Abstract Title: It’s not just a comment – a study about Crisis Management on Social Media Author: Malin Pettersson 910624 and Amanda White 920310 Year: Spring 2014 Level: Bachelor degree Department: School of Business and Economics Supervisor: Carina Holmgren Examiner: Frederic Bill   Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a theoretical model for Crisis Management on social media.   Method: The overall literature that was found consisted of traditional Crisis Management and the communication that goes with it, and it was mainly written for traditional channels such as newspapers. The theories could not concretely describe how organizations should handle crisis in Social Media. Therefore, this study focuses on if and how organizations can use the traditional theories when working with crisis management in social media. Through a qualitative method the study has examined and tested the model on three crises, and subsequently improved the model based on the empirical material and  the analysis that was made.   Conclusion: The conclusion found that organizations need to adjust their crisis management after following guidelines for it to work on social media: -    Strategies should be limited to only one, and be either a rebuilding strategy or a bolstering strategy. -    The focus should be on emotional communication, and regarding the rational aspects the focus should be on actual actions and plans for the future. -    Clear guidelines for what type of questions and critics that should be answered should be set. Due to time restrictions questions and critics that communicate direct attacks and/or has playful undertones should be filtered out. -    Spokespersons can be many, which amplifies the need of clear guidelines and a coherent choice of strategy. Further, the messages should all be signed the same regardless of its creator. A good choice is therefore to sign it with the organizations name. -    Social media demands constant presence as the organizations must answer comments quickly, preferably within the hour of their publication. They must also quickly share information to make sure they are first with defining the crisis events. Furthermore, organizations should be active on all the social media channels where they have an account to avoid creating a forum for only speculations, rumors and discussions between stakeholders. -    Authorities should not stand alone in the spotlight, and they should not act alone on the organizations social media channels. Keywords: Crisis Management, Crisis Communication, Crisis Response, Response stage, Social Media, Preventable Crisis, Findus, Max, Parken Zoo.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of defensive driving as a preventative strategy for road traffic violations and collisions in Zimbabwe. A sample of one hundred defensive driving graduates was used in the study. The descriptive survey method was used and data were collected using a questionnaire schedule. Literature review revealed that the majority of similar s udies by other researchers indicate that defensive driving is effective in preventing traffic violations and traffic collisions. The major findings of the present study showed that: (a) The defensive driving course is effective in preventing traffic violations and collisions; and (b) The defensive driving course should be compulsory in Zimbabwe. In view of these findings, this researcher urges the Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe to request the government to make legislation that compels every motorist to attend the defensive driving course. The same organisation should start conducting research on road traffic accidents. / Criminology and Security Science / MA (Criminology)

Obstructed labour contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality among both mothers and babies in Ethiopia nationwide, and also in the West-Wollega region where this study was conducted. The researcher used a retrospective hospital based review of maternity files to quantify the problem of obstructed labour in the selected hospital. The findings revealed that maternal and perinatal mortality due to obstructed labour amounted to 1.4% and 7.5% respectively. Most of these complications could be prevented by proper antenatal care and careful attentive monitoring during delivery with proper use of the partogram which will indicate the occurrence of complications in good time when successful and life saving interventions are still available. The findings clearly show that poor documentation in general and very sporadic usage of the partogram in particular contributes significantly to the complications for mother and child. Re-introduction of proper documentation and careful use of the partogram are advocated / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / INTRODUCTION: Although patient safety institutions define High-Alert Medications (MAVs) as those that are at increased risk of causing significant harm to patients as a result of a failure to use, there are few scientific studies to prove the prevalence of harm due to MAVs. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of harm to patients involving MAVs due to medications errors (MEs) in hospitals. Make recommendations for conducting studies that identify harm caused by MEs and for the preparation of lists of MAVs. METHODOLOGY: Chapter 1 was carried out through a systematic review of the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Lilacs databases, considering the studies published until April 2017, using descriptors and their synonyms in different combinations. Then, titles, abstracts and full texts were evaluated by two authors independently, according to the previously established inclusion criteria. In case of discrepancies, a third evaluator was consulted. The articles were included when they determined or allowed the determination of the rates of harm caused by MAVs as a result of MEs in hospitals. Chapter 2 comprised recommendations for patient safety from the studies found in chapter one. RESULTS: In the systematic review, five articles met the inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of harm resulting from MEs involving MAVs was 16.3%. Less than 0.01% of MEs involving MAVs resulted in death. Hypotension, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, stroke, prolonged hospitalization, coma, permanent injury, death have been reported. The drugs most related to the damages were 15% potassium chloride, insulin, anticoagulants, epoprostenol, anesthetics. The recommendations proposed in chapter two include methods for conducting studies that identify MEs harm and emphasize the importance of hospital units to create their own lists of MAVs. CONCLUSION: Two-thirds of the medications on the ISMP list of MEs from the United States and Brazil did not provide evidence of potential harm. In general, few studies - characterized by methodological and conceptual heterogeneity - were performed to determine the prevalence of harm resulting from errors involving these drugs. / INTRODUÇÃO: Embora instituições de segurança do paciente definam os Medicamentos Alta Vigilância (MAVs) como aqueles que apresentam risco aumentado de provocar danos significativos aos pacientes em decorrência de falha no processo de utilização, há poucos estudos científicos que comprovem a prevalência dos danos devidos erros com MAVs. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência dos danos aos pacientes envolvendo MAVs em decorrência de erros de medicação (EMs) em hospitais. Realizar recomendações para realização de estudos que identifiquem danos causados por EM e para elaboração das listas de MAVs. METODOLOGIA: O Capítulo 1 foi realizado através de uma revisão sistemática nas bases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e Lilacs, sendo considerados os estudos publicados até abril de 2017, usando descritores e seus sinônimos em diferentes combinações. Em seguida foram avaliados títulos, resumos e textos completos por dois autores de forma independente, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão previamente estabelecidos. Em caso de discrepâncias, um terceiro avaliador foi consultado. Os artigos foram incluídos quando determinaram ou possibilitaram a determinação das taxas de danos causados por medicamentos de alta vigilância em decorrência de erros de medicação em hospitais. O Capítulo 2 compreendeu recomendações para segurança do paciente apartir dos estudos encontrados no capítulo um. RESULTADOS: Na revisão sistemática, cinco artigos atenderam os critérios de inclusão. A prevalência geral de danos decorrentes de EMs envolvendo MAVs foi de 16,3%. Menos de 0,01% dos EMs envolvendo MAVs resultaram em morte. Foram reportados danos como hipotensão, hipoglicemia, hiperglicemia, hemorragia, parada cardíaca, acidente vascular cerebral, hospitalização prolongada, coma, lesão permanente, morte. Os medicamentos mais relacionados aos danos foram cloreto de potássio a 15%, insulina, anticoagulantes, epoprostenol, anestésicos. As recomendações propostas no capítulo dois incluem métodos para realização de estudos que identifiquem danos provocados por EMs e refoça a importância das unidades hospitalares criarem suas próprias listas de MAVs. CONCLUSÃO: Dois terços do medicamentos presentes na lista de MAVs do ISMP dos Estados Unidos e do Brasil não apresentaram evidências quanto ao potencial de provocar danos. Em geral, poucos estudos - caracterizados por heterogeneidade metodológica e conceitual - foram realizados para determinar a prevalência de danos decorrentes de erros envolvendo esses medicamentos. / São Cristóvão, SE

This study investigated caregivers' perceptions with regard to vaccine-preventable diseases in terms of six constructs of the Health Belief Model. A qualitative research design that is explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature was employed in order to understand and describe the perceptions influencing access and utilisation of services that lead to missed immunisation opportunities and consequently outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. The data-collection techniques were individual unstructured in-depth interviews, field notes and clinical records. The sample consisted of twenty two (N=22) caregivers who volunteered to be interviewed. The study has highlighted that caregivers' perceptions or cognitive factors play an important role for having children in completing immunisation schedule to protect the public from vaccine-preventable diseases. It is recommended that mass media programmes are needed to address the role of vaccines in reducing high morbidity and mortality rates caused by vaccine preventable diseases and improvement in access to immunisation services. / Health Studies / MPH (Health Studies)

Every year, tens of thousands of patients in North America die from preventable errors. Incident learning can decrease this number, but is not currently reaching its full potential in health care. The goal of this research was to propose strategies to effectively report and learn from incidents to drive quality improvement. A detailed literature review, focus groups, in-depth interviews, and thematic analysis were used to identify potential process improvement strategies from aviation and nuclear power and assess these strategies for feasibility and desirability in health care. This work was guided by World Health Organization recommendations and Rasmussen’s risk management framework. An extensive list of strategies to address existing shortcomings was ultimately proposed for consideration in health care. These strategies can serve as guidelines to proactively improve incident learning processes. This should help create more effective systems and in turn, improve patient safety.

Every year, tens of thousands of patients in North America die from preventable errors. Incident learning can decrease this number, but is not currently reaching its full potential in health care. The goal of this research was to propose strategies to effectively report and learn from incidents to drive quality improvement. A detailed literature review, focus groups, in-depth interviews, and thematic analysis were used to identify potential process improvement strategies from aviation and nuclear power and assess these strategies for feasibility and desirability in health care. This work was guided by World Health Organization recommendations and Rasmussen’s risk management framework. An extensive list of strategies to address existing shortcomings was ultimately proposed for consideration in health care. These strategies can serve as guidelines to proactively improve incident learning processes. This should help create more effective systems and in turn, improve patient safety.

This study investigated caregivers' perceptions with regard to vaccine-preventable diseases in terms of six constructs of the Health Belief Model. A qualitative research design that is explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature was employed in order to understand and describe the perceptions influencing access and utilisation of services that lead to missed immunisation opportunities and consequently outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. The data-collection techniques were individual unstructured in-depth interviews, field notes and clinical records. The sample consisted of twenty two (N=22) caregivers who volunteered to be interviewed. The study has highlighted that caregivers' perceptions or cognitive factors play an important role for having children in completing immunisation schedule to protect the public from vaccine-preventable diseases. It is recommended that mass media programmes are needed to address the role of vaccines in reducing high morbidity and mortality rates caused by vaccine preventable diseases and improvement in access to immunisation services. / Health Studies / MPH (Health Studies)

Helper T cells direct the immunological response to foreign pathogens and cancer. To become activated, helper T cells must recognize unique peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex II (pMHCII) by antigen presenting cells (APCs) with their T cell receptor (TCR). While much is known about helper T cell activation signaling cascades and the subsequent roles of helper T cell subsets, the initiation of helper T cell activation by the TCR and other co-receptors is less well understood. Specifically, the affinity of the TCR for its pMHCII can change helper T cell subset fate, proliferation, and alter the risk for activation induced cell death. High affinity TCRs are attractive targets for immunotherapies, but little is known about how helper T cells respond to high affinity TCRs. Here we describe high affinity TCR activation thresholds for both full length TCRs and chimeric antigen receptor TCRs both with and without the presence of the coreceptor CD4 and propose a mechanism whereby CD4 inhibits T cell activation via Lck sequestration and a CD4-independent method. Dysregulated helper T cells play critical roles in the development and perpetuation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a systemic autoimmune disease that causes widespread inflammation and organ damage throughout the body. Chronic inflammation in SLE affects the immune response to viruses and the risk of developing cancer. However, in SLE patients, it is unclear if viruses initiate the development of cancer directly or if the effects are non-interacting and concomitant. Here we describe the interactions between SLE, viruses, and cancer risk revealing that viruses and SLE do interact to increase the both the overall cancer risk and the risk for hematological malignancies. Due to vaccine efficacy, vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) are no longer commonly experienced or understood by the public. Vaccines are a victim of their own success and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), vaccine hesitancy (VH) is one of the top threats to global health. VH is the refusal to accept vaccinations and the reasons for VH vary across time, place, and vaccine. Refuting VH is difficult as directly confronting false assumptions can cause individuals to become more entrenched in their position resulting in confirmation bias. Adults with VH attitudes are often motivated by concerns over personal liberty, harm, independence, and body purity. Here we describe the results of a VPD interview- and education-based intervention geared towards promoting positive vaccine attitudes for young adults and demonstrate that education focused on VPDs is more effective than vaccine safety.