At the end of the sixteenth century, Simone Verovio printed a series of canzonetta anthologies in Rome. These collections were unique, in that they contained keyboard and lute intabulations alongside their vocal parts. The keyboard intabulations seem primarily intended as accompanimental parts. As such, they inform us about the use of keyboard instruments in ensembles of mixed voices and instruments. This thesis examines how the printing format of Verovio's keyboard intabulations arose from a larger context. In particular, it asks what were the skills and training of amateur keyboard players (often women), when or when not to transpose pieces with chiavette (or high clefs), and how instrumental embellishments relate to the canzonetta's text as well as musical texture. This examination contributes to a better understanding of Italian sixteenth-century performance practice, especially of the ways in which instruments were used along with voices in domestic music making.

Two important performance practices in the modern orchestral performance are discussed in this document: simplification and octavation. Due to the differing opinions and common practices which bass players have around these two performance practices, simplification and octavation have become two of the most complex issues faced by orchestral sections. The first part of the document will provide a brief history of simplification and octavation. The second part of the document will offer recommendation for double bass orchestral practice in the 21st century and examine key works of the bass repertoire in which simplification and octavation occur. The research and practice of leading pedagogues and major orchestral players and the solutions they have developed to reduce the discrepancy inherent within section playing will be discussed. This document will propose several empirical solutions to major excerpts in the bass repertoire, demonstrating how it is to achieve the most uniformed playing, and offer applicable and suggestive guidelines for contemporary orchestral double bass performers.

In Caught Between Jazz and Pop, I challenge the prevalent marginalization and malignment of smooth jazz in the standard jazz narrative. Furthermore, I question the assumption that smooth jazz is an unfortunate and unwelcomed evolutionary outcome of the jazz-fusion era. Instead, I argue that smooth jazz is a long-lived musical style that merits multi-disciplinary analyses of its origins, critical dialogues, performance practice, and reception. Chapter 1 begins with an examination of current misconceptions about the origins of smooth jazz. In many jazz histories, the origins of smooth jazz are defined as a product of the jazz-fusion era. I suggest that smooth jazz is a distinct jazz style that is not a direct outgrowth of any mainstream jazz style, but a hybrid of various popular and jazz styles. Chapters 2 through 4 contain eight case studies examining the performers of crossover jazz and smooth jazz. These performers have conceived and maintained distinct communicative connections between themselves and their audiences. In the following chapter, the unfair treatment of popular jazz styles is examined. Many early and influential jazz critics sought to elevate jazz to the status of art music by discrediting popular jazz styles. These critics used specific criteria and emphasized notions of anti-commerciality to support their theoretical positions. In Chapter 6, the studio recordings and live performances of smooth jazz are discussed. Critics frequently complain that most smooth jazz recordings feature glossy packaging and pristine studio editing, resulting in a too-perfect product. Although this aesthetic is the result of a unique series of interactions, recordings do not represent the complete musical nature of smooth jazz. Live performances contain important, but typically neglected aspects of smooth jazz. Live performances enable performers to extend solos, interact, and communicate directly to the audience. While recordings are a useful source for musical analysis, smooth jazz, like other styles of jazz, is an improvisatory music that utilizes multiple sites of production and cannot be accurately judged on recordings alone.

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This dissertation aims to explore the functions and meanings of four frequently used dynamic accent markings (fp, rf, sf and sfp) in Beethoven’s early chamber music with the fortepiano, with the consideration of acoustic qualities and playing capabilities of instruments intended for the studied works. The sources of reference here include the three Op.1 piano trios, two Op.5 cello sonatas, and three Op.12 violin sonatas, using a modern critical edition in conjunction with the first editions published during Beethoven's lifetime. The study consists of two parts. The first part surveys historical aspects including: 1) the development of relevant instruments, namely the bow and the fortepiano, and 2) existing accentuation conventions, especially those found in selected works of Haydn and Mozart, and appropriate treatises from Beethoven's time. The second part of the study entails the examination of consistency and frequency of dynamic accent markings in general, and that of individual accent markings using specific musical examples. The process of this investigation shows that these signs have distinct meanings, and consequently, require different treatments for their respective executions in performance. It also implies that the acoustic qualities of the ensembles with instruments from Beethoven's time are the most important factor contributing to variations found in his use of the accent markings among the different genres. Such acoustic qualities include the quieter volume and faster decay of the fortepiano, as well as the larger sonority from the cello especially in the lower register, when compared with instruments made for today's concert halls. These insights not only illuminate the possible ways to realize each marking, but also clarify accent markings which could seem inconsistent to modern performers, in terms of acoustic balance, especially in combinations that include the cello.

This study aims to provide a critique of Baroque performance practice, with specific reference to the organ Preludes and Fugues of Johann Sebastian Bach. Drawing from the extensive body of literature pertaining to Bach’s keyboard music, a number of relevant issues are explored in so far as these may provide understanding of the manner in which the organ Preludes and Fugues should be performed today. These include: • The notion of Bach’s ‘generic’ keyboard works. Were the generic keyboard works as a whole intended to be performed on more than one keyboard instrument? The instrumental designations given by Bach in these works are a valuable source of information in answering this question. • The type of organ that was known to J.S. Bach and typical registration used in the Baroque, called the plenum. • Identification of the grey area that persists in the interpretation of Bach’s organ works with regard to registration, tempo, rhythm, articulation, phrasing, fingering and ornamentation. This study also engages with the current authenticity debate in musical performance as seen from the modernist and postmodernist points of view. The modernist ideal of authenticity is to “re-create” or “reconstruct” performances of Bach’s music with as much accuracy as the evidence of historical musicologists can provide. For the postmodernist, however, authenticity lies in embracing the human element of contingency in musical performance, along with a thorough grounding of such performance in historical evidence. In aligning itself with the postmodernist point of view, this study ultimately argues that we cannot learn everything there is to know about Baroque performance practice from books. Instead, in addition to historical evidence, we draw much of our understanding in this regard from our innate or tacit levels of knowing. In this regard the scholar of Bach’s organ works can draw valuable lessons from the levels of tacit knowledge of leading organ pedagogues and performers on the subject of Baroque performance practice.

Orientador: Carlos Fernando Fiorini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T13:48:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garbuio_RafaelLuis_D.pdf: 7178539 bytes, checksum: e08ba43fe42a54111f067ee359bcaf79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os seis livros de madrigais italianos compostos por Carlo Gesualdo apresentam uma estreita relação entre a música e o texto. A manipulação efetuada pelo compositor nos poemas que seriam base para suas peças evidencia sua busca por um determinado formato de texto. Através da observação destas alterações, foi possível caracterizar seu ideal poético e relacioná-lo diretamente com a sua concepção musical, objetivando um entendimento mais abrangente da expressividade deste conjunto de obras. Para che-gar a este resultado, foram realizados estudos da contextualização histórica, concen-trados na cidade de Ferrara e na sua importância dentro da obra deste compositor; do Maneirismo artístico e sua relação com o madrigal italiano tardio, e dos vários aspectos da sua escrita musical. Como forma de confrontar estas informações, realizou-se uma análise da relação texto/música sobre dois termos poéticos ¿ amor e morte ¿ através da qual foi possível concluir como se deu o amadurecimento da escrita do compositor e a relevância de seu ideal poético como ferramenta interpretativa / Abstract: The six Italian madrigals books of Carlo Gesualdo present a close connection between music and text. The manipulation made by the composer in the poems that would serve as basis for his music evidences his search for a certain text format. Through the anal-ysis of these changes it was possible to characterize his poetic ideal and relate it direct-ly to his musical conception, aiming a more comprehensive understanding of the ex-pression of this group of works. To reach this result, the historical context was studied, especially the one of the city of Ferrara and its importance in the work of this composer. Also, the various aspects of his musical writing, the Mannerism and its relation to the late Italian madrigal were approached. In order to confront this information, it was done an analysis of the relation text / music on two poetic terms - love and death - through which we concluded how was the maturing process of the composer¿s writing, and the relevance of his poetic ideal as an interpretive tool / Doutorado / Praticas Interpretativas / Doutor em Música

This paper is an examination of the battle chansons of Clement Janequin for references to Renaissance trumpet music. The following issues are addressed: dating the early use of the clarino register; the history and evolution of the courtly trumpet ensemble; and the transition from the shorter trumpet of the Middle Ages to the longer instrument of the middle Renaissance and Baroque eras. Because the earliest Janequin battle chanson predates all known written trumpet sources by over fifty years, musical evidence gleaned from these battle chansons can help to establish the existence and character of trumpet performance practices in the first third of the sixteenth century. The first chapter summarizes all of the known primary sources of information on Renaissance trumpet performance, and identifies important issues worthy of further investigation. The second chapter examines trumpet music and trumpet style in the Renaissance, including trumpet ensemble performance, military trumpet calls, and the imitation of trumpet style in purely vocal music, and contains eight musical examples. The third chapter discusses the battle chansons of Janequin and their influence on other sixteenth-century works. Chapter £our analyzes the battle works of Janequin for allusions to trumpet music and includes eleven musical examples. The fifth and concluding chapter places the musical allusions into the context of trumpet history. The musical references pointed out in these chansons provide the first musical evidence that trumpeters in the early sixteenth century were performing in the clarino register. Clear references to unequal articulation, military calls, characteristic: trumpet rhythms, and to the music of the courtly trumpet ensemble are demonstrated. The chansons also provide evidence of the simultaneous use of trumpets in at least two different keys, probably for two different styles of playing.

Syftet med den föreliggande studien är att undersöka i vilken grad elever vid det estetiska gymnasieprogrammet med inriktning musik känner inre motivation till att ägna sig åt övning på sitt huvudinstrument. Syftet är också att undersöka om det finns några samband mellan graden av inre motivation och genre, tidigare musikutbildning, och musicerande familjemedlemmar. I områdesorienteringen lyfts litteratur fram som berör övningsbegreppet och motivationsbegreppet, liksom tidigare forskningsstudier på området. Studien är en kvantitativ sådan där data har samlats in med hjälp av en digital enkät. Ett bekvämlighetsurval av respondenter har gjorts, varför ingen bortfallsanalys har kunnat göras. Resultatet visar att respondenterna upplever en generellt hög grad av inre motivation till att ägna sig åt övning, och att det finns ett statistiskt signifikant samband mellan en hög grad av inre motivation till att ägna sig åt övning och hobbymusicerande föräldrar. Inga samband mellan en hög grad av inre motivation till att ägna sig åt övning och genre eller tidigare musikutbildning kunde påvisas. Diskussionen belyser resultatet i relation till relevant tidigare forskning på området. / The purpose of the present study is to examine to what degree high school students studying music experiences intrinsic motivation for practicing their instrument. The purpose is also to find out if there are any connections between intrinsic motivation for practicing and musical genre, previous musical education, or family members engaging in musical activities. Chapter two presents relevant literature on practicing and motivation, as well as previously conducted studies on the subject. The present study is quantitative, and data has been gathered using an online survey. A convenience sample of respondents was used and therefore no dropout analysis could be carried out.   The result shows that the respondents experience a rather high level of intrinsic motivation for practicing their instrument, and that there is a statistically significant connection between a high level of intrinsic motivation for practicing and having parents who take part in musical activities in their spare time. No connections could be found between a high level of intrinsic motivation for practicing and musical genre or previous musical education. Chapter six discusses the result in relation to relevant literature and previously conducted studies on the subject.

Enrique Granados, Frank Marshall, and Alicia de Larrocha are the chief exponents of a school of piano playing characterized by special attention to details of pedalling, voicing, and refined piano sonority. Granados and Marshall dedicated the major part of their efforts in the field to the pedagogy of these principles. Their work led to the establishment of the Granados Academy in Barcelona, a keyboard conservatory which operates today under the name of the Frank Marshall Academy. Both Granados and Marshall have left published method books detailing their pedagogy of pedalling and tone production. Granados' book, Metodo Teorico Practico para el Uso de los Pedales del Piano (Theoretical and Practical Method for the Use of the Piano Pedals) is presently out of print and available in a photostatic version from the publisher. Marshall's works, Estudio Practico sobre los Pedales del Piano (Practical Study of the Piano Pedals) and La Sonoridad del Piano (Piano Sonority) continue to be used at the Marshall Academy and are available from Spanish publishing houses. This study brings information contained in these three method books to the forefront and demonstrates its relevance to the performance of the music of Granados, specifically the Escenas Romanticas. Alicia de Larrocha, Marshall's best known pupil, currently holds the directorship of the Marshall Academy, and as such, is perhaps the best living authority on this entire line of pianistic and pedagogical thought. An interview conducted with Madame de Larrocha in April of 1983 adds detail and provides valuable perspective about the present use and relevance of these materials and concepts.