experiences.----- Given the closed and protected nature of covert policing, careful consideration to methodological and ethical issues required high priority in the development of research practices. Addressing these considerations in research practices protected the anonymity and security of those involved in the research. Tailoring research methods to suit the officers' circumstances and satisfy police managements' security concerns improved the practical application of research methods and research relations with police members and, therefore, the quality of the findings.----- In developing a research methodology for specific use with undercover police officers, a multi-method approach was adopted. Data triangulation with the use of a variety of data sources and methodological triangulation with the use of multiple methods and multiple indicators were employed. This technique proved constructive in creating a more holistic perspective of undercover policing and officers' experiences of re-assimilation.----- In theoretical terms, the major issue under investigation is of negotiating dual memberships or multiple identities. Three studies are reported. The first study is a field study, in which the researcher spent more than 18 months in the covert policing context, as a participant observer. Through field research, the researcher was able to learn about the Australasian covert policing context; obtain in-house police documents; define research issues and hypotheses; understand methodological considerations; identify a psychological theoretical framework; and examine &quotthe fit " between theory and the social dynamics of covert policing. Other benefits of becoming immersed in the working life of undercover police officers and the police organisation included understanding the ways of proceeding and the social and organisational structure that exists among covert personnel.----- The second study interviewed 20 former covert police personnel, from two police jurisdictions, who had been reintegrated for more than three years. The majority of officers found returning to mainstream police duties a difficult experience and two separate profiles of reintegration experiences emerged from the data. This study identified the presence of more than one police identity among former operatives. It found that some officers internalise aspects of the undercover policing norms and use these police norms to define aspects of the self both as a police officer and as an individual. That is, role-playing the undercover police persona became an extension of the officer as an individual and contributed positively to their personal self-worth. It was noted that the majority of officers expressed cognitive confusion over how to behave in the mainstream policing environment after covert duties had ceased.----- The other profile to emerge from the data was of officers who characterised their undercover policing experiences as being more integrated into their overall police persona. Officers interviewed in this study employed different identity decision-making strategies to restructure their police identities. In sum, this study found that the extent, to which the undercover and mainstream memberships were integrated cognitively, influenced officers' experiences of reintegration.----- The third study is a cross-sectional design using survey methods. Thirty-eight trainees, 31 currently operational and 38 former undercover operatives from four police jurisdictions took part in this study. A group of mainstream police officers matched according to former operatives' age, gender and years of policing experience was also included. This study found that police identities change over the phases of undercover police work and that changes in former operatives' mainstream police identity were a function of covert police work. Cross-sectional comparisons revealed that former operatives' undercover police identity had declined since covert policing, however, officers' mainstream police identity had not significantly increased. Failure to increase identification with mainstream police after undercover police work has ceased has a number of implications in terms of predicting re-assimilation. Operatives most likely to experience difficulties were those who resisted the mainstream police identification and reported difficult relations with their mainstream peers. Trends analysis revealed that despite the physical change, 'cognitive' re-assimilation actually commences in the second year of the operatives' reintegration. These exploratory analyses revealed that following return to the mainstream policing environment, identity stressors were mostly likely to be experienced in the first year of reintegration.----- To determine psychological adjustment since undercover police work, the person-environment fit was also investigated in the study. Operatives' current perceptions of working in the mainstream context were reported using a number of behavioural and organisational indicators. Overall, this study found that former operatives remain committed to their policing profession, however, those who experienced identity stress during the re-assimilation process were less satisfied with their current work duties and failed to find their work interesting, tended to perceive undercover duties as having been detrimental to their career, and expressed greater intentions to leave the service within 12 months of the survey. Overall former operatives' satisfaction and commitment levels were not significantly different from mainstream officers. Mainstream police, however, reported being under greater pressure and felt more overworked in the mainstream context than former operatives. In summary, these organisational indicators revealed that the difficulties of re-assimilation and intentions to leave the service are more related to the stress of modifying officers' police identity during this period than the workload characteristics of mainstream policing.----- Overall these studies demonstrated that the process of negotiating police identities is an important psychological dynamic present in undercover operatives' reintegration experiences. The identity stress experienced during this period was shown to have a number of organisational-behavioural consequences, such as problematic intergroup relations and greater intentions to leave the police service after undercover police work. Based on findings from this research a number of practical recommendations are made and suggestions for the direction of future research are outlined. Contributions to theory are also discussed.

Internationella studier har visat att poliser drivs av såväl inre som yttre motivation och att de vidtar varierande copingstrategier för att hantera yrkets baksidor. Syftet med undersökningen var att utforska vad som påverkar arbetsmotivationen för svenska poliser i yttre tjänst samt vilka copingstrategier de använder sig av för att hantera yrkets psykologiska påfrestningar. Kvalitativa djupintervjuer genomfördes med 10 poliser i yttre tjänst. En tematisk analysmetod resulterade i sex teman under samtliga frågeställningar. Resultatet visade att polisers motivation är beroende av faktorer från individ till samhälle. Faktumet att polisyrket i hög grad tillfredsställer psykologiska behov tycktes delvis kompensera för yrkets psykologiska påfrestningar. Copingstrategier förekom i form av individuell mental självhjälp såväl som att söka hjälp utifrån. Organisatoriska faktorer och pågående attityd- och normförskjutningar i samhället visade sig ha en kraftig påverkan på polisernas motivation. Studien synliggjorde hur dessa pågående processer färgar polisers vardagliga arbete, vilket utgjorde studiens främsta bidrag.

Critical incidents (CI) have increased over the last several decades, with police officers experiencing more trauma and a rise in psychological problems. Stress inoculation training (SIT) could possibly lower symptoms of posttraumatic stress experienced by the police officers who have responded to CIs. To date, little research exists specific to using SIT to lower symptomatic effects of CIs in police officers. The purpose of this quantitative ex post facto study was to examine and compare symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety for police officers who have or have not received SIT prior to a CI. The theoretical foundation was Selye's general adaptation system, a 3-stage response to a stressor: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. Survey data from a convenience sample of 85 police officers were collected using a demographic survey and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist--Civilian version. A Cronbach's Alpha test and a multivariate analysis of variance were used to determine whether SIT has affected anxiety and depression. According to study findings, police officers who received SIT showed no statistical significance for anxiety and depression compared to police officers who did not receive SIT. This study promotes positive social change by contributing knowledge and awareness to the law enforcement field who may find these results important to consider when planning training courses for their personnel.

For decades, stress has been scientifically studied and found to have effects on the law enforcement community. Furthermore, scholars have thoroughly studied the correlation between stress and the law enforcement occupation which has been proven to affect their well-being. Although there is currently ample literature on stress and police officers, to date there has been little research on factors associated with stress and SWAT police officers. Using Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive theory of stress and coping as the foundation, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how SWAT police officers cope with stress while on duty and off duty and the factors that cause them stress. Participants included 5 retired police officers who were members of a SWAT team. Moustakas' framework design of phenomenological study assisted in identifying common themes that emerged from participant interviews. Study findings indicate that the primary stressor to SWAT officers was responding to high-risk missions or operations and that law enforcement agencies generally fail to provide the resources needed to cope with stress. In addition, the main coping resources used by tactical officers were self-initiated activities such as exercise, spending time with family, and hobbies (e.g., hunting, fishing, camping, hiking, and sports entertainment). The results of this study encourage positive social change by advancing recommendations to law enforcement leadership to develop coping resources for tactical officers that are specific to their unique needs. The study also increases awareness and knowledge of the coping resources that SWAT officers need and advocating for new programs and trainings aimed at reducing stress for them, which may prevent officer burnout and improve public safety response.

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