在社會漸趨多元化的情勢下，我國政府與企業之間的關係發生了許多變化 ，其中最主要的變化尤以利益團體的影響活動為最。而自政府播遷來台後 ，政治統治由強硬的威權政體轉型為軟性的威權政體，企業所處的政策制 定環境也產生了變化。在現代國家體系中，企業不免會影響政治機器的運 作，再者社會日趨多元化，政策考量越來越專業化，尤其關於財經方面的 政策問題，更是有賴企業業者提供政府相當的資訊，以利作出較具可行性 的政策。是故，企業確有必要參與政策制定之過程。檢視我國企業參與政 府政策制定過程之關係，本研究之主要目的在於瞭解企業如何影響政策之 制定，為此，本文討論之內容如下:第一章緒論，主要在探討筆者為此文 之動機及目的，同時就研究範圍界定文中之重要名詞，並據此提出本文之 流程架構。第二章企業參與公共政策制定之基礎理論，主要探討包括有政 策問題之形成、政策規劃、政策合法化等三階段的政策制定過程，並說明 企業在政策制定上的影響動力來源及原因，以及企業參與政策制定的途徑 。第三章我國企業政策制定環境概說，主要探討我國政治環境之轉變，以 及在當前環境下我國政府體制和政黨政治影響政策制定之情形，期冀藉由 對企業經營所面對環境變遷之分析，瞭解企業對政策制定所應採用的各種 策略以及所應施用的對象所在。第四章我國企業對政策制定的影響策略， 主要探討我國企業在特殊的政府體制及政黨政治下，企業參與政策制定之 主要接近管道及影響策略，接近管道包括有：行政機關、立法機關、政黨 及監察機關；而主要的影響策略則包括有政治性的策略、遊說活動策略、 組織策略聯盟及關係網絡的建立。第五章個案分析: 以中華民國全國工業 總會為例，主要探討全國工總之組織及權力架構，並透過深入的訪問以明 瞭該會對於政府政策制定過程之影響策略，以進一步檢視筆者就所得之資 料及個人觀察所得的結果，同時對於企業參與政策制定之影響策略及活動 作一番之推論。第六章結論，就以上各章節之研究結果提出筆者之發現， 並提出建議供相關機關、人員作為政策制定之參考，並提出未來相關研究 之建議，期冀未來之相關研究者能對我國企業與政府間關係作更進一步的 研究。

<p>This study seeks to understand and examine the role of public policy units with a specific focus on the South African National Parliament Policy Management Unit (PMU). The problem being investigated is that of a lack of constructive support and debate in understanding the role and functions of policy management units. Thus, the scope of the study is limited to policy management units with the South African Parliament PMU as a special reference. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the role of policy management units, with particular reference to the PMU in the South African Parliament. The secondary objectives will then be to provide a theoretical perspective of the role and functions of policy management units / and to develop a case of the PMU in Parliament for further analysis and examination. Examples of existing policy units and the support they have with parliaments will be produced, assessed, and explored.</p>

<p>This study seeks to understand and examine the role of public policy units with a specific focus on the South African National Parliament Policy Management Unit (PMU). The problem being investigated is that of a lack of constructive support and debate in understanding the role and functions of policy management units. Thus, the scope of the study is limited to policy management units with the South African Parliament PMU as a special reference. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the role of policy management units, with particular reference to the PMU in the South African Parliament. The secondary objectives will then be to provide a theoretical perspective of the role and functions of policy management units / and to develop a case of the PMU in Parliament for further analysis and examination. Examples of existing policy units and the support they have with parliaments will be produced, assessed, and explored.</p>

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This study seeks to understand and examine the role of public policy units with a specific focus on the South African National Parliament Policy Management Unit (PMU). The problem being investigated is that of a lack of constructive support and debate in understanding the role and functions of policy management units. Thus, the scope of the study is limited to policy management units with the South African Parliament PMU as a special reference. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the role of policy management units, with particular reference to the PMU in the South African Parliament. The secondary objectives will then be to provide a theoretical perspective of the role and functions of policy management units; and to develop a case of the PMU in Parliament for further analysis and examination. Examples of existing policy units and the support they have with parliaments will be produced, assessed, and explored. / South Africa

2005年陳水扁總統，針對軍公教退休人員之退休金及公保養老給付，得以18％利率辦理優惠存款、降低所得替代率等，要求相關單位提出改革方案。銓敘部經與教育部、國防部及行政院人事行政局等相關主管機關組成專案小組，在公務人員方面擬具「公務人員退休所得合理化改革方案」報請考試院於同年11月10日確定方案內容；至部分執行內涵則於2006年1月5日決議由銓敘部依權責自行負責處理。案經銓敘部邀集相關主管機關開會研商後，決定軍公教人員改革方案於同年2月16日同步實施。 值此，軍公教退休人員多數表達無法接受，組織退休聯盟進行各項訴求與抗爭行動；同時立法院中國國民黨黨團及親民黨黨團多數委員支持退休聯盟之主張，運用預算審查權為手段，燃起本項改革方案再度討論的關鍵力量。 本文採文獻探討法針對公務人員退休所得合理化改革方案進行研究，筆者從相關文獻及媒體的報導中發現，本項改革方案的政策制訂過程乃是以菁英決策的方式出現，主要涉及行政官員、考試委員、立法委員及軍公教退休聯盟之間的互動過程。 爰此，筆者藉由菁英理論的觀點透過David Easton 所提出的政治系統理論為基礎，將「公務人員退休所得合理化改革方案」相關影響政策制訂過程之參與者納入，提出一整合性的研究架構進行論述，並依參與人員為標準，分為行政菁英、立法菁英、知識菁英及標的團體四類，試圖經由本項改革個案的探討，進一步對菁英理論相應於政策制訂過程有較為深入之瞭解。 本文以2005年9月陳總統對外界作出「政策」宣示，迄至2008年1月立法院第六屆立法委員任期屆滿止，為研究時間範圍。首先對政策制訂過程與菁英理論進行探討，並將四類菁英就其角色與影響政策制訂的方式與策略加以論述；其次對本項改革方案制訂過程及主要爭議作詳細闡述；接續對四類菁英運用之策略進行分析；最後作出結論，整合歸納前述之研究內容，提出研究發現與後續研究之建議。

L’objectif du présent mémoire est double. D’une part, il cherche à identifier les facteurs qui permettent au gouvernement canadien et aux peuples autochtones de s’entendre sur des politiques publiques, malgré la persistance d’une logique coloniale. Nous verrons que l’atteinte d’une entente est conditionnelle à la légitimité du processus d’élaboration de la politique publique d’un point de vue autochtone. D’autre part, ce travail invite à penser le processus d’élaboration des politiques publiques comme espace potentiel d’autodétermination. Étant donné la malléabilité des règles qui encadrent l’élaboration des politiques publiques en contexte canadien, le gouvernement – s’il en a la volonté - peut modeler le processus d’élaboration de façon à le rendre plus égalitaire et donc plus légitime d’un point de vue autochtone. Il sera démontré que, dans une optique de changements progressifs, un tel processus d’élaboration peut permettre aux peuples autochtones de regagner une certaine autonomie décisionnelle et ainsi atténuer les rapports de pouvoir inégalitaires. Notre cadre théorique a été construit à l’aide de différents courants analytiques, issus notamment des littératures sur le colonialisme, sur les politiques publiques et sur la légitimité. La comparaison de deux études de cas, soit les processus d’élaboration de l’Accord de Kelowna et du projet de loi C-33, Loi sur le contrôle par les Premières Nations de leur système d’éducation, permettra d’illustrer nos arguments et d’en démontrer l’applicabilité pratique. En somme, nous verrons comment la première étude de cas permet de concevoir l’élaboration des politiques publiques comme espace potentiel d’autodétermination, et comment la deuxième, au contraire, démontre que cette sphère peut encore en être une d’oppression. / The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First, it seeks to identify factors that enable the federal government and Aboriginal peoples to agree on public policies despite the persistence of settler colonialism. It demonstrates that such an agreement is conditional upon the legitimacy, from an Aboriginal perspective, of the policy-making process. Second, this thesis uses a pragmatic approach to call for a reflection on the capacity for policy-making processes to become a space for Aboriginal self-determination. Given the flexibility of current rules that govern the policy-making process in Canada, a government – if it has the will - can shape the process in a more egalitarian fashion, thus increasing the process’s legitimacy from an Aboriginal viewpoint. In a perspective of incremental change, such policy-making process could help Aboriginal people regain some decisional autonomy and hence mitigate the unequal power relationship that actually exists between them and the Canadian state. Building on a theoretical framework that blends different approaches, notably from literatures on public policy, colonialism and legitimacy, this thesis explores two case studies : the policy-making process that led to the Kelowna Accord in 2005 and the one that led to Bill C-33, First Nations Control of First Nations Education Act, in 2014. The comparison of both cases illustrates our arguments and demonstrates its practical applicability. In brief, it shows how the policy-making process can be both a self-determination space and a tool of oppression.

政治代表著一種權威性的價值分配，政府的工作便是在制訂與執行這些價值分配的政策，其間必然牽涉到權力的形成、分配與運用，而菁英往往比一般人更有權力，因此菁英如何影響政策制訂是一個值得關注的問題。 而「國民身分健保合一智慧卡（簡稱國民卡）計畫」，從相關的報導中，筆者發現國民卡一案的決策過程乃是以菁英決策的方式出現，主要涉及行政菁英、立法菁英、知識菁英與企業菁英間的互動，因而希望藉由國民卡個案的探討，進一步對菁英理論如何應用於政策制訂過程有較為深入的了解。 本文係採文獻探討法與深度訪談法，首先對政策制訂過程與菁英理論進行探討，並將菁英分為行政菁英、立法菁英、知識菁英與企業菁英四類，進而就其角色、影響政策的策略進行說明，在獲得菁英理論如何應用於政策制訂過程的大致輪廓後，接著對國民卡政策制訂過程進行說明，並對國民卡方案中各類菁英運用策略進行分析，最後作出結論。 本文研究發現如下：一、國民卡方案的制訂，深受菁英理念之影響；二、社會大眾對國民卡方案制訂之影響有限；三、少數菁英對於政策有重大影響；四、權力由一元轉為多元。 在研究建議方面，本文除對菁英理論作出建議外，對於實務上亦提供相關政策建議，包括：一、政策綠皮書的公布；二、建立完善諮詢制度，善用吸納策略；三、採取漸進策略；四、強化政黨協商，適度滿足各方需求；五、健全資訊政策相關立法。

Research on policy implementation suggests that many education reforms designed to improve the quality of education in general have been more rhetorical than substantive in their impact on the organisation of schools and classrooms. Schools and classrooms do change, but the extent and directions of change are not always consistent with the intention of policy initiatives. This same argument applies to the South African education policy process, where a substantial body of literature has documented the gaps between the intention of policy makers (intended policy) and their implementation (implemented policy) in schools. The gap has been especially relevant for those policies focusing on the change of the knowledge, skills and competency levels of teachers through accountability and professional development policies. The purpose of this investigative and descriptive study originated in a hypothesis that the lack of orientation, knowledge sharing, understanding and the capacity building of teachers on policy intentions make it difficult for teachers to implement policies. I assumed therefore that through information and workshop sessions the gap between the policy intentions and the practice of teachers can be solved. In particular, my involvement in the drafting of the Developmental Appraisal System (DAS) policy gave me the sense that there was nothing fundamentally wrong with the policy, but that the lack of capacity building among teachers is what is undermining the implementation of the policy in schools. The study therefore intended to investigate the impact of a five-day information session on the implementation process of the DAS policy at Cape Flats Secondary School (CFSS) – this is a pseudo name. These sessions were facilitated by me during the last semester of 2001. Thereafter, the school was given a year to implement the policy during 2002. Regular contact with the chairperson of the Staff Development Team (SDT) to ascertain the progress of implementation brought me to the realisation after eighteen months and still no implementation that the focus of my study had to change to understand the challenges of implementation at the school. As a member of the Policy Formulation team, I could not understand why a policy with such immense potential in enhancing professional development among teachers could not be implemented in a school where staff members publicly stated their commitment to implement the policy. This school (CFSS) in particular, had a high number of union leaders involved at numerous levels within the union who researched and developed the initial ideas and proposals of the DAS policy. The study is therefore guided by the following questions: 1. What made it difficult for the staff of Cape Flats Secondary School to implement the DAS policy, despite a high level of stated commitment to implement the policy and a thorough five-day information session (both theoretical and practical) on how to implement the policy? a) What was the expected level, scope or depth of the policy change, envisaged by policy formulators, necessary by the school to implement the policy? b) Which elements of the policy and the conditions at the school needed to be supported by implementation support agents (national, provincial and district officials) to facilitate the implementation at school level? and c) What was the level of functionality of the school to facilitate the successful implementation of this policy? This research explains how the different levels of functionality of schools affect the potential of implementation of a ‘one-size-fits-all’ policy. In particular, I reflect on the deliberations which inform the features of the DAS policy, during the policy formulation stage. I furthermore pay special attention to what interviewees called the ‘what was going on’ at the school, as if ‘outsiders’ don’t know what was going on in the school. The research therefore focuses on the functionality of the school through the lenses of ten school functionality components. Teachers at CFSS believe that policy makers do not understand and know what is going on at their school and therefore the effect, relevance and implementability of their policies are disconnected from the operational implementation contexts of schools. The data was collected over a period of six months. In this regard, I used multiple methods of data collection which include critical engagement with the entire staff through information workshop sessions, semi-structured interviews, critical engagements with the strategic liaison team, structured questionnaires, document analysis and photographic records. The main insights of the study include the following: -- Policy makers have to re-assess and re-conceptualise the current policy making paradigm in operation in developing ‘professional’ policy; -- The influence and power relations of employers and employee parties in the policy-making process must be re-assessed and re-conceptualised in order to clarify the policy-making process in South Africa; -- The lack of systems (both technical and human), at different levels of education, makes it impossible to monitor and evaluate the effective and efficient implementation of the DAS policy; -- Understanding schools as individual organisations with unique characteristics, is a key pre-requisite for developing policies that are aimed at addressing real problems at specific schools; -- Leadership and management skills are seriously lacking at South African schools; -- Educators should implement reform policies around clear performance standards and accountability expectations; -- Intervention support agents should help schools make informed choices among a variety of implementation strategies; -- Policy makers should allocate target funding to encourage adoption of proven change practice; -- Policy makers should focus on schools that are ready for change with an expectation that many schools not ready for change this year may in the normal course of events become ready within a few years. The key insights of this research make this study unique and offer critical advice to policy makers. In particular, the re-organisation of the literature on policy-practice gaps (PPG) is insightful. The utilisation of both qualitative and quantitative data adds validity and reliability to the study. More importantly, the study shows that quantitative data can contribute towards understanding the policy implementation challenges in schools. Finally, my ‘insider’ experience of the policy-making process shares rare deliberations of what are the ‘trade-offs’ during the policy formulation stage. / Thesis (PhD (Education Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

The public policy scholarship says that media interract with the policy process in multiple ways. First of all, they offer various policy preferences. At the same time, they attach meanings to different policy events. This matters when it comes to the audience and its perception of chosen public issues. The media might also become an active participant in the policy debate and transmit their policy beliefs and policy preferences within this debate. The Narrative Policy framework brings these findings together with focus on the important role of policy narratives in the policy process. This master's thesis focuses on the case of family policy measurement adaptation in the Czech republic. The focus lies particularly on the government bill that has increased the parental allowance in 2019. This change has provoked a significant interest of the public and of the media, which were making their statements. The aim of this paper is to explore the form and content of the policy narrative and to say whether the media accounts have actively participated in the policy debates to possibly influence the policy outcome.

Text in Afrikaans / Die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur word onder toenemende druk geplaas om meer en beter dienste, wat onder andere sport- en rekreasiedienste behels, aan die gemeenskap te voorsien. Dit kan daaraan toegeskryf word dat veranderinge in die omgewing plaasvind wat vereis dat die Substruktuur in die gees van die heropbou en ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap, daarby moet aanpas. Een manier om die druk op die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur te verlig is om sport- en rekreasiedienste aan die hand van eenvormige beleid te organiseer. Hieruit spruit 'n doelwit voort, te wete om beleid vir die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste van die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur te ondersoek. Die ondersoek omsluit die milieu waarbinne beleid ontwikkel het, byvoorbeeld die eksterne omgewing en die bestaande organisatoriese reelings wat vir sport- en rekreasiedienste in die Substruktuur geld. In die studie is bevind dat beleid vir die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste van die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur gebrekkig en gefragmenteerd is. Daar is ook bevind dat die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste, weens 'n gebrek aan beleid, tot organisatoriese leemtes, soos die duplisering van dienste en gebrekkige kommunikasie, aanleiding gee. 'n Verdere doelwit met die studie is om 'n universele beleidsmodel vir die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur saam te stel waardeur leemtes in die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste uitgeskakel kan word en eenvormige beleidsreelings getref kan word. Daar is bevind dat die universele beleidsmodel wetenskaplik gefundeerde riglyne vir die daarstelling van beleid bied. Sodanige bevinding het tot die gevolgtrekking gelei dat die beleidsmodel 'n ideale raamwerk skep waarvolgens plaaslike owerhede, soos die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur, probleme kan identifiseer, doelwitte kan stel, organisatoriese reelings kan tref en beleid kan formuleer, implementeer en evalueer. Dit skep in der waarheid 'n raamwerk waarvolgens beleidbepalers te werk kan gaan om beleid te bepaal. Die beleidsmodel het 'n universele toepassingswaarde omdat dit riglyne bevat wat deur enige ander plaaslike owerheid in die proses van beleidbepaling aangewend kan word. / Increased pressure is placed on the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure to provide more and improved services, such as sport and recreation services, to the community. This can be ascribed to changes taking place within the external environment and which, in the spirit of reconstruction and development, requires the Substructure to adapt to such changes. One way to relieve the pressure on the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure is to organize sport and recreation services according to a uniform policy. This resulted in an objective, namely to investigate policy for the organization of sport and recreation services of the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure. The investigation entails the environment within which policy develops, for example the external environment and the present organizational arrangements applicable to sport and recreation services in the Substructure. During the study it was determined that policy for the organization of sport and recreation services of the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure was limited and fragmented. It was also determined that, due to the lack of policy, the organization of sport and recreation services resulted in organizational shortcomings such as the duplication of services and insufficient communication. A further objective with the study is to construct a universal policy-model for the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure through which shortcomings in the organization of sport and recreation services can be limited and uniform policy arrangements can be determined. It was determined that the universal policymodel offered scientifically based guidelines for the determination of policy. The aforementioned determination lead to the conclusion that the policy-model created an ideal framework within which local governments, such as the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure, could identify problems, determine objectives and organizational arrangements, formulate, implement and evaluate policy. In fact it creates a framework within which policymakers can work to determine policy. The policy-model is of universal value because it offers guidelines which can be applied by any other local authority during the policy-making process. / Public Administration and Management / D. Admin. (Publieke Administrasie)