Depuis les années 60, la mousse présente un grand potentiel pour améliorer le balayage volumétrique par le gaz dans un réservoir pétrolier : des travaux de laboratoire et des essais sur champs montrent l’intérêt technique et économique de ce procédé. En effet, ses caractéristiques uniques, qui résultent de la dispersion du gaz dans un volume de liquide contenant des tensioactifs, en font un bon agent de réduction de mobilité du gaz, et par conséquent, ce qui conduit à la réduction des instabilités visqueuses issues du contraste de mobilité entre le gaz et l'huile en place. Par ailleurs, la mousse atténue les effets préjudiciables des hétérogénéités et de la ségrégation gravitaire sur la récupération, grâce à son comportement différent entres les faciès du réservoir. Dans la pratique industrielle, les simulateurs de réservoir s’attachent à ne modéliser que les effets de la mousse sur les déplacements en régime permanent, sans chercher à prédire son comportement dynamique régi par la génération, destruction et transport des lamelles (films minces) de mousse dans les milieux poreux. Suivant cette approche, la mousse est modélisée comme une réduction de mobilité du gaz, en particulier par le biais des perméabilités relatives, en utilisant des lois d'interpolations de paramètres impactant sa rhéologie, à savoir la vitesse et la qualité de la mousse, la saturation en huile, la concentration en tensioactif et la perméabilité du milieu poreux. Un tel modèle a l’avantage de la simplicité conceptuelle fondée sur l'extension des modèles de Darcy polyphasiques en n’utilisant que les paramètres d'écoulement mesurés au laboratoire, sans y intégrer le nouveau paramètre caractéristique de la mousse qui est la texture (densité des lamelles). Cependant, ces lois empiriques manquent de généralité et doivent être calibrées/ajustées à partir d’essais de laboratoire afin d'assurer la fiabilité des prévisions. Un modèle calibré à partir d’un nombre limité d’expériences comporte un degré d'incertitude et d’indétermination. L’ingénieur de réservoir a néanmoins recours à un tel modèle pour prédire et guider l’exploitation du gisement sur la base de ce procédé. D’où l’objectif principal de cette thèse qui consiste à améliorer le paramétrage des modèles de mousse empiriques via des lois mieux formulées et calibrées afin d’accroitre leur prédictivité. Dans cette thèse, nous avons établi les fondements physiques nécessaires pour valider les modèles empiriques en développant leur équivalence avec les modèles en texture assurée par des relations d’interdépendance entre les paramètres des deux approches. Cette équivalence a été montrée et étudiée en utilisant un modèle à lamelles pré-calibré de la littérature aux mesures de déplacements de mousse en régime permanent. Par ailleurs, ce parallèle avec les modèles en texture nous a permis de mettre au point une nouvelle procédure pour calibrer d'une manière fiable et déterministe les modèles empiriques. Cette procédure a été testée à partir des résultats d'expériences menées à IFPEN traduits en termes de texture en régime permanent. Enfin, nous avons proposé et interprété des lois d'échelle des paramètres du modèle de mousse en fonction de la perméabilité du milieu poreux, en analysant les paramètres des modèles calibrés sur des carottes de différentes perméabilités. L'importance de ces lois a été mise en évidence à travers des simulations sur une coupe de réservoir bi-couche. Les résultats de la simulation indiquent que les prévisions de performance d'un procédé à base de mousse, appliqué à un réservoir hétérogène, nécessitent une bonne connaissance des lois d'échelle des paramètres empiriques avec la perméabilité. / Conventional techniques of oil recovery consist in injecting water and/or gas into the geological formation to force out the oil. These methods may reveal ineffective because of high permeability contrasts, unfavorable mobility ratio between the driving fluid and the oil in place which generally generates viscous fingering, and gravity segregation. In this context, foam has shown a great potential to overcome all these detrimental effects, and thereafter, to improve the volumetric sweep efficiency. Still some key points need to be addressed regarding the predictive calculation of multiphase foam flow in porous media. Methods for modeling foam flow in porous media fall into two categories: population balance (PB) models and (semi)-empirical (SE) models. On the one hand, PB models describe foam lamellas transport in porous media and predict the evolution of foam microstructure as the result of pore-scale mechanisms of lamellas generation and destruction. Within this framework, the modeling of foam effects on gas mobility is directly related to foam texture (lamellas density) along with the effects of other parameters impacting its rheology such as foam quality and velocity, permeability of the porous media, surfactant concentration, etc. On the other hand, SE models are based on the extension of multiphase classical Darcy's model to describe foam flow in porous media, such that the foam texture effects are described indirectly through a multi-parameter interpolation function of parameters measured/observed in laboratory. Such formulation has to be calibrated from foam flow experimental data on a case-by-case basis, which can turn to be a cumbersome task. Furthermore, SE models involve uncertainty because they are not based on mechanistic laws driving lamellas transport in porous media, and their predictive capacity remains low as too few laboratory data are generally available for their calibration. Nonetheless, the reservoir engineer needs a reliable foam model in order to design, assess and optimize foam enhanced oil recovery processes for field application. Accordingly, this thesis aims at providing further insights into the topics related to the parameterization of (semi)-empirical models through better formulated and calibrated laws in order to improve their predictivity. In this work, we have established the physical basis necessary to validate the (semi)-empirical models. Indeed, we developed the equivalence between SE and PB models achieved through relationships between the parameters of these two modeling approaches (industrial and physical). The equivalence has been established and studied using a pre-calibrated PB model of the literature to fit steady-state foam measurements. In addition, this equivalence allowed us to develop a new procedure to calibrate the (semi)-empirical models in a reliable and deterministic way. This procedure was tested and validated using results from IFPEN core-flood experiments by translating them into steady-state texture measurements. Finally, we proposed scaling laws for empirical model parameters with the permeability of the porous media, by analyzing the fitted parameters on cores of different permeabilities. Different interpretations of the scaling laws are herein provided using theoretical models for lamellas stability. Then, their importance has been demonstrated through simulations on a two layer reservoir cross-section. The simulation results indicate that the predictions of foam flow in a heterogeneous reservoir require a good knowledge of the scaling laws of SE model parameters with permeability.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la rhéologie de deux des principaux minéraux du manteau supérieur terrestre : l'olivine et l'orthopyroxène. Dans un premier temps, des agrégats polycristallins à grains fins (entre 100 nm et 5 &m) d'olivine et de pyroxène ont été synthétisés par frittage flash (Spark Plasma Sintering) ainsi que par frittage sous vide. Ces échantillons ont ensuite été déformés à des pressions comprises entre 2 et 6 GPa dans des presses de typeD-DIA, installées sur des lignes de lumière des synchrotrons NSLS et ESRF afin d'avoir une mesure in situ de la contrainte différentielle et de la déformation. L'effet de la pression sur la plasticité basse température de l'olivine a été étudié à température ambiante (ligne ID06 du synchrotron ESRF, Grenoble). Les mécanismes de déformation à haute température de l'olivine et de l'orthopyroxène ont également été étudiés, pour des températures comprises entre 900 et 1200°C (ligne X17B2 du synchrotron NSLS, New York). Les données mécaniques ainsi que l'analyse des microstructures par EBSD, suggèrent une déformation par fluage diffusion. Des lois rhéologiques incluant l'effet de la pression, de la température, de la contrainte et de la taille de grain ont été déterminées pour les deux minéraux. A ces conditions, le pyroxène est moins visqueux que l'olivine. Enfin, des échantillons biphasés, avec un rapport volumique Ol/Px de 70/30 et 80/20, ont été déformés. La contrainte différentielle calculée dans chacune des deux phases suggère la contribution d'un second mécanisme de déformation en plus du fluage diffusion, en accord avec les observations microstructurales. / This thesis presents our work on the rheology of two of the main minerals of the upper mantle: olivine and orthopyroxene. First, fined-grained polycrystalline aggregates (with grain sizes between 100 nm and 5 &m) of olivine and pyroxene were synthesized by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) and vacuumsintering. The samples were then deformed at pressures between 2 and 6 GPa in D-DIA presses installed on synchrotrons X-ray beamlines at NSLS and ESRF so thatmeasurements of the differential stress and strain could be obtained in situ. The influence of pressure on low-temperature plasticity of olivine was studied at room temperature (ID06 beamline, ESRF synchrotron, Grenoble). High-temperature deformation mechanisms of olivine and orthopyroxene were also studied between 900 and 1200°C (X17B2 beamline, NSLS synchrotron, New York). Mechanical results and microstructural analysis by EBSD suggest a deformation by diffusion creep. Rheological laws including the effect of pressure, temperature, differential stress and grain size were determined for each mineral. Under these conditions, orthopyroxene appears less viscous than olivine. Finally, two-phase aggregates (Ol/Px volume ration of 80/20 and 70/30) were also deformed. Differential stress, estimated in each phase, indicates the contribution of a second deformation mechanism, in agreement with microstructural observations.

Parametric acoustic arrays are ultrasonic-based loudspeakers that produce highly directive audio. The audio must first be preprocessed and modulated into an ultrasonic carrier before being emitted into the air, where it will self-demodulate in the far field. The resulting audio wave is proportional to the double time-derivative of the square of the modulation envelope. This thesis presents a fully analog processor which encodes the audio into two Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signals in quadrature phase and sums them together to produce a Single Sideband (SSB) spectrum around the fundamental frequency of the PWM signals. The two signals are modulated between 8% and 24% duty cycle to maintain a quasi-linear relationship between the duty cycle and the output signal level. This also allows the signals to sum without overlapping each other, maintaining a two-level output. The system drives a network of narrowband transducers with a center frequency equal to the PWM fundamental. Because the transducers are voltage driven, they have a bandpass frequency response which behaves as a first-order integrator on the SSB signal, eliminating the need for two integrators in the processor. Results show that the “SSB-PWM” output wave has a consistent 20-30dB difference in magnitude between the upper sideband and lower sideband. In simulation, a single tone test shows higher total harmonic distortion for lower frequencies and higher modulation depth. A two-tone test creates a 2nd order intermodulation term that increases with the frequencies of the input signals.

Master’s thesis deals with design and practical realisation of electronic circuits, which are needed for assembling of DRM signal transmitter for ham short waves bands. There is presented DRM standard as well as there are described the differencies between DRM for radio broadcast and for ham using. There is described design of input audio circuits, modulator, mixer, local generator, amplifier and filters. Principle of used SSB modulator is based on phase method, often called Tayloe modulator. This principle is analysed in detail including mathematical description, which was derived. It is possible to control the transmitter by program running at computer, communication takes place via USB. There is described establishment of communication in this work too.

In this study we present a high-performance computing architecture and hardware acceleration strategy for a heterogeneous multi-gigabit computing system. The system architecture integrates a BeeGFS distributed file system, capable of achieving 80 Gbps of sustained write throughput across five nodes, essential for managing the high data volumes generated by a 25 high performance computer (HPC) compute cluster. To ensure operational efficiency and scalability, the tasks performed on the Linux compute cluster consisting of 30 nodes are automated using Ansible, facilitating seamless deployment, management, and updates. We present compilation strategies for a hardware accelerated Polyphase Filter Bank (PFB) channelization routine optimized for Xilinx Ultrascale+ FPGAs, capable of simultaneously processing 2048 channels per 12 input streams. This setup shows the efficiency of High Level Sysnthesis of FPGA-based signal processing in handling demanding data analysis tasks. We also present the implementation and verification of a 1.6 Gsps Direct Memory Access (DMA) transfer from DDR4 memory to a modern Radio Frequency System on Chip (RFSoC) digital to analog converter. The combination of a high-throughput file system, streamlined automation, and advanced signal processing capabilities shows these system's ability to meet the needs of complex, real-time data analysis and processing applications, advancing the field of computational research.

This work explores the application of various power amplifier design techniques for mobile communications. Several circuit configurations including class A amplifier, Doherty amplifier and power combining amplifier have been developed, which are to improve the performance of power amplifiers in terms of power added efficiency transmission power and bandwidth. In chapter 2, the cascode PA adopting tuning capacitor structure is proposed and implemented to enhance the efficiency. In chapter 3, a novel Doherty amplifier configuration using a 3-stage polyphase filter as power splitter is introduced. Moreover, the second harmonic cancellation function of balun combining PA is analysed and verified with experimental results in chapter 4. The fully integrated cascode class A amplifier adopts RC negative feedback, which is to enhance bandwidth and input/output matching. The integrated choke inductor compensating the parasitic capacitor of transistors has very low quality factor, which decreases the efficiency of the power amplifier. To reduce the inductance value of the choke inductor, a tuning capacitor is connected in parallel with the choke inductor. As a result, the inductor resistance is reduced as well, which diminishes the power consumption induced by the resistance of the choke inductor. This proposed PA configuration is validated by simulation results with the PAE improved by 3 % at the 1 dB compression point compared to the topology without tuning capacitor. The experimental results demonstrate a PA which delivers an output power of 21.3 dBm with PAE of 21 % at the 1 dB compression point. The Doherty amplifier with 2-way Wilkinson power splitter is integrated in a 0.9 mm×1.8 mm chip. The main and peak amplifier adopt cascode configuration to improve the stability of the Doherty amplifier. To minimize the chip size, the quarter wave transmission line in the topology is replaced by π-type lumped element equivalent network. To increase the operating bandwidth, the Doherty amplifier configuration using a 3-stage polyphase filter as power splitter is proposed. The topology consists of 3-stage RC polyphase filter, drive amplifiers, main amplifier, peak amplifier, and impedance inverter. By employing the polyphase filter, the quarter-wave transmission line at the input of the peak amplifier for compensating the phase shift of the impedance inverter is eliminated. According to the analysis of the polyphase filter prototype, the 3-stage polyphase filter is selected, and the component parameters are determined. The main amplifier and peak amplifier are using differential cascode configuration. The drive amplifier is to increase the power gain and provide proper impedance matching for the Doherty amplifier. The results demonstrate an outstanding broadband Doherty amplifier with a bandwidth of 1.8 GHz. The chip temperature rises dramatically due to the high power consumption of power amplifier. Consequently, the collector currents of the SiGe transistors are varying with the changing temperature, which deteriorates the PA performance. In the improved 3-stage PPF Doherty design, the bias voltages of the transistors in the first version 3-stage PPF Doherty amplifier are replaced by reference currents feeding through bias circuits. With current sources providing bias current to the transistors, the performance of the improved Doherty amplifier is enhanced. The power combining PAs are constructed on FR-4 PCB boards using discrete components. The single ended power amplifier in the power combining PA is built with high linearity HEMT transistor. The balun combining PA has an advantage of second harmonic cancellation, which is validated by both analysis and measurements. Moreover, power combining PAs with 2-way transmission line and lumped element Wilkinson power divider are designed. The transmission lines in these designs are analyzed using EM simulation tool and verified with testing structures on PCB boards.

Advances in wireless technology have recently led to the potential for higher data rates and greater functionality. Wireless home and business networks and 3G and 4G cellular phone systems are promising technologies striving for market acceptance, requiring low-cost, low-power, and compact solutions. One approach to meet these demands is system-on-a-chip (SoC) integration, where RF/analog and digital circuitry reside on the same chip, creating a mixed-signal environment. Concurrently, there is tremendous incentive to utilize Si-based technologies to leverage existing fabrication and design infrastructure and the corresponding economies of scale. While the SoC approach is attractive, it presents major challenges for circuit designers, particularly in the design of monolithic voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs). VCOs are important components in the up or downconversion of RF signals in wireless transceivers. VCOs must have very low phase noise and spurious emissions, and be extremely power efficient to meet system requirements. To meet these specifications, VCOs require high-quality factor (Q) tank circuits and reduction of noise from active devices; however, the lack of high-quality monolithic inductors, along with low noise transistors in traditional Si technologies, has been a limiting factor. This thesis presents the design, characterization, and comparison of three monolithic 3-4 GHz VCOs and an integrated 5-6 GHz VCO with tunable polyphase outputs. Each VCO is designed around a differential -G_{M} core with an LC tank circuit. The circuits exploit two Si-based device technologies: Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs) for a cross-coupled collectors circuit and Graded-Channel MOS (GC-MOS) transistors for a complementary (CMOS) implementation. The circuits were fabricated using the Motorola 0.4 μm CDR1 SiGe BiCMOS process, which consists of four interconnected metal layers and a thick copper (10 μm) metal bump layer for improved inductive components. The VCO implementations are targeted to meet the stringent phase noise specifications for the GSM/EGSM 3G cellular standard. The specifications state that the VCO output cannot exceed -162 dBc/Hz sideband noise at 20 MHz offset from the carrier. Simultaneously, oscillators must be designed to address other system level effects, such as feed-through of the local oscillator (LO). LO feed-through directly results in self-mixing in direct conversion receivers, which gives rise to unwanted corrupting DC offsets. Therefore, a system-level strategy is employed to avoid such issues. For example, multiplying the oscillator frequency by two or four times can help avoid self-mixing during downconversion by moving the LO out of the bandwidth of the RF front-end. Meanwhile, direct conversion or low-IF (intermediate frequency) receiver architectures utilize in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) downconversion signal recovery and image rejection. Any imbalance between the I and Q channels can result in an increase in bit-error-rate (BER) and/or decrease in the image rejection ratio (IRR). To compensate for such an imbalance, an integrated tunable polyphase filter is implemented with a VCO. Control voltages between the differential I and Q channels can be individually controlled to help compensate for I/Q mismatches. This thesis includes an introduction to design flow and layout strategies for oscillator implementations. A detailed comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the SiGe HBTs and GC-MOS device in 3-4 GHz VCOs is presented. In addition, an overview of full-wave electromagnetic characterization of differential dual inductors is given. The oscillators are characterized for tuning range, output power, and phase noise. Finally, new measurement techniques for the 5-6 GHz VCO with a tunable polyphase filter are explored. A comparison between the time and frequency approaches is also offered. / Master of Science

The stacked polyphase bridges (SPB) converter topology is investigated in the presentthesis as a fault-tolerant choice for permanent-magnet synchronous reluctance (PMSyn-Rel) motor control. Integrated motor drive systems are studied as they offer great benefitsfor propulsion applications. Moreover, the importance of a modular topology, like theSPB, for an electric powertrain is discussed. The latter consists of a number of seriesconnected, 3-phase 2-level inverter submodules that supply separate sets of windings ina multi-star motor. The specifications of building a four-board SPB setup are examined,while the challenges of an active voltage balancing controller are analyzed. The designprocess is explained step-by-step and the final printed circuit boards (PCBs) are presented.Furthermore, the significance of low electromagnetic interference design for a converterthat requires high speed communication is highlighted. Finally, the prototype is testedthoroughly and the expected fault-tolerant capabilities are validated on a PMSynRel motor. / I detta examensarbete unders¨ok SPB-omriktartopologin (stacked polyphase bridges converter)i termer av ett feltolerant elektriskt drivsystem f¨or en permamentmagnetassisteradsynkron reluktansmaskin (PMSynRel). SPB-omriktaren best°ar av ett antal seriekoppladetrefasomriktare av tv°aniv°atyp som, var och en, f¨orser effekt till en trefaslindningtillh¨orande en modul¨ar elmaskin av multifastyp. Specifikation, design och konstruktion aven SPB-omriktare med fyra seriekopplade moduler studeras. Designproceduren presenterasi en steg-f¨or-steg-process och de tillverkade kretskorten presenteras utf¨orligt. Kommunikationenmellan de olika kretskorten unders¨oks med s¨arskild tonvikt p°a l°ag elektromagnetiskinterferens vilket ¨ar n¨odv¨andigt om h¨og kommunikationshastighet skall kunnauppn°as. Den f¨ardigst¨allda prototypen har utv¨arderats experimentellt och kapaciteten f¨orfeltolerans har demonstrerats vid drift av en PMSynRel-maskin utrustad med en multifaslindning.

No description available.

No description available.