Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / HIV and TB are major problems in the South African context and the burden of these diseases is proving detrimental to the development of the country. These diseases have been evident in the country for many years and in recent times the infection rates of TB and HIV has been alarming. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified TB as a problem and the world was to actively implement strategies to combat this epidemic. The issue with TB control strategies is the emergence of HIV which has been the largest contributing factor to the increase in the TB burden in South Africa and many countries like it. South Africa has made great strides in the control of HIV in areas such as mother to child transmission, awareness programs, initiation of ARVs and medical male circumcision which have proven to be successful. In contrast, the TB burden does not share the same fate. The number of deaths caused by TB is continuously rising, as well as the number of new Multi-drug resistant TB cases. Furthermore the emergence of Extreme –drug resistant TB is seen as a sign of a failing health system. Policy makers are now faced with fact that the Directly Observed Therapy Short course (DOTS) program for the prevention of TB is inadequate in an area with a high HIV prevalence, which is what South Africa is faced with. The research objectives are therefore to identify if knowledge from South African TB policies are being disseminated to people who suffer from TB, also to measure if a lack of knowledge may have an impact on treatment success. A policy analysis was done of 5 South African TB policies to identify areas of the policies which are patient specific. The TB policies emphasized a patient-centred approach and the researcher used this concept to motivate that patient-specific areas must be known by the patients. The specific areas identified were: TB specific areas, Treatment specific areas, Adherence specific areas and information/education specific areas. Based on the policy analysis a case study was conducted at Brooklyn Chest Hospital to measure implementation of the policies on the ground. The study found that education was adequate in areas around TB diagnosis, treatment length, signs and symptoms, and family education. The participants lacked knowledge in areas such as TB contacts, monitoring of TB disease, education of TB prior to diagnosis and a high prevalence of non-adherence and multiple cases of TB were found among the participants. Also, the Chi-Square test found no statistical significance between the length of admission to hospital and treatment outcome. The result also shows that of the participants studied, over 30% of the study had not adhered to TB treatment after discharge. The study finds that there are significant shortfalls in the knowledge of participants based on South African TB policies, with a high non-adherence rate before and after discharge. The study shows a lack in the implementation of policy directives on education, following a patient-centred approach, which is evident in the lack of knowledge found in the participants in many facets of the TB disease and the processes to control TB.

Abstract This study aims at continuously exploring government procurement policy itself via the views of both constructors and the government officials, based on the Likert-scale questionnaire designed by the author. With cluster sampling, the subjects are 99 officials from the government officials of Kaohsiung city and 44 constructors in the south of Taiwan . The key point is to evaluate the policy impact, in other word is to assess the achievement of policy effectiveness & policy goal. Is there any significantly difference for and against practicing the government procurement law between constructors and the government? This study construct policy impact evaluation with in the way of management, politics & law; based on policy effectiveness, system maintenance, responsiveness, To evaluate whether or not can the illegal thing be reduced because of practicing government procurement law which based on policy effectiveness, system maintenance, responsiveness & appropriateness. Results from questionnaire are statistically processed with SPSS. There are several conclusions. Both constructors & the government officials have the same views toward practicing the government procurement law. Both of them agree that the procurement environment itself has been significantly changed. Though the efficiency & quality of government procurement have been improved since the government procurement law had been practiced. But the efficiency & quality of government procurement still has not improved equally, even the government procurement procedure were fair & information openly. The persons who proceeded procurement have no confidence toward their own departments is rather alarming. Anyway, NT$500 thousand have been thought to be the appropriate standard of internet procurement. The findings can serve as reference of improvement of government procurement policy. Key words¡GPublic Policy, Policy Impact, Policy Effectiveness, System Maintenance, Responsiveness, Appropriateness

The purpose of this study was to identify the impact the 1990 amendments to Carl D. Perkins Career and Applied Technology Act within-state allocation of federal funds had on the operational infrastructure of career and technical education (CTE) in Virginia as specifically related to the overall quality of secondary CTE programs. In the 1990 Perkins Act, Section 102 mandated that 75% of the within-state allotment go directly to local secondary and postsecondary institutions that offered CTE programs. The remaining 25% of funding was divided among the following state-administered programs and agencies: (a) state administration (5%), (b) state leadership (8.5%), (c) corrections (1%), and (d) equity programs (10%) (AVA, 1992; U.S. Congress, 1984). This change to the within-state allocation formula was significantly different from previous Perkins Acts as well as the trends in educational policy at that time (NCRVE, 1991). In the 1998 reauthorization of Perkins, the localities allotment increased to 85% of within-state funding. A three round modified Policy Delphi technique was used to identify and rate the consequences of the within-state allocation amendments from a panel of CTE local administrators, state administrators, and university researchers and/or teacher educators. These participants worked within their CTE positions in Virginia before and after the enactment of 1990 Perkins Act. A total of 54 participants began Round 1 and 30 completed Round 3 for a 56% participation rate. A total of 223 unique consequences were identified and rated for relevancy to the within-state funding formula change and effect on the operation of CTE in Virginia. One hundred sixty-one consequences were deemed relevant within and/or between all position levels (local, state, and university). All position levels deemed 42 consequences as relevant to the within-state funding formula change. Of those 42 consequences, 35 received the same effect (positive or negative) among all position levels. The findings of this study suggest that the changes to the within-state funding formula and its accompanying amendments did have a negative effect on the operation of secondary CTE in Virginia. More specifically, the changes to the Perkins Act this study examined seemed to adversely effect CTE teacher education, state-level CTE research initiatives, and state-level CTE's ability to provide localities with hands-on technical assistance, professional and leadership development, and coordination. The findings also suggest the legislative changes negatively altered the manner in which program evaluation occurred within the state by decreasing the state-level assistance for developing methods of program evaluation. In other words, the findings of this study seem to suggest there is a lack of leadership, development, and direction within Virginia's CTE program. The researcher recommends that members of Congress charged with reauthorizing the Perkins legislation should review the current within-state funding formula to determine if it is the most effective funding formula for helping local and state-level CTE carry out the purpose of the legislation. / Ph. D.

Social marginalization and isolation of target populations are growing areas of concern for policy administrators. African American Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (AA LGBT) individuals are not permitted full political, economic, or moral citizenship and thus are in society but not completely of it. Legislation such as North Carolina's House Bill 2 (HB2) has the potential to dissolve the social contract connecting life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness at the microlevel. The emerging U.S. trend of moving societally from universal access in microlevel institutions toward more market-based strategies poses a formidable challenge for this target population. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to understand the impact of substantive public policy such as HB2 on the lived experiences of AA LGBT community members at the microlevel in North Carolina in order to provide positive social change via public policy and administration. The theoretical basis for this study was Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory with emphasis placed on the impact of HB2 at the microlevel. Data were gathered from 10 telephone interviews with members of the AA LGBT community who were 18-30 years of age. Data from the study were deductively coded and subjected to a thematic analysis procedure. Findings indicate that substantive policy has a considerable impact on minority target populations. Consequently, this study will assist in raising awareness amongst policymakers regarding the lived experiences of racial and sexual minorities because of public policy and contribute to the overall understanding of the spillover effects of substantive law regarding the lived experiences of minority target populations.

Federal legislation, No Child Left Behind (NCLB, 2001), has brought the call for high quality and excellence into every aspect of education, including professional development. The links between teacher learning and student learning are well documented. teacher skill is one aspect influencing student growth; hence, professional development provides a path to the goal of NCLB - increased student achievement. However, it is a long way from policy decisions to implementation in local districts; hence, the professional development requirements of NCLB face challenges to implementation. One of the factors affecting NCLB policy implementation at all levels is the capacity of schools and districts to implement policies as they are intended (Cooper, Fusarelli, & Randall, 2004; Heck, 2004; Odden, 1991). Especially in rural districts, factors of isolation, poverty, and size may restrict the implementation of policy requirements (Jimerson, 2004; Reeves, 2003). This policy impact study used qualitative methods to look at the question, "How Do Factors of Arizona's Rural Districts Impact the Implementation of Models of Professional Development Required by NCLB?" Information was gathered through the use of document analysis, site-visits, and semi-structured interviews.

abstract: The passing of anti-immigrant legislation in the state of Arizona over the last decade has exacerbated an already oppressive system perpetuated by globalization and its byproducts, neoliberalism and neoconservativism. The social justice activist educators who live and work with the children and families most affected by these laws and policies must learn to navigate these controls if they hope to sustain their work. I have drawn from Freire's work surrounding the theories of praxis and conscientization to explain the motivation of these teachers, and the sociological theory of Communities of Practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998; & Wenger, McDermott, & Snyder, 2002), to explain how the group, Arizona Teachers for Justice serves as a space of learning and support for these educators. This dissertation is a multiple case study and has employed semi-structured interviews with four social justice activist educators to understand how social justice activist educators in Arizona cope and sustain their teaching and activism, particularly through their membership in groups such as Arizona Teachers for Justice. The teachers in this study are each at different stages in their careers and each teaches in a different setting and/or grade level. This cross section provides multiple perspectives and varied lenses through which to view the struggles and triumphs of social justice activist educators in the state of Arizona. The teachers in this study share their experiences of being singled out for their activism and explain the ways they cope with such attacks. They explain how they manage to fulfill their dedication to equity by integrating critical materials while adhering to common core standards. They express the anger that keeps them fighting in the streets and the fears that keep them from openly rejecting unjust policies. The findings of this study contribute to the discussion of how to not only prepare social justice activist educators, but ways of supporting and sustaining their very crucial work. Neoliberal and neoconservative attacks on education are pervasive and it is critical that we prepare teachers to face these structural pressures if we hope to ever change the dehumanizing agenda of these global powers. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2013

America's National Historic Preservation Act promotes the conservation of irreplaceable sites such as Nicodemus, Kansas, an African American town founded by former slaves in 1877. The collaboration of the National Park Service (NPS) and civic partners is essential to meet the goal of preserving historic properties in Nicodemus and other minority communities. Although the NPS designated 5 Nicodemus buildings as a National Historic Site (NHS) in 1996, the few remaining residents struggle to preserve the site and attract visitors. The purpose of this ethnographic study was to explore the effects of NPS policies related to African American historic and cultural preservation. Research questions focused on the consequences of the NHS designation in Nicodemus and options for NPS policy improvement. This study was inspired by Innes and Booher's theory of complex adaptive systems and consensus building. Data were collected through interviews with 11 residents, educators, and representatives of the NPS. These data were inductively coded and then subjected to thematic analysis. Key findings indicate concerns about limited resources, NPS open competition hiring policies that do not promote the long-term employment of Nicodemus descendant-residents in spite of their ability to recount oral histories, a need for cross-cultural training in the NPS, and the inadequate promotion of the Nicodemus NHS. This study may lead to positive social change by emphasizing the need for the NPS to collaborate with the descendants and long-term residents of rural communities to preserve the historical legacy of African Americans and emphasize the strength of our nation's diversity.

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