The Baltic Sea is a sensitive and unique ecosystem that has been strongly affected by human activity in the area. It is an important cultural and natural resource that contributes with several economic benefits. Among the many documents aiming to protect the Baltic Sea, this thesis concerns two of the action plans; An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 and HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, which are two of the most recognised documents aiming at protecting the Baltic Sea area. The two documents was analysed using three different types of text analysis. As the main goal in all environmental protection is to urge preventive action in protecting the environment, the two documents will be analysed with the aim of investigating whether preventive action is advocated in the protection of the Baltic Sea, even though the region is threatened and have many problems from an environmental point of view. The two documents differ structurally as their approaches differ. The HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) has an ecosystem approach, whiles the Baltic 21 has sustainable development as its primarily approach. The results of the study further show that preventive action is advocated in both documents. However, the BSAP presents a cleared preventive approach and suggests more preventive action than Baltic 21. Baltic 21 lack a clear connection to the Baltic Sea and instead focus in the whole Baltic Sea area. There are few clearly preventive action presented in the protection of the actual Baltic Sea in Baltic 21. Instead the Baltic 21 shows a vague argumentation and few actions aiming at preventing environmental harm to the Baltic Sea.

<p>The Baltic Sea is a sensitive and unique ecosystem that has been strongly affected by human activity in the area. It is an important cultural and natural resource that contributes with several economic benefits. Among the many documents aiming to protect the Baltic Sea, this thesis concerns two of the action plans; An Agenda for the Baltic Sea Region – Baltic 21 and HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, which are two of the most recognised documents aiming at protecting the Baltic Sea area. The two documents was analysed using three different types of text analysis.</p><p>As the main goal in all environmental protection is to urge preventive action in protecting the environment, the two documents will be analysed with the aim of investigating whether preventive action is advocated in the protection of the Baltic Sea, even though the region is threatened and have many problems from an environmental point of view.</p><p>The two documents differ structurally as their approaches differ. The HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) has an ecosystem approach, whiles the Baltic 21 has sustainable development as its primarily approach. The results of the study further show that preventive action is advocated in both documents. However, the BSAP presents a cleared preventive approach and suggests more preventive action than Baltic 21. Baltic 21 lack a clear connection to the Baltic Sea and instead focus in the whole Baltic Sea area. There are few clearly preventive action presented in the protection of the actual Baltic Sea in Baltic 21. Instead the Baltic 21 shows a vague argumentation and few actions aiming at preventing environmental harm to the Baltic Sea.</p>

Bakgrund: Operationssjuksköterskan använder olika förebyggande åtgärder för att skydda och förhindra patienten och arbetslaget mot stick- och skärskador. Förebyggande metoder kan vara hands free-teknik och neutral zon, dubbla handskar eller trubbig suturnål. Syfte: Att med denna intervjustudie belysa vad operationssjuksköterskan använder för metoder för att förebygga tillbud av stick- och skärskador. Metod: Studien var en semistrukturerad intervjustudie med fyra yrkesverksamma operationssjuksköterskor inom perioperativ omvårdnad. Materialet transkriberades och analyserades med manifest innehållsanalys och presenterades i tema och kategorier. Resultat: Ett tema och tre kategorier framkom. Under temat Intraoperativ strategi framkom tre kategorier Ordning, Teknik och Kommunikation. Slutsats: Operationssjuk-sköterskorna i denna studie använder sig av en intraoperativ strategi med ordning, teknik och kommunikation samt olika tekniker med följsamhet beroende på det aktuella ingreppet. / Background: The theatre nurse uses different prevention measures to protect the patient and the theatre team from any stick and cut injuries. Technique and strategies which could be used are hand-free technique and neutral zone, double gloves and blunt surgical needles. Objective: The point of this study is to illustrate the theatre nurse and the use of methods to prevent stick and cut injuries. Method: The study was conducted by semistructured interviews with four professional theatre nurses. The material was transcribed and analysed with content analyse. The results were presented in themes and categories. Results: One theme and three categories appeared. Beneath theme Intraoperative strategies three categories appeared Order, Technique and Communication. Conclusion: The theatre nurses in this study use an intraoperative strategy with order, diffrent techniques and communication with compliance depending on the current operation.

Este estudo tem por objeto a efetivação dos direitos sociais por meio da atuação preventiva do Poder Público. Os direitos sociais fazem parte dos direitos fundamentais, posições jurídicas de suma relevância no ordenamento jurídico, objetivando à concretização da dignidade humana. Os direitos sociais são direitos fundamentais referentes à concretização da justiça social por meio da transformação das estruturas sociais e, por isso, sua não observância ou violação representa sério desrespeito aos princípios fundantes do Estado Democrático de Direito. Atualmente, os mecanismos jurídicos existentes, de forma geral, priorizam a atuação repressiva do Estado. Logo, a atuação em defesa dos direitos sociais (deveres de proteção do Estado), normalmente, acontece posteriormente à não observância ou violação do direito. O presente estudo, então, propõe a atuação preventiva do Poder Público para a efetivação de direitos sociais, considerando-se que esta forma de atuação pode ser uma forma de concretização de direitos fundamentais, pois visa a evitar o desrespeito a tais direitos, sendo, por via oblíqua, uma forma de sua efetivação. Nesse sentido, defende-se a utilização de instrumentos jurídicos de caráter preventivo existentes no âmbito do Direito Ambiental para a tutela de direitos sociais, mais especificamente, do licenciamento ambiental, que, no caso seria chamado de licenciamento social para os casos de instalação de indústrias. / The aim of this study is the fulfillment of social rights through preventive action of the Government. Social rights are part of fundamental rights, legal positions of utmost relevance in the legal system, aiming the achievement of human dignity. Social rights are fundamental rights relating to the achievement of social justice through the transformation of social structures and, therefore, your non-compliance or violation represents serious disrespect to the founding principles of the Democratic State of Law. Currently, the existing legal mechanisms, in general, prioritize the repressive actions of the state. Therefore, the acting in defense of social rights (state duties of protection) usually happens after the non-compliance or violation of right. Then, this study proposes the preventive action of the Government for the realization of social rights, considering that this mode of working can be an achievement of fundamental rights, because it aims to prevent disrespect of such rights, and, aslant, a form of its implementation. In this sense, advocates the use of legal instruments of preventive character existing under Environmental Law for the protection of social rights, more specifically, the environmental licensing, which in this case would be called social licensing for cases of installation of industries.

Este estudo tem por objeto a efetivação dos direitos sociais por meio da atuação preventiva do Poder Público. Os direitos sociais fazem parte dos direitos fundamentais, posições jurídicas de suma relevância no ordenamento jurídico, objetivando à concretização da dignidade humana. Os direitos sociais são direitos fundamentais referentes à concretização da justiça social por meio da transformação das estruturas sociais e, por isso, sua não observância ou violação representa sério desrespeito aos princípios fundantes do Estado Democrático de Direito. Atualmente, os mecanismos jurídicos existentes, de forma geral, priorizam a atuação repressiva do Estado. Logo, a atuação em defesa dos direitos sociais (deveres de proteção do Estado), normalmente, acontece posteriormente à não observância ou violação do direito. O presente estudo, então, propõe a atuação preventiva do Poder Público para a efetivação de direitos sociais, considerando-se que esta forma de atuação pode ser uma forma de concretização de direitos fundamentais, pois visa a evitar o desrespeito a tais direitos, sendo, por via oblíqua, uma forma de sua efetivação. Nesse sentido, defende-se a utilização de instrumentos jurídicos de caráter preventivo existentes no âmbito do Direito Ambiental para a tutela de direitos sociais, mais especificamente, do licenciamento ambiental, que, no caso seria chamado de licenciamento social para os casos de instalação de indústrias. / The aim of this study is the fulfillment of social rights through preventive action of the Government. Social rights are part of fundamental rights, legal positions of utmost relevance in the legal system, aiming the achievement of human dignity. Social rights are fundamental rights relating to the achievement of social justice through the transformation of social structures and, therefore, your non-compliance or violation represents serious disrespect to the founding principles of the Democratic State of Law. Currently, the existing legal mechanisms, in general, prioritize the repressive actions of the state. Therefore, the acting in defense of social rights (state duties of protection) usually happens after the non-compliance or violation of right. Then, this study proposes the preventive action of the Government for the realization of social rights, considering that this mode of working can be an achievement of fundamental rights, because it aims to prevent disrespect of such rights, and, aslant, a form of its implementation. In this sense, advocates the use of legal instruments of preventive character existing under Environmental Law for the protection of social rights, more specifically, the environmental licensing, which in this case would be called social licensing for cases of installation of industries.

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec la faculté de droit de l'Université d'Orléans en France. / Menée pour la première fois, l’étude des différentes dimensions de la prévention (la précaution, la cessation et la dissuasion) est rendue possible par la découverte des sanctions préventives en droit de la responsabilité civile. Les sanctions préventives sont nombreuses en jurisprudence en vue de prévenir le dommage à différents stades : avant la réalisation du fait dommageable (mesure de prévention et de précaution), au cours de sa réalisation (mesure de cessation), après sa réalisation (dommages et intérêts provisionnels) et après sa reconnaissance juridique (dommages et intérêts punitifs). Concevoir une notion de sanction préventive devient alors essentiel pour comprendre les évolutions contemporaines du droit. Définie comme l’effet de droit résultant d’une interprétation de la norme susceptible d’être violée, la sanction préventive démontre que l’action introduite précocement par le justiciable peut aboutir. Si ces évolutions bouleversent les conditions classiques de la responsabilité, elles s’expliquent en revanche par une représentation de la responsabilité civile à partir de ses effets. Sous l’angle des effets, l’existence des sanctions préventives met en lumière une mise en effet judiciaire des normes dans une finalité préventive. La mise en effet est une opération effectuée en pratique par le juge entre l’interprétation et l’exécution de la norme. Ce temps de la mise en effet est celui durant lequel le juge choisit l’effet de droit apte à résoudre le litige. Or, le choix de la sanction par le juge n’est pas entièrement libre. En effet, les sanctions préventives naissent d’un besoin sécuritaire. Cette effectivité désirée par les justiciables exerce une influence sur la mise en effet de la norme par le juge par l’introduction précoce de l’action en justice. Qualifier les manifestations préventives de la responsabilité civile de sanctions juridiques naissant d’une opération judiciaire de mise en effet des normes permet ainsi de mieux rendre compte de la pratique du droit au sein d’une théorie renouvelée du procès. / The discovery of Preventive Sanction in the Law of civil responsibility is made possible by studying, for the first time, the various aspects of prevention (deterrence, cessation, precaution). To prevent harm at different stages of realization, case law makes a broad use of Preventive Sanction: before harm is done (precautionary and preventive measures), while it is done (stop and cease order), after it is done (temporary damages) and after is has been legally recognized (punitive damages). Crafting a notion of Preventive Sanction becomes then central to the understanding of contemporary legal developments. Preventive Sanction defined as the legal effects arising from the construction of a norm which might be broken, show that early action brought by a plaintiff can be successful. The transformation of traditional requirements for responsibility by these developments can be explained by reframing civil responsibility from its effects. This perspective allows for the preventive goal of judicial effectuation to be brought to light by the existence of Preventive Sanction. In practice, effectuation is performed by the judge and takes place between the construction and implementation of legal norms. The moment of effectuation occurs when the judge selects the legal effects destined to resolve a dispute. However, the judge is not entirely free when choosing a sanction. Preventive sanction originates from a need of security. Through early introduction of legal action, effectivity sought by plaintiffs impacts judicial effectuation of legal norms. The practice of law, within a renewed theory of judicial action, is better accounted for by reframing “preventive expression” of the Law of civil responsibility as “legal sanction” arising from the judicial effectuation of legal norms.

Menée pour la première fois, l’étude des différentes dimensions de la prévention (la précaution, la cessation et la dissuasion) est rendue possible par la découverte des sanctions préventives en droit de la responsabilité civile. Les sanctions préventives sont nombreuses en jurisprudence en vue de prévenir le dommage à différents stades : avant la réalisation du fait dommageable (mesure de prévention et de précaution), au cours de sa réalisation (mesure de cessation), après sa réalisation (dommages et intérêts provisionnels) et après sa reconnaissance juridique (dommages et intérêts punitifs). Concevoir une notion de sanction préventive devient alors essentiel pour comprendre les évolutions contemporaines du droit. Définie comme l’effet de droit résultant d’une interprétation de la norme susceptible d’être violée, la sanction préventive démontre que l’action introduite précocement par le justiciable peut aboutir. Si ces évolutions bouleversent les conditions classiques de la responsabilité, elles s’expliquent en revanche par une représentation de la responsabilité civile à partir de ses effets. Sous l’angle des effets, l’existence des sanctions préventives met en lumière une mise en effet judiciaire des normes dans une finalité préventive. La mise en effet est une opération effectuée en pratique par le juge entre l’interprétation et l’exécution de la norme. Ce temps de la mise en effet est celui durant lequel le juge choisit l’effet de droit apte à résoudre le litige. Or, le choix de la sanction par le juge n’est pas entièrement libre. En effet, les sanctions préventives naissent d’un besoin sécuritaire. Cette effectivité désirée par les justiciables exerce une influence sur la mise en effet de la norme par le juge par l’introduction précoce de l’action en justice. Qualifier les manifestations préventives de la responsabilité civile de sanctions juridiques naissant d’une opération judiciaire de mise en effet des normes permet ainsi de mieux rendre compte de la pratique du droit au sein d’une théorie renouvelée du procès. / The discovery of Preventive Sanction in the Law of civil responsibility is made possible by studying, for the first time, the various aspects of prevention (deterrence, cessation, precaution). To prevent harm at different stages of realization, case law makes a broad use of Preventive Sanction: before harm is done (precautionary and preventive measures), while it is done (stop and cease order), after it is done (temporary damages) and after is has been legally recognized (punitive damages). Crafting a notion of Preventive Sanction becomes then central to the understanding of contemporary legal developments. Preventive Sanction defined as the legal effects arising from the construction of a norm which might be broken, show that early action brought by a plaintiff can be successful. The transformation of traditional requirements for responsibility by these developments can be explained by reframing civil responsibility from its effects. This perspective allows for the preventive goal of judicial effectuation to be brought to light by the existence of Preventive Sanction. In practice, effectuation is performed by the judge and takes place between the construction and implementation of legal norms. The moment of effectuation occurs when the judge selects the legal effects destined to resolve a dispute. However, the judge is not entirely free when choosing a sanction. Preventive sanction originates from a need of security. Through early introduction of legal action, effectivity sought by plaintiffs impacts judicial effectuation of legal norms. The practice of law, within a renewed theory of judicial action, is better accounted for by reframing “preventive expression” of the Law of civil responsibility as “legal sanction” arising from the judicial effectuation of legal norms. / Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec la faculté de droit de l'Université d'Orléans en France.

The Master’s thesis deals with the area of conducting process audits in a large multinational corporation focused on manufacturing and distribution of medical devices, which has a subsidiary in the Czech Republic. The thesis discusses the analysis of the current set up of the internal audits‘ system in the corporation and there are changes of the quality system being proposed on the basis of the analysis, whose aim is to achieve a full compliance with the requirements of the US administration FDA, the standard ISO 13485 as well as the recent requirements on performing process audits. The emphasis is also put on the setting of the system such that it provides the highest possible added value for its users, can be easily implemented in practice and is flexible as well.