No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Marcus Sandes Pires.pdf: 1303739 bytes, checksum: ba892d4fd06f63ff7ccf700bb5396825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The research was done in two distinct properties of beef cattle raising. The first part of the experiment was executed in Santo Ant?nio Farm, located in Miguel Pereira city, Rio de Janeiro State, with the objective of evaluating the susceptibility and the prevalence of umbilical myiasis in the newborn calves, resultant of the crossings between Brahma pure breed bulls and 5/8 Canchim cows x 3/8 Nelore and the crossings between Nelore pure breed bulls and 5/8 Canchim/Nelore cows x 3/8 Nelore. A descriptive study with observation of the prevalence of umbilical myiasis was carried out after calves birth, in accordance with the racial origins and gender of these animals, from august to november 2006. Each matrices group, composed of 130 females, among cows, heifers, and 10 bulls of same racial origin (Nelore and Brahman), placed in 40 poles, having each one of these, two to three hectares, using the Voisin rotation system. The animals remained approximately 24 hours in each pole, after that, they had to avoid the pasture for one month. the second part of the experiment was carried out in Alegria Farm, located in Corumb? city, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, with the objective of evaluating the efficacy of medicines, to do so, were used four separated pastures of 850 hectares, containing 350 cows, approximately, and the newborn calves of these groups, were treated with the medication chosen for each of the separated pastures. The medicines used were: doramectin 200 &#956;g/kg l.w., ivermectin 200 &#956;g/kg l.w., ivermectin long action 200 &#956;g/kg l.w., all, subcutaneously injected and solution of DDVP (2.2-dichlor-vinyl-dimethyl-phosphat or dichlorvos) plus triclorfon, with topic application in the umbilical area. After the elective application of the medicines in each group, it was possible to detect the prevalence of umbilical myiasis in the animals. The monitoring of the calves in the two properties was done until one month after the birth, for new evaluation of possible occurrences of umbilical myiasis. In the first part of the experiment, from 152 newborn calves41,33% of umbilical myiasis, and 77, derived from the crossing between Brahman x 5/8 Canchim/Nelore, 75 were derived from the crossing between Nelore x 5/8 Canchim/Nelore with a prevalence of 54,55%, of umbilical myiasis, not being evidenced significant difference (p>0.05). From the total of umbilical myiasis observed, 52,02% occurred in male and 47,95% in females. In the second experimental part, from 613 calves preventively treated, 24 cases of umbilical myiasis were detected, mostly in the period of heavier rains and higher temperatures. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the use of doramectin, ivermectin, and ivermectin long action, subcutaneously application in relation to the topic solution of DDVP + triclorfon like preventive medication to the umbilical myiasi. There was no statistical difference (p>0.05) among the avermectins used in the study, in the prevention of umbilical myiasis. / A pesquisa foi realizada em duas propriedades distintas de cria??o de bovino de corte. A primeira parte do experimento foi executada na Fazenda Santo Antonio, localizada no munic?pio de Miguel Pereira, Estado do Rio de Janeiro tendo como objetivo avaliar a suscetibilidade e a preval?ncia de mi?ases umbilicais nos bezerros rec?m-nascidos, resultantes dos cruzamentos entre touros Brahman P.O (puro de origem) e vacas 5/8 Canchim x 3/8 Nelore e os cruzamentos entre touros Nelore P.O e vacas 5/8 Canchim x 3/8 Nelore. Foi realizado um levantamento observacional descritivo da preval?ncia de mi?ases umbilicais ap?s o nascimento dos bezerros, de acordo com as origens raciais e sexo desses animais, no per?odo de agosto a novembro de 2006. Cada grupo das matrizes, composta por 130 f?meas, entre vacas, novilhas, e 10 touros da mesma origem racial (Nelore e Brahman), alocados em 40 piquetes, tendo cada um desses, de dois a tr?s hectares, utilizando-se o sistema de manejo rotacionado Voisin. Os animais permaneciam em m?dia 24 horas em cada piquete, sendo o per?odo de descanso da pastagem de um m?s. A segunda parte do experimento foi realizada na Fazenda Alegria, localizada no munic?pio de Corumb?, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, tendo como objetivo avaliar a efic?cia de medicamentos na preven??o de mi?ases umbilicais em bezerros da ra?a Nelore de cria??o extensiva, nascidos de dezembro de 2006 a mar?o de 2007. Para a avalia??o da efic?cia dos medicamentos, foram utilizadas quatro invernadas de 850 hectares, contendo 350 vacas, em m?dia, e os bezerros rec?m-nascidos desses grupos, tratados com a medica??o de escolha de cada invernada. Os medicamentos utilizados foram: doramectina 200 &#956;g/kg p.v.a., ivermectina 200 &#956;g/kg p.v.a., ivermectina longa a??o 200 &#956;g/kg p.v.a., todos, via parenteral (subcut?nea) e solu??o de DDVP (2,2 diclorovinil dimetil fosfato ou diclorv?s) + triclorfon, com aplica??o t?pica na regi?o umbilical. Ap?s a aplica??o eletiva dos medicamentos em cada grupo, realizou-se a avalia??o da preval?ncia das mi?ases umbilicais nos animais. O monitoramento dos bezerros nas duas propriedades foi at? um m?s p?s-nascimentos, para reavalia??o de poss?veis ocorr?ncias de mi?ases umbilicais. Na primeira parte do experimento, dos 152 bezerros rec?m-nascidos, 75 foram oriundos do cruzamento entre Nelore x 5/8 Canchim/Nelore com uma preval?ncia de 41,33% de mi?ases umbilicais, e 77, oriundos do cruzamento entre Brahman x 5/8Canchim/Nelore constatou-se uma preval?ncia de 54,55% ,de mi?ases umbilicais, n?o sendo evidenciado diferen?a significativa (p>0,05) entre os cruzamentos. Em rela??o ao sexo dos animais, n?o houve diferen?a significativa (p>0,05). Do total de mi?ases umbilicais observadas, 52,05% ocorreram em machos e 47,95% em f?meas. Na segunda parte experimental, dos 613 bezerros medicados preventivamente, constatou-se 24 casos de mi?ases umbilicais, com predomin?ncia de ocorr?ncias na ?poca mais quente e de maior ?ndice de precipita??o pluviom?trica do per?odo observado. Houve diferen?a significativa (p<0,05) na utiliza??o de doramectina, ivermectina e ivermectina longa a??o, aplicadas via sub-cut?nea em rela??o ? solu??o t?pica de DDVP + triclorfon como medica??o preventiva ? mi?ase umbilical. N?o houve diferen?a significativa (p>0,05) entre as avermectinas utilizadas no estudo, na preven??o de mi?ases umbilicais.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20429号 / 農博第2214号 / 新制||農||1048(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5050(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉村 剛, 教授 藤井 義久, 教授 矢野 浩之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Collaborative TB/HIV management is essential to prevent and treat TB among HIV-positive TB patients, and to ensure that HIV-positive TB patients are detected and treated appropriately. This quantitative, descriptive, contextual study identified problems encountered during the implementation of TB case detection among HIV-positive individuals in one Ethiopian hospital. During December 2012, 300 checklists were completed about HIV-positive patients’ TB/HIV collaborative management, as reflected in their files. Only 60.2% of HIV-positive patients, who should have received Isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT), were placed on this treatment. X-rays and laboratory examinations of sputum samples were not done according to the Ethiopian guidelines. Most TB patients’ initial screening was done by nurses, not doctors, and included only symptom screening without CD4 count considerations. Managers and healthcare personnel should improve IPT, especially for those with early HIV infection and timely effective treatment for those suffering from TB, before complications arise / Health Studies / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Studies show that 10-15 percent of Sweden's population, 65 years or older are estimated to have depression or depression symptoms. The symptoms of depression among elderly people are less than symptoms of young people. This could cause that elderly people with depression are not always discovered. Studies show that elderly people who live in residential homes show more signs of depression than elderly people living at home. If elderly people live in a supporting environment, can it prevent that a depression developed. The prevention of depression among elderly people is a topic that is not discussed among previously research. The purpose of this study is to examine how the unit managers of the residential homes for elderly people look at the prevention of depression. This study is qualitative where six unit managers in charge of residential homes have been interviewed. The interviews were based on different themes; how the unit managers approach the prevention of depression among elderly people and how they describe the discretion to take preventive treatment for depression among elderly people, also the unit manager views on elderly peoples depression. The study is made in a small number of municipalities which means that it can not be generalized. The result may not be the same if the study had been made on a larger scale. The results of the study show that the unit managers of the residential homes for elderly people work to prevent depression in different ways. An explanation of why the unit managers works different are based on the unit manager ideas and interpretations of depression among elderly people. Also the unit manager priorities, past experience, number of years as a professional and their views about elderly people’s depression are factors that affect the unit manager work. The unit manager views on its way to approach the prevention of depression, the political guidelines and decisions have impact on the way the unit manager work to prevent depression among elderly people in the residential home.

Collaborative TB/HIV management is essential to prevent and treat TB among HIV-positive TB patients, and to ensure that HIV-positive TB patients are detected and treated appropriately. This quantitative, descriptive, contextual study identified problems encountered during the implementation of TB case detection among HIV-positive individuals in one Ethiopian hospital. During December 2012, 300 checklists were completed about HIV-positive patients’ TB/HIV collaborative management, as reflected in their files. Only 60.2% of HIV-positive patients, who should have received Isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT), were placed on this treatment. X-rays and laboratory examinations of sputum samples were not done according to the Ethiopian guidelines. Most TB patients’ initial screening was done by nurses, not doctors, and included only symptom screening without CD4 count considerations. Managers and healthcare personnel should improve IPT, especially for those with early HIV infection and timely effective treatment for those suffering from TB, before complications arise / Health Studies / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Le paludisme est l’une des maladies infectieuses la plus fréquente au monde avec 40% de la population mondiale exposée. En dépit des stratégies actuelles de lutte notamment la prise en charge rapide des cas, l’utilisation de matériaux imprégnés et la pulvérisation intra domiciliaire d’insecticide, le paludisme reste une des premières causes de morbidité et de mortalité notamment en Afrique subsaharienne. Cette partie du monde totalise à elle seule plus de 90% des cas de décès par paludisme dont 88% chez les enfants de moins de moins de 5 ans. En absence de vaccin utilisable en santé publique, il y a donc un besoin urgent de trouver une stratégie efficiente et simple de contrôle du paludisme. Le traitement préventif intermittent (TPI) définie comme l’administration d’un antipaludique à dose curative à des intervalles de temps prédéfinis réduit l’incidence du paludisme et apparaît aujourd’hui comme une des stratégies les plus prometteuses. Cette stratégie couplée au Programme Elargi de Vaccination (PEV) chez les enfants de moins de 1 an réduit l’incidence du paludisme de 30%. Des résultats plus importants sont obtenus chez les enfants de 0 à 5 ans voire de 0 à 10 ans lorsque la stratégie est appliquée en ciblant la saison de transmission. Nos travaux de recherche au Mali ont porté sur :- l’impact de la mise en œuvre du TPI couplé à la vaccination du PEV (TPin) sur i) la résistance P. falciparum à la Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP), ii) la couverture des vaccins du PEV, iii) le taux de mortalité des enfants âgés de 4 à 18 mois.- l’efficacité du TPI chez les enfants ciblant la saison de transmission (TPIe) dans un contexte de faible et de forte couverture en des Moustiquaires Imprégnés d’Insecticides (MII). Nos résultats ont montré qu’après une année de mise en œuvre à l’échelle du district sanitaire, le TPIn a entrainé une augmentation de la couverture des vaccins du PEV. Cette couverture était de 53% en zone de non-intervention contre 69.5% en zone d’intervention (p<0.01). Il y a eu une réduction de la mortalité globale de 27% (RR= 0,73, IC95% : 0,55-0,97, p=0,029) chez les enfants âgés de 4 à 18 mois. Les fréquences des marqueurs moléculaires de la résistance de P. falciparum à SP en début et en fin la mise en œuvre et entre la zone d’intervention et la zone de non –intervention après une année de mise en œuvre étaient similaires. Deux doses de SP données en TPI à 8 semaines d’ intervalle durant la saison de transmission réduit le taux d’incidence du paludisme pendant la saison de transmission de 69,4% chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans et de 63,4% chez les enfants de 5-10 ans dans un contexte de très faible utilisation de MII (<5%). Dans une autre étude que nous avons menée, le TPI avec SP + Amodiaquine (AQ) donné en 3 occasions à un mois d’ intervalle pendant la saison de transmission a réduit le taux d’ incidence du paludisme clinique non compliqué de 82% (IC à 95%: 78%– 85%; P<0.001) et les formes graves de paludisme de 87% (IC à 95% 42% – 99%, P=0.001) chez les enfants âgés de 3 à 59 mois en dépit un taux d’utilisation des MII de plus de 99%. Nous n’avons pas documenté d’événement indésirable grave lié à l’utilisation de la SP ou de la SP + AQ en TPI durant ces deux études. Nos résultats étayent la recommandation du TPI, ciblant la saison de transmission ou couplée au PEV, pour la lutte antipaludique chez les enfants. / Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world and 40% of the world population is exposed to malaria. Despite the current control strategies such as rapid diagnosis and treatment of disease cases, use of insecticide impregnated materials and indoor residuals spraying with insecticides, malaria remained a main cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in sub Saharan Africa. More than 90% of the deaths due to malaria occurred in this region and 88% of these deaths occurred in children aged less than 5 years of age. In absence of vaccine that can be used in public health, there is an urgent need for a simple and efficient control strategy. Malaria intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) defined as the administration of curative dose of anti-malarial drug at predefined time intervals, appears as one of the most promising strategies. Given through the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI), the strategy reduced the incidence of malaria by 30%. More drastic reductions were obtained in children aged 0-5 years and even 0-10 years when the malaria transmission season was targeted for the administration of the strategy. Our research work in Mali has assessed the following:- The impact of implementation of IPT administrated through EPI (IPTi) on: i) the resistance of P. falciparum to Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP); ii) EPI vaccine coverage, and iii) mortality of children of 4-18 months of age. - The efficacy of IPT in children targeting the malaria transmission season (IPTe) in a context of low and high coverage of insecticide impregnated nets (ITN).We have found that the implementation of IPTi at the district level has resulted in an augmentation of the EPI vaccine coverage. The EPI vaccine coverage was 53% in the non-intervention zone compared to 69.5% in the intervention zone (p<0,01). There was a reduction in all cause mortality of 27% (RR= 0.73, 95% CI : 0.55-0.97, p=0.029) in children aged 4-18 months. The frequencies of molecular markers of the resistance of P. falciparum to SP were similar at the beginning and the end of the one year implementation period and between the intervention and non-intervention zones.Two doses of SP given at 8 weeks interval during the transmission season, reduced the incidence of malaria episodes during the transmission season by 69.4% in children aged less than 5 years and by 63.4% in children aged 5-10 years in a context of very low ITN use (<5%). In another study that we have conducted, IPT with SP + Amodiaquine (AQ) given at three occasions at one month interval during the transmission season reduced the incidence rate of clinical malaria by 82% (95% CI: 78%– 85%; P<0.001), and the incidence of severe and complicated malaria by 87% (95% IC 42% – 99%, P=0.001) in children aged 3 to 59 months of age despite an ITN use of greater than 99%.There was no serious adverse event related to the use of SP or SP+AQ in IPT during the two studies. Our results support the recommendation of IPT targeting the transmission season and IPT given through the EPI for malaria control in children.

Text in English / Malaria is endemic throughout Uganda and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Malaria causes complications in 80.0% of all pregnancies in Uganda. This study attempted to identify factors that influence pregnant women’s utilisation of anti-malaria services in the Buikwe district of Uganda. These factors were contextualised within the Social Learning Theory’s major concepts. The target populations comprised pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (phase 1) and midwives providing antenatal services (phase 2) at 16 clinics in the Buikwe district of Uganda during the data collection phase of the study. Structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 400 randomly selected pregnant women and with the accessible population of 40 midwives. Pregnant women, who had progressed beyond primary school level education, were more likely to take intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) drugs and to use long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) to prevent malaria. Pregnant women were more likely to implement malaria-preventive actions if they lived within five kilometres of clinics, were satisfied with available health services, were knowledgeable about the malaria preventive measures and had used IPT during previous pregnancies. Pregnant women who implemented one malaria-preventive action were likely to implement other actions as well (Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.65; p<0.05). Midwives’ provision of malaria-preventive services to pregnant women were influenced by the availability of IPT drugs, accessibility of safe drinking water, frequency of giving health education to pregnant women, cooperation with village health teams, malaria-related in-service training, midwives’ education level and experience. Although 97.9% of the pregnant women had taken IPT and 84.2% of those who had received LLINs, utilised these nets, malaria prevention during pregnancy could be improved. All pregnant women should attend antenatal clinics at least four times during each pregnancy, commencing during the first trimester of pregnancy to receive adequate health education and prenatal services, including IPT and LLINs. All midwives should receive malaria-related in-service training. Regular audits of midwives’ records should identify and address strengths and weaknesses related to the prevention and management of malaria during pregnancy. Such actions could enhance the prevention and management of malaria, estimated to affect 80% of pregnant women in Uganda. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria during pregnancy poses a substantial risk to mother and foetus. In recent years, convincing evidence has shown that preventive methods such as the use of insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) and intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) in pregnancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-sp) can greatly reduce the adverse effects of malaria during pregnancy. Purpose The main purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge and use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria among pregnant women receiving Antenatal Care at the primary health centers of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria. Methods A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted Structured questionnaires were administered to 300 pregnant women aged between 18 and 49 years. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22. Results The results revealed that most of the respondents had knowledge about IPT, majority of the respondents had received IPT drugs, in the clinic, but unfortunately none of them were supervised by a health worker during taking of the drug. Few of the respondents did not take the drugs at all for fear of complication, some of them did not know exactly how many tablets were given to them and there was poor adherence to the Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) scheme. Conclusion Knowledge of malaria and IPT was good and many pregnant women received the drugs and used it, but some of them had challenges and did not use the drugs. / Health Studies / M.P.H.