Synthetic polymer materials have been a part of human life since the 20th century. A variety of their use had resulted in a growing demand for their mass production, which then led to their increasing accumulation at waste dumps. After their deposition, these materials are exposed to many environmental factors causing their decomposition and subsequent release of the degradation products into the environment. This thesis is focused on the analysis of the photodegradation products from synthetic polymer materials and particularly polyurethane foams modified with the biodegradable fillers. One dimensional GC/MS and two dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS ) were used for the measurements. The most of photodegradation products of polyurethane foams are injurious to health and environment.

The thesis aims to synthesize hyperbranched poly(urea-urethane) polymers (HPU) in one-pot method using commercially available monomers which are 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate (TDI) as aromatic diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 2(3-isocyanatopropyl) cyclohexylisocyanate (IPCI) as aliphatic diisocyanates. Those proposed diisocyanates were reacted with diethanolamine (DEA) or diisopropanolamine (DIPA). Conditions of polymerisation reactions were optimised. Complete structural analysis using 1H and 13C NMR for the obtained aromatic polymers was carried out. Degree of branching up to 70% was calculated. Aliphatic polymers have spectra with overlapped signals therefore, no full structural analysis was possible. Molar masses were determined using SEC/RI detector which shows that the prepared polymers have Mw values between 1600 g/mol and 106000 g/mol. Thermal analysis for different polymer systems showed that aliphatic HPU are more thermally stable and have values of glass transition temperature higher than aromatic ones. Modification of the end groups in the prepared hyperbranched polymers was carried out using three different modifiers and degree of modification up to 100%. Linear polymers based on the same diisocyanate monomers were prepared to compare the properties of hyperbranched systems with their linear analogs. Measurements of solution viscosity showed that HPU have lower solution viscosity values than their linear analogs of comparable molar masses. Rheological measurement of some polymer samples of different systems were carried out and showed that our hyperbranched systems exhibit a more elastic behavior than the linear polymers. Surface studies for thin films prepared from different polymer systems (hyperbranched, linear and modified) were carried out and the obtained thin films were characterized using light microscope, microglider, GC-MS, and AFM. Contact angle measurements showed that HPU have a relatively hydrophilic character. The modified polymers have higher contact angle values than the unmodified ones due to the lack of OH end groups. Networks based on aliphatic and aromatic HPU were prepared through the reaction of HPU with trimer of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane and characterised by DSC, GC-MS, DMA and AFM. The domain size in aromatic networks was found to be larger than in aliphatic networks. Tensile test was carried out and it was found that aliphatic network is more elastic than aromatic one.

Polyurethane and the analogous ‘polyurethane-urea’ are high performance polymeric materials having remarkable properties such as high stiffness, abrasion and tear strengths. In many studies, the low strength rubbers have been blended with various types of polyurethanes for new and improved materials. However, until now, the reported heterogeneous blends offer only a narrow temperature range of application due to the high temperature softening of their polyurethane (-urea) phase. In addition, the conventional solution-or melt-blending methods are time and energy intensive, which tend to forfeit the economical realization of the reported blends. In contrast to earlier studies, a simplified reactive blending process is suggested to synthesize polyurethane-urea via a prepolymer route during blending with rubbers to obtain novel elastomeric materials having extended performance characteristics. The reactive blending process is opted to prepare blends based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea (PUU). The blending is carried out in an internal mixer at a preset temperature of 100°C. The critical temperatures of the reactive blending process are determined from the chemo-rheological analysis of a premix, composed of a 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)/polyether (PTMEG) based prepolymer admixed with 1,3-phenylene diamine (mPD). The prepared NBR/PUU blends exhibit highly improved mechanical properties. Contrary to previous reports, the reinforced dynamic-mechanical responses of the novel blends remain stable till very high temperatures (≥180°C). The influence of diamine type on the in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea and the performance of prepared blends are investigated. Four different diamines, namely 1,3-Phenylene diamine, 1,4-Bis(aminomethyl)benzene, 4,4′-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) and 4,4ʹ-(1,3-Phenylenediisopropylidene)bisaniline, are selected to chain extend the prepolymer to PUU during blending with NBR. The chemical and domain structure of the PUUs are found to greatly influence the reinforced tensile and dynamic-mechanical responses of the NBR/PUU 70/30 blends. The PUU (based on MDI/PTMEG prepolymer and mPD) is blended with polar (CR, XNBR) and nonpolar (NR, EPDM, sSBR) rubbers. PUU compatibilizes with all the rubbers irrespective of their polarity and reinforces their tensile and dynamic-mechanical characteristics. The use of blends in industrial applications, for example, in a truck tire tread compound and as a roller covering material, is examined. In a simplified tire tread formulation, the carbon black for NR-CB composite is partially replaced with an equivalent quantity of PUU for NR/PUU-CB composite of similar hardness. The dynamic mechanical investigations reveal that the energy dissipation and strain dependent softening is high in NR-CB as compared to the NR/PUU-CB composite. In another application, NBR/PUU blend is successfully tested as a rubber roller covering material. The tested blend-covered roller retains its structural integrity and develops less heat build-up as compared to the silica filled NBR-covered roller. This shows a substantial suitability of the blend-covered rollers for film, printing and textile processing machinery. These novel blends are considered to be the promising new materials for many commercial applications including wheels, rubber rollers, belts or pump impellers.

Polyurethane and the analogous ‘polyurethane-urea’ are high performance polymeric materials having remarkable properties such as high stiffness, abrasion and tear strengths. In many studies, the low strength rubbers have been blended with various types of polyurethanes for new and improved materials. However, until now, the reported heterogeneous blends offer only a narrow temperature range of application due to the high temperature softening of their polyurethane (-urea) phase. In addition, the conventional solution-or melt-blending methods are time and energy intensive, which tend to forfeit the economical realization of the reported blends. In contrast to earlier studies, a simplified reactive blending process is suggested to synthesize polyurethane-urea via a prepolymer route during blending with rubbers to obtain novel elastomeric materials having extended performance characteristics. The reactive blending process is opted to prepare blends based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea (PUU). The blending is carried out in an internal mixer at a preset temperature of 100°C. The critical temperatures of the reactive blending process are determined from the chemo-rheological analysis of a premix, composed of a 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)/polyether (PTMEG) based prepolymer admixed with 1,3-phenylene diamine (mPD). The prepared NBR/PUU blends exhibit highly improved mechanical properties. Contrary to previous reports, the reinforced dynamic-mechanical responses of the novel blends remain stable till very high temperatures (≥180°C). The influence of diamine type on the in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea and the performance of prepared blends are investigated. Four different diamines, namely 1,3-Phenylene diamine, 1,4-Bis(aminomethyl)benzene, 4,4′-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) and 4,4ʹ-(1,3-Phenylenediisopropylidene)bisaniline, are selected to chain extend the prepolymer to PUU during blending with NBR. The chemical and domain structure of the PUUs are found to greatly influence the reinforced tensile and dynamic-mechanical responses of the NBR/PUU 70/30 blends. The PUU (based on MDI/PTMEG prepolymer and mPD) is blended with polar (CR, XNBR) and nonpolar (NR, EPDM, sSBR) rubbers. PUU compatibilizes with all the rubbers irrespective of their polarity and reinforces their tensile and dynamic-mechanical characteristics. The use of blends in industrial applications, for example, in a truck tire tread compound and as a roller covering material, is examined. In a simplified tire tread formulation, the carbon black for NR-CB composite is partially replaced with an equivalent quantity of PUU for NR/PUU-CB composite of similar hardness. The dynamic mechanical investigations reveal that the energy dissipation and strain dependent softening is high in NR-CB as compared to the NR/PUU-CB composite. In another application, NBR/PUU blend is successfully tested as a rubber roller covering material. The tested blend-covered roller retains its structural integrity and develops less heat build-up as compared to the silica filled NBR-covered roller. This shows a substantial suitability of the blend-covered rollers for film, printing and textile processing machinery. These novel blends are considered to be the promising new materials for many commercial applications including wheels, rubber rollers, belts or pump impellers.

A novel laser light-sensitive yarn based on a thermoplastic polyester–urethane (TPU) has been prepared and analyzed. Since the thermosensitive shape memory polymer yarn (SMP yarn) has been functionalized using nanoscale heat sources exhibiting light-induced heat generation, the yarn is capable of an optically triggered shape memory effect (SME). For this purpose gold nanorods (GNR) have been employed. In addition to the incorporation of GNR into the yarn, a coating of GNR on the yarn is also proposed, applied by a semi-continuous layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. The SME of the functionalized yarns can be triggered either thermally or optically and has a strain recovery of almost 100%. The light-induced SME is triggered by a low-powered laser (808 nm, 2 W for a GNR-incorporated and 1W for a GNRcoated TPU yarn). A reference yarn without GNR showed no significant effect. An adaptive structure featuring a SMPyarn backed shape memory effect has been proposed and demonstrated.

Metall-Schaumstoff-Verbundelemente werden aufgrund ihrer sehr guten Flammschutzwirkung, selbsttragenden Eigenschaften bei geringem Gewicht und der kostengünstigen Montagemöglichkeit zunehmend in der Baubranche zur effizienten Wärmedämmung eingesetzt. Die Verbundelemente bestehen aus zwei flächigen, linierten oder profilierten, außen liegenden metallischen Deckschichten geringer Dicke, in denen der Zwischenraum (Kernschicht) mit einer wärmedämmenden Hartschaumschicht aus z. B. Polyisocyanurat ausgefüllt ist. Bedingt durch den (kontinuierlichen) Fertigungsprozess entstehen im Schaumkern material- und strukturbedingte Inhomogenitäten, wodurch dessen Materialeigenschaften über der Schaumdicke variieren. Diese Inhomogenitäten können die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Verbundelemente negativ beeinflussen und zu einem frühzeitigen Versagen führen. Aus diesem Grund ist das Verständnis bzw. die Berücksichtigung der lokalen Effekte im Schaum sowohl für die Auslegung der Verbundelemente als auch zur Schöpfung möglicher Potenziale zur Verbesserung der Produktqualität essenziell. Da die Betrachtung der lokalen Einflussfaktoren experimentell und analytisch nur begrenzt isoliert möglich ist, wird in dieser Arbeit ein numerischer Multiskalen-Ansatz unter Verwendung der Finite-Elemente-Methode vorgestellt, welcher in der Lage ist, die mechanischen Eigenschaften der lokalen mesoskaligen Schaumstrukturen mittels Homogenisierung in einem makroskaligen Simulationsmodell eines kompletten Verbundelementes zu berücksichtigen. Für die Validierung und Bewertung des Modells werden kommerziell erhältliche Verbundelemente verwendet. Im ersten Schritt werden die lokalen (höhenaufgelösten) Schaumeigenschaften dieser Verbundelemente experimentell charakterisiert. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Analyse des Schaumbasismaterials und der Zellstruktur. Basierend auf den experimentellen Daten wird ein mesoskaliges Simulationsmodell eines Repräsentativen Volumenelements erstellt und validiert, welches eine Vorhersage der mechanischen Eigenschaften anisotroper Schaumstrukturen mit unterschiedlichen Aspektverhältnissen und Orientierungen der individuellen Zellen auf Basis definierter Ellipsoidpackungen und einer anisotropen Mosaik-Methode ermöglicht. Neben der Vorhersage der lokalen Schaumeigenschaften bietet das mesoskalige Modell die Möglichkeit, Auswirkungen einzelner Einflussfaktoren auf die Schaumeigenschaften isoliert zu betrachten. Ein Vergleich zwischen experimentellen und numerischen Ergebnissen aus einem zuvor definierten Bereich zeigt, dass sowohl im Experiment, als auch in der mesoskaligen Simulation die Strukturen ein stark anisotropes Verhalten aufweisen, wobei der Grad der Anisotropie in der Simulation tendenziell leicht unterschätzt wird. Trotz kleiner Abweichungen stimmen die Simulationsergebnisse gut mit den experimentellen Daten überein. Demnach ist das mesoskalige Simulationsmodell geeignet, um die lokalen, anisotropen mechanischen Schaumeigenschaften nachzubilden. Darauf aufbauend werden die lokalen Materialeigenschaften eines ausgewählten Verbundelementes numerisch bestimmt und auf das makroskopische Modell übertragen. Im Zuge dessen werden sowohl geeignete Methoden zur Implementierung der Schaumeigenschaften vorgestellt, als auch eine Sensitivitätsanalyse zum Einfluss der Auflösung der lokalen mesoskaligen Schaumstruktur auf die makroskopischen Eigenschaften der Verbundelemente durchgeführt. Die Qualität des makroskopischen Simulationsmodells wird über den Vergleich der simulativen Ergebnisse mit bauteil-typischen Messungen analysiert. Vergleichbar zur mesoskaligen Validierung können die makroskaligen Bauteileigenschaften mit kleineren Abweichungen gut wiedergegeben werden. Voraussetzung ist jedoch, dass die im Vergleich zur (nahezu) homogenen Schaum-Kernschicht äußeren, inhomogenen Randschichten separat modelliert werden. Diese Erkenntnisse lassen sich auch auf andere Verbundelemente mit unterschiedlichen Dicken übertragen, da aus den experimentellen Untersuchungen bekannt ist, dass die Verbundelemente qualitativ vergleichbare Eigenschaftsverteilungen aufweisen. Aufgrund des hohen Rechen- und Modellierungsaufwands wird abschließend bewertet, inwiefern die komplexen mesomechanischen Eigenschaften anisotroper Schaumstrukturen in zukünftigen Multiskalen-Simulationen effizienter berücksichtigt werden können. Hierzu wird ein Künstliches Neuronales Netz verwendet, wobei der Fokus aufgrund der benötigten Dauer zur Erstellung einer geeigneten Datenbasis auf der Vorhersage des orthotropen Steifigkeitstensors liegt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei einer geeigneten Netzwerkstruktur und einer ausreichenden Datenbasis die mechanischen Eigenschaften komplexer Zellstrukturen mittels eines Neuronalen Netzes innerhalb von Sekunden sehr gut reproduziert werden können. In einer abschließenden Studie wird der Einfluss der Datenbankgröße auf die Vorhersagegenauigkeit untersucht. Es kann festgestellt werden, dass mindestens 500 Trainingsdatenpunkte erforderlich sind, um eine ausreichende Genauigkeit zu erreichen. / Metal-foam composite elements are used increasingly for efficient thermal insulation in the construction industry due to their very good flame-retardancy, self-supporting properties combined with low weight, and low-cost assembly options. The composite elements consist of two thin, flat, lined, or profiled external metallic cover layers, in which the interspace (core layer) is filled with a thermally insulating low-density layer of rigid foam, e.g. polyisocyanurate. Due to the (continuous) manufacturing process, material- and structure-related inhomogeneities occur in the foam core, causing its material properties to vary over the core thickness. These inhomogeneities can negatively affect the mechanical properties of the composite elements and lead to premature failure. For this reason, understanding and considering the local effects is essential both for the design of the composite elements and for creating possible potentials to improve the product quality. Since the consideration of local influencing factors is limited experimentally and analytically in isolation, this work presents a numerical multiscale approach using the finite element method, which can consider the mechanical properties of the local mesoscale foam structures using homogenization in a macroscale simulation model of a complete composite element. For the validation and evaluation of the model, commercially available composite elements are used. In a first step, the local (height-resolved) foam properties of these composite elements are characterized experimentally. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of foam base material, foam density, and cell structure. Based on the experimental data, a mesoscale simulation model of a representative volume element is created and validated, which allows a prediction of mechanical properties of anisotropic foam structures with different aspect ratios and orientations of the individual cells based on defined ellipsoid packings and an anisotropic tessellation method. In addition to predicting local foam properties, this mesoscale model offers the possibility to consider effects of individual influencing factors on foam performance in isolation. A comparison between experimental and numerical results from a previously defined area shows that in both the experiment and the mesoscale simulation, the structures exhibit strongly anisotropic behavior, although the degree of anisotropy tends to be slightly underestimated in the simulation. Despite small deviations, simulation results agree well with experimental data. Accordingly, this mesoscale simulation model is suitable to reproduce local anisotropic mechanical foam properties. Based on this, local material properties of a selected composite element are determined numerically and transferred to the macroscopic model. In the course of this, suitable methods for implementing foam properties are presented as well as a sensitivity analysis on the influence of resolution of the local mesoscale foam structure on macroscopic properties of composite elements. The quality of the macroscopic simulation model is again analyzed via a comparison of simulative results with component-typical measurements. Comparable to the mesoscale validation, macroscale component properties can be reproduced well with minor deviations. A prerequisite, however, is that outer, inhomogeneous layers are modeled separately compared to (nearly) homogeneous foam core layer. These findings can also be applied to other composite elements with different thicknesses since it is known from experimental investigations that composite elements exhibit qualitatively comparable property distributions. Finally, due to the high computational and modeling effort, it is evaluated to what extent the complex mesomechanical properties of anisotropic foam structures can be considered more efficiently in future multiscale simulations. For this purpose, an Artificial Neural Network is used, focusing on the prediction of orthotropic stiffness tensor due to the required duration to generate a suitable database. Results from this study show that with a suitable network structure and a sufficient database, the mechanical properties of complex foam structures can be reproduced very well via the Artificial Neural Network within seconds. In a final study, the effect of the database size on the prediction accuracy was examined. It could be observed that at least 500 training datapoints are required to obtain sufficient accuracy.

Die Verbindung von hoch entwickelten Nanomaterialien mit fluoreszenzbasierten Technologien hat sich zu einem aufstrebenden Forschungsbereich entwickelt. Nichtsdestotrotz ist bis heute der Schritt von einem organischen Indikatormolekül zum anwendbaren Sensorsystem ein komplexer Prozess. Diese Arbeit zielte darauf ab, sensorische Materialien verschiedener chemischer Natur für diverse Analyten zu entwickeln, zu charakterisieren und zu etablieren. Hierbei wurden zunächst pH sensitive Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe entwickelt und in dünnen Membranen immobilisiert. Der Teststreifen ermöglicht die Beurteilung von pH-Änderungen mit dem Auge. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, wie diese Farbstoffe auch in eine wasserlösliche Form überführt werden können. Damit konnten lokale pH-Änderungen an der Wachstumsfront von Silikat-Biomorphs detektiert werden. Auch partikuläre Systeme stellten sich als geeignete Materialien heraus. Es konnte gezeigt werden, wie die Silikat-Matrix von Partikeln zu verbesserten Eigenschaften für Farbstoffe führt. Mittels farbstoffbeladener Partikel konnte in einem Lateral-Flow-Assay ein schneller Nachweis von TATP etabliert werden. Ein anderer Ansatz verfolgte das Ziel des sensitiven Nachweises von Quecksilberionen in Wasser. In einem anderen System konnten Silikat-Nanopartikeln so funktionalisiert werden, dass ein sensitiver und selektiver Nachweis von Schwermetallionen und Anionen über ein Quencher-Displacement-Assay gelang. Zusätzlich wurde die einzigartige Oberfläche von Zellulosepartikeln mithilfe eines neu entwickelten Fluoreszenzfarbstoffs untersucht. Die untersuchten Materialien und Strategien zeigen, wie leicht innovative Moleküle für potentielle sensorische Systeme im wässrigen Medium auf Basis von fluoreszierenden Partikeln und dünnen Schichten geschaffen werden können. Das Verhalten der hergestellten Materialien wurde über spektroskopische Methoden evaluiert und dabei, wenn möglich, die Parameter Sensitivität, Selektivität und Ansprechzeit beurteilt. / The combination of fluorescence and nanomaterials has developed into an emerging research area. Nonetheless until now the step from an organic sensory molecule to a final sensor format is a complex endeavor. This thesis aimed at the preparation of particulate and thin-film based platforms for various analytes through combining the features of an appropriate host material with outstanding properties of dyes concomitant with sensitive fluorescence detection techniques. In particular, pH sensitive fluorescent probes were sterically immobilized into a thin membrane. The dip-stick allows the assessment upon change in pH with the eye. Especially a probe working at high basic pH range was converted into a water-soluble analogue and was directly applied at the growth front of silica biomorphs to detect local pH changes. But also particulate structures are suitable host materials. It is shown how the silica matrix of nanoparticles lead to improved optical properties for embedded dyes. The interactions of silica and fluorescent dyes within the pores of mesoporous particles were exploited to develop an actual sensor format based detection of TATP. In another approach it was possible to detect mercury ions in water. Heavy metal ions were also successfully detected in a quencher displacement assay involving receptor-dye functionalized silica nanoparticles. The impact of the unique surface properties of cellulose microparticles was shown by a fluorescent dye which allows an assessment of the surface functional groups and microenvironment through the reactivity and its changes in the optical properties. The performance of the prepared materials were evaluated mostly by spectroscopic methods and if possible assessed in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and response time. The newly developed and investigated materials based on fluorescent particulate and thin-films show the facile application of innovative sensor probes for potentially sensing devices.

The presentation describes partial results from an industrial project in which a transmission test bench from ZF Prüfsysteme was decoupled from the foundation in terms of vibration using commercial PU foam material ('Sylomer' SR220 from Getzner). The presentation shows how this material was extensively tested by the manufacturer and characterized in numerous data sheets in order to enable the engineer to perform a simple, operating point-dependent dynamic design using clear diagrams and the classic equation for a single-mass oscillator. However, if a more complex analysis is to be carried out using the finite element method, e.g. to determine all 6 rigid body shapes and natural frequencies of the dynamically decoupled test rig and not just the purely vertical natural shape/frequency, the apparent elasticity and shear moduli specified in the manufacturer's data sheets must be converted into true values for the corresponding operating points, which can then be used in a linear FE calculation. For this purpose, FEM models of the elastomer test specimens are generated for different shape factors. The conversion of the apparent to the true characteristic values is then carried out using the optimizer available in the PTC software “Creo Simulate” in a so-called 'feasibility study' and the results are discussed. It can be seen that the true moduli of elasticity and transverse strain coefficients are only slightly or no longer dependent on the form factor. Depending on the density of the PU foam, the transverse strain coefficient is also significantly lower than 0.5. The true shear modulus is practically identical to the measured shear modulus, as a pure biaxial stress and strain state occurs in the shear specimens, in which strain restraints due to transverse strain plays no role - quite unlike in the specimens loaded in the normal (compression) direction, in which triaxial compression stress states occur due to transverse strain restraints. Finally, the true material properties determined in this way are used for an exemplary modal analysis of the entire, idealized test rig on the strip foundation using the finite element method. The error is evaluated if the apparent modulus of elasticity and a Poisson ratio of zero is used instead, so that a simple evaluation and error estimation of analysis results is possible in practical applications. / Der Vortrag beschreibt Teilergebnisse aus einem industriellen Projekt, in dem ein Getriebeprüfstand der ZF Prüfsysteme schwingungstechnisch über kommerzielles PU- Schaummaterial („Sylomer“ SR220 der Firma Getzner) vom Fundament abgekoppelt wurde. Der Vortrag stellt dar, wie dieser Werkstoff vom Hersteller umfangreich getestet und in zahlreichen Datenblättern charakterisiert wurde, um dem Ingenieur schließlich eine einfache, betriebspunktabhängige dynamische Auslegung mittels übersichtlicher Diagramme und der klassischen Gleichung für einen Einmassenschwinger zu ermöglichen. Soll jedoch eine aufwendigere Analyse mittels der Methode der Finiten Elemente durchgeführt werden, z.B. um alle 6 Starrkörperformen und Eigenfrequenzen des dynamisch abgekoppelten Prüfstandes zu bestimmen und nicht nur die rein vertikale Eigenform/Eigenfrequenz, müssen die in den Herstellerdatenblättern angegeben formzahlabhängigen scheinbaren Elastizitäts- und Schubmoduli in wahre Werte für die entsprechenden Betriebspunkte umgerechnet werden, die dann in einer linearen FE-Rechnung verwendet werden können. Dafür werden FEM-Modelle der Elastomer-Probekörper für verschiedene Formfaktoren erzeugt. Die Umrechnung der scheinbaren in die wahren Kennwerte wird anschließend mittels des in der PTC-Software „Creo Simulate“ vorhandenen Optimierers in einer sogenannten „Machbarkeitsstudie“ durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die wahren E-Moduli und Querdehnzahlen nur noch gering bzw. nicht mehr vom Formfaktor abhängen. Je nach Dichte des PU-Schaums stellt sich auch eine Querdehnzahl von deutlich kleiner als 0,5 ein. Der wahre Schubmodul ist praktisch identisch wie der gemessene Schubmodul, da in den Schubproben ein reiner zweiachsiger Spannungs- und Dehnungszustand auftritt, in dem Dehnungsbehinderung durch Querdehnung keine Rolle spielt – ganz anders als in den in Normalenrichtung (Druck-) belasteten Proben, in denen durch die Querdehnungs- behinderung dreiachsige Spannungszustände auftreten. Schließlich werden die so bestimmten wahren Werkstoffkennwerte für eine exemplarische Modalanalyse des gesamten, idealisierten Prüfstandes auf den Streifenfundamenten mittels der Methode der Finiten Elemente verwendet. Der Fehler wird bewertet, wenn man stattdessen den scheinbaren E-Modul und eine Querdehnzahl von Null verwendet, so dass in der Anwendungspraxis eine einfache Bewertung und Fehlerabschätzung von Analyseergebnissen möglich ist.