This study focuses on the previous beliefs of persons who are active in Jehovas Witnesses. It also focuses on the circumstances which made the person enter the organisation. Seven persons, four women and three men were subjects for my question in this study. The question formulations are as follows: How does the person’s previous beliefs look like? Are there any circumstances which may have made the person enter Jehovas Witnesses? How does the membership in the organisation give the person meaning?  The persons are all living in the area of Småland, in south of Sweden. The conclusion is that all of the informants have in some way expressed some sort of faith, weather it consists of a believe in God, a guardian angel or something else.

Orientador: José Augusto da Silva pontes Neto / Banca: Inês Amosso Dolci / Banca: Fátima Aparecida Dias Gomes Marin / Banca: Lúcia Helena Oliveira Silva / Banca: Raul Aragão Martins / Resumo: Esse estudo insere-se na linha de pesquisa Ensino, Aprendizagem Escolar e Desenvolvimento Humano e tem como pressuposto que as características dos conhecimentos prévios são determinantes para novas aprendizagens. Nessa perspectiva, tem por objetivo geral analisar os conteúdos substantivos de conhecimentos prévios apresentados por estudantes do Ensino Médio, na disciplina de História. Para tanto, investiga atributos desses conhecimentos que os alunos apresentam ao iniciarem o curso e descreve as variações das idéias dos estudantes ingressantes quando comparadas com aquelas dos concluintes do mesmo nível de ensino. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de diagrama aos moldes de mapa conceitual. A amostra constituiu-se de 73 diagramas elaborados por 143 estudantes matriculados em escolas públicas, sendo 37 diagramas de ingressantes e 36 diagramas de concluintes. A análise apoiou-se na teoria da aprendizagem significativa de Ausubel e colaboradores e em estudos e reflexões sobre os conhecimentos históricos como básicos para a determinação da consciência histórica. Os resultados indicam "descobrimento do Brasil" como o mais importante tema de ensino de História do Brasil, segundo os participantes, e três conjuntos de narrativas que expressam suas idéias sobre o tema: quadro descritivo do achado de Cabral; encontro de culturas; início do processo de confronto, ocupação e exploração que estão na origem de desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro. A leitura interpretativa dos diagramas apontou que estudantes ingressantes e concluintes apresentam idéias gerais incorporadoras assemelhadas, apenas com maior diferenciação conceitual ao final do Ensino Médio. Indicou também que os participantes da pesquisa, no seu contexto e condição de estudantes da educação básica, produzem significado e sentido ao construir narrativas sobre o tema. Os resultados ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study is inserts in the line of research Teaching, Learning School and Human Development and has the assumption that the characteristics of previous knowledge are determinant to new learning. In this perspective aims to analyze the general content for the substantive knowledge prior submitted by students from high school, in the discipline of history. For both, tried to identify attributes of the previous knowledge on the discipline of history those students presents when enter in the high school and describe the variations of previous ideas of the beginners students when compared with those of ending of this level of education. The search of data was done using the format diagram of conceptual map. The sample has been of 73 diagrams prepared by 143 students enrolled in public schools, and 37 diagrams of beginners and 36 diagrams of graduated students of high school. The analysis supported in the theory of meaningful learning of Ausubel and collaborators and in the researches and reflections on the historical knowledge of students as basic for the determination of historical conscience. The results show "Discovery of Brazil" as the most important issue of education of History of Brazil, according to participants, and three sets of narratives that express their ideas on the topic: descriptive framework of the finding of Cabral; meeting of cultures; start of the process of confrontation, occupation and exploitation that are the origin of economic development Brazil. The interpretative reading of diagrams indicated that beginners and graduated students have similar most general concepts, only with greater differentiation conceptual to the end of high school. It also states those participants of the research, in your context and condition of students of the basic education, produce meaning and direction to construct narratives on the theme... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mylene Abud.pdf: 521371 bytes, checksum: 1445a7ef35793dc38803bdb5ad08c825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this essay, we investigate the importance of the intertextuality to establish new and different ways of reading. As our corpus, we elected some poems from the book Libertinagem, by Manuel Bandeira, which belongs to the author s modernist stage. Relation between one text and another or among others, all of them pre-existent, the intertextuality is one of the seven standards of textuality proposed by Beaugrande and Dressler. Seeing here in the field of Textual Linguistics, in lato or strict approach, in agreement or disagreement, the intertextual relations depend on the author/reader interaction, in order to ensure de coherence of the work and a higher degree of informativity. They also depends on the previous knowledge from de reader/receptor to reach the goals. Intertextuality enrichs the reading process and can be used as an importante tool in the classroom by mother tongue s teachers. This resource helps to develop a provocative, deep, funny and, most of all, critical reading / No presente trabalho, examinamos a importância da intertextualidade para o estabelecimento de novas e diferenciadas leituras. Como corpus, elegemos a obra Libertinagem, de Manuel Bandeira, que integra o período modernista do autor. Relação de um texto com outro ou outros textos pré-existentes, a intertextualidade é um dos sete fatores de textualidade propostos por Beaugrande e Dressler. Vistas aqui no âmbito da Lingüística Textual, em sentido amplo ou restrito, em concordância ou dissonância, as relações intertextuais dependem da interação autor-leitor para garantir a coerência da obra e o maior grau de informatividade. Dependem, também, do conhecimento de mundo do leitor/receptor para atingirem seus objetivos. A intertextualidade enriquece o processo de leitura e pode ser usada como importante ferramenta em sala de aula pelos professores de língua materna. O recurso auxilia no desenvolvimento de uma leitura instigante, profunda, divertida e, acima de tudo, crítica

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teresa de Jesus Garcia Moreno.pdf: 443730 bytes, checksum: fea114ddef345c1994ac87666f2e2540 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-26 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This dissertation is on the Portuguese Language Reading, Writing and Teaching research live, its topic is the production of inferences, and the problem that motivated it has its origin in the difficulties observed in the reading understanding carried out by Senior High School students. We selected, as corpus, a text by Machado de Assis, a Chronicle published in the Gazeta de Notícias newspaper on May 19th, 1888, mainly based on the activation of elements of previous knowledge that it requires from the reader. The general objective of this work is to situate the inferencial process as a process that contributes to the reading comprehension, and specifically to check what is the previous knowledge that the reader needs to activate in order to understand the analysed text, how the referencing process occurs therein, and whether recognizing the anaphoric element aids in its understanding. For its development, we based ourselves on Apothéloz, 2003; Brown & Yule, 1993; Dell΄Isola, 2001; Fávero, 2004; Kleiman, 1989; KOCH, 2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b; Koch & Elias, 2006; Koch & Marcuschi, 1998; Koch & Travaglia, 1995; Marcuschi, 1985, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2007; Mondada & Dubois, 2003; Solé, 1998; Trevisan, 1992; and Van Dijk, 1984 and 1996. Thus, it is evidenced the relevance for us to act with the previous knowledge, through the knowledge about the author s life, of the knowledge about the text production context, of the knowledge about its lexicon, and of the illocutionary force, and with referencing, in order to guide the reader in the text understanding, through inferences. Finalizing the dissertation, we sought to indicate facilitating perspectives for reading teaching in Senior High School / Esta dissertação situa-se na linha de pesquisa Leitura, Escrita e Ensino de Língua Portuguesa, seu tema é a produção de inferências, e o problema que a motivou tem sua origem nas dificuldades observadas na compreensão da leitura realizada por alunos do Ensino Médio. Selecionamos, como corpus, um texto de Machado de Assis, Crônica publicada no jornal Gazeta de Notícias, em 19 de maio de 1888, baseados, sobretudo, na ativação de elementos do conhecimento prévio que ele requer do leitor. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é situar o processo inferencial como um processo que contribui para a compreensão da leitura, e, especificamente, verificar qual é o conhecimento prévio que o leitor necessita ativar para compreender o texto analisado, como ocorre o processo de referenciação do texto e se reconhecer o elemento anafórico auxilia sua compreensão. Para seu desenvolvimento, fundamentamo-nos em estudos de Apothéloz, 2003; Brown & Yule, 1993; Dell΄Isola, 2001; Fávero, 2004; Kleiman, 1989; KOCH, 2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b; Koch & Elias, 2006; Koch & Marcuschi, 1998; Koch & Travaglia, 1995; Marcuschi, 1985, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2007; Mondada & Dubois, 2003; Solé, 1998; Trevisan, 1992 e Van Dijk, 1984 e 1996. Evidencia-se, assim, a relevância de atuarmos com o conhecimento prévio, por meio do conhecimento sobre a vida do autor, do conhecimento sobre o contexto de produção do texto, do conhecimento sobre o seu léxico e da força ilocucionária, e com a referenciação, para orientar o leitor na compreensão do texto, por meio de inferências. Finalizando a dissertação, procuramos apontar perspectivas facilitadoras para o ensino de leitura, no Ensino Médio

A nefropatia induzida por adriamicina (ADR) em ratos é um dos modelos experimentais mais utilizados para o estudo desenvolvimento da doença renal progressiva. Uma dose única deste quimioterápico induz a proteinúria progressiva e irreversível que progride para glomeruloesclerose segmental e focal, com fusão dos processos podais e lesões tubulointersticiais. A lesão das células endoteliais glomerulares precede as alterações dos podócitos na nefropatia induzida pela ADR. A atividade física regular melhora as funções cardíacas e renais em pacientes e animais com doença renal progressiva e pode reduzir ou retardar a progressão da lesão renal. Este estudo avaliou o efeito do treinamento físico prévio na evolução da lesão renal induzida por ADR e a sua relação com o processo inflamatório, a função endotelial e angiogênese. Ratos Wistar submetidos ou não ao treinamento físico receberam ADR (2,5 mg/kg, e.v) ou solução salina fisiológica (SAL). Amostras de sangue e urina foram coletadas 60 dias após as injeções para avaliação da função renal e os rins removidos para estudos histológicos, imuno-histoquímicos, Western blot e de ELISA. Amostras de urina de 24 h, obtidas 7, 30 e 60 dias após a administração de ADR ou SAL, foram utilizadas para avaliação da albuminúria. Os ratos tratados com ADR apresentaram albuminúria progressiva, elevação dos níveis plasmáticos de creatinina e queda da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG), lesão de podócitos, expansão da área mesangial, alargamento da área intersticial relativa no córtex renal, infiltração de macrófagos, aumento dos níveis de interleucina (IL)-1?, elevação dos níveis urinários do fator de transformação do crescimento ? (TGF-?) e dos níveis urinários de proteína quimiotática de monócitos 1 (MCP-1), diminuição de marcação de aminopeptidase P (marcador de células endoteliais) nos glomérulos e perda de capilares peritubulares corticais, que estavam associados com reduções das expressões do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) e da óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS) no córtex renal desses animais. Estas alterações foram menos intensas nos ratos que realizaram treinamento físico prévio ao tratamento com ADR. Em conclusão, o pré-condicionamento físico reduziu as lesões renais induzidas pela ADR. Este efeito esteve associado com as reduções do processo inflamatório, das lesões endoteliais e das alterações de fatores relacionados com o processo de angiogênese (VEGF e eNOS) no córtex renal. / Adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy is one of the most experimental models of progressive kidney disease in rats. A single dose of this drug induces progressive and irreversible proteinuria that progresses to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial lesions. The lesion of glomerular endothelial cells precedes the podocyte damage in nephropathy induced by ADR. Regular physical activity improves cardiac and renal functions in patients and animals with progressive renal disease and may reduce or delay the progress of impaired renal function. This study evaluated the effect of previous physical training in renal damage induced by ADR and the role of inflammation, endothelial lesions and angiogenesis in this process. Male Wistar rats submitted or not to previous physical training received ADR (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or physiological saline (SAL). Urine and plasma samples were collect 60 days after the injection in order to evaluated the renal function. The kidneys were removed for histological, immunohistochemical, Western blot and ELISA analysis. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected to dose albuminuria 7, 30 and 60 days after ADR or SAL injection. ADR-treated rats presented progressive albuminuria, increases in plasma creatinine levels, decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR), podocyte damage, mesangial expansion, enlargement of the tubular interstitial relative area of renal cortex, macrophage infiltration, higher interleukin (IL)- 1? levels in renal tissue, urinary transforming growth factor ? (TGF-?) and urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, reduction of aminopeptidase P (endothelial cell marker) in the glomeruli and cortical peritubular capillary number. Those were associated with reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expressions in renal cortex. Those alterations were less intense in the animals undergone previous exercise training. In conclusion, physical training prior to ADR injection reduced the renal damage induced by this drug. This effect was related with the reduction of the inflammatory process, endothelial lesions and with the decrease in alterations of factors related to the process of angiogenesis (VEGF and eNOS) in renal cortex.

A presente pesquisa de cunho qualitativo tem como propósito responder à seguinte questão: quais as tensões e re-ações dos professores de matemática que atuam na Educação de Jovens e Adultos, frente a situações de ensino-aprendizagem da geometria que ocorrem a partir do conhecimento construído pelo aluno ao longo de sua vida/trabalho? Desse modo, nos aproximamos dos professores que atuam na Educação de Jovens e Adultos de escolas públicas de São Paulo, tanto pela via de questionários como pelo diálogo sobre suas expectativas e postura pedagógica a partir de questões reflexivas sobre a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) e o ensino da geometria. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram, entre outros aspectos que, embora o ensino da geometria seja pouco delineado nos planos de trabalho da EJA, ainda assim, os professores participantes do estudo mostraram-se conscientes de sua importância e das possíveis contribuições do seu ensino. Nessa perspectiva, a pouca experiência com a prática pedagógica da geometria aliada à dominância da matemática escolar parecem levar a obstáculo quando os professores procuram elaborar atividades relacionando a geometria com a vida cotidiana do educando. A análise das manifestações aponta que os esforços empreendidos pelos professores na busca de reconhecer/respeitar os conhecimentos prévios dos alunos estão repletos de tensão e ansiedade dada a expectativa da necessidade de contextualizar/problematizar o ensino da geometria a partir da realidade do educando adulto. / The current qualitative research aims at answering the following question: what are the tensions and reactions of the mathematics teachers who dwell in the Education of Youngsters and Adults, in light of situations of teaching-learning geometry from the knowledge built by the student along his life/work? Therefore, we approached the teachers who work with Education of Youngsters and Adults in public schools from São Paulo, both, through questionnaires and dialogue, talking about their expectations and pedagogical posture from reflexive questions about the Education of Youngsters and Adults and the teaching of geometry. The results of the research indicated, among other aspects, that although the teaching of geometry is not adequately outlined in the working plans of Education of Youngsters and Adults, still the teachers participating in the study demonstrated that they were aware of their importance and of the possible contributions of their teachings. In this perspective, the little experience with the pedagogical practice of geometry combined with the dominance of school mathematics seem to lead to an obstacle when the teachers try to elaborate activities relating geometry with the daily life of the student. The analysis of the manifestations indicates that the efforts of the teachers in the search to recognize/respect the previous knowledge of the students are full of tension and anxiety given the expectation of the necessity to contextualize/problematize the teaching of geometry from the reality of the adult student.

O sistema de saúde brasileiro teve início na primeira metade do século XX estruturado em um modelo diretamente vinculado ao sistema previdenciário. Ao longo do tempo, este modelo sofreu ampliações e ajustes incrementais. Entretanto, no final do século XX, passou por uma mudança estrutural. Foi transformado em um serviço público como direito de cidadania a ser garantido, pelo Estado, de forma universal e gratuita. A Assembléia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) de 1987/88 pode ser considerada um momento crucial da decisão por esta reforma. Portanto, esta se torna o ponto chave para a análise da mudança de paradigma na política de saúde. Este trabalho examina a transformação do sistema de saúde brasileiro de um modelo de base contributiva para um modelo universal gratuito , tendo como referência analítica a influência das instituições entendidas aqui como regras do processo decisório, instituições governamentais e políticas anteriores. / The Brazilian health system began in the first half of the twentieth century in a structured model directly linked to the pension system. Over time, this model has undergone extensions and incremental adjustments. However, in the late twentieth century, has undergone a structural change. It was transformed into a public service as a citizenship right to be guaranteed by the state, so universal and free. The National Constituent Assembly (1987/88) can be considered a crucial moment of decision for this reform. So this becomes the key point for the analysis of paradigm shift in health policy. This paper examines the transformation of the Brazilian health system a model of the contribution base for a universal free - with reference to analytic influence of institutions - understood here as rules of decision-making, government institutions and previous policies.

The hazards literature has identified many factors as being influential in the decision making process during high risk, short-notice disasters. Risk perception and previous disaster experience are commonly identified as two of the more influential factors in this complex process. However, few studies adequately address the complex role(s) that these factors play in self-protective decision-making during successive high-risk events. In particular, the role of previous disaster experience during subsequent events is still a matter of considerable discussion and inconsistent findings. This thesis examines two events that occurred in August, 2011 in Goderich, Ontario: an F-3 tornado that struck the community on August 21st and a tornado warning that was posted for the region three days later on August 24th. This case study provided the opportunity to examine the roles of risk perception and previous disaster experience in the decision-making process during successive high-risk events. Semi-structured interviews (n=35) and close-ended questionnaires (n=268) were conducted to learn about the ways that individuals obtained and understood risk information, and to explore whether and how such information guided protective behaviors during the two events. The interviews were analyzed using thematic coding to identify response patterns, and the questionnaires were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. It was found that a sizable portion of the sample population took protective actions on August 24th in ways that were inconsistent with their actions on August 21st. Also, a significant portion of respondents chose not to take any form of protective action on August 24th despite having previously experienced the damaging tornado. The findings of this research suggest that the significance of previous disaster experience in the decision-making process is highly variable and context-dependent. A second significant research finding involves the impact of the tornado on the place attachments of Goderich residents. It was found that the disaster had significant impacts, both positive and negative, on participants' sense of place. These findings have implications for both short- and long-term disaster recovery.

Abstract In this research we focus on MLM companies in Taiwan area, interrelationship between each direct sales and how their own characteristics affect business. Our goal is to understand the uplink and downlink interrelationship in order to improve the their relationship in direct sales companies. This will promote the uplink to help downlink into fast development state and improve the business. As for MLM system, every direct sale does not have legal contract with MLM Company and every marketing unit act as an independent unit. On the other hand, every direct sales requires other units for support and makeup the whole MLM system. Therefore, the relationship between uplink and downlink is the base and strength element of MLM system. Researchers discover that direct sales joins in the MLM system is based on product requirement market more than open market or potential market. Therefore, all those direct sales need to take product requirement market into concern. If the product has large requirement market then it will be easier for the direct sales to expend their MLM system. For those people who did not join into direct sale their direct downlink will be their classmates and friends. In long term direct sales marketing, classmates and friends market are not enough, we need to walk out and open stranger market. In order to gain new market we need to continuously build up new relationship with all kind of people and only this will continuously expend the direct sales market. After direct sales join the MLM system, during the interaction with uplink it will go through initial state, enhance state, stable state and independent state four different states. Every single state will affect the relationship between uplink and downlink on how they build up, maintain and expend. During the direct sales time period we need to think of different tactics base on each state in order to achieve successful direct sales marketing. During each state when we are the uplink then we need to think how to lead the downlink into the whole system and make them become one of the whole system. In order to build up the long term relationship between direct sales and direct sales system is based on trust and mutually beneficial. In direct sales market the relationship between uplink and downlink makeup the base strength of the whole direct sales system. Therefore, enhance the relationship between the uplink and downlink is the key element in successful direct sales market. When direct sales are leading all the downlink they need to use admiration and inspirer as enhance elements. Let downlink learn, grow and independent and lead into road of success. Direct sales market mainly focus on ¡§duplicate¡¨. Therefore, uplinks pass all kind of successful ideas into downlinks and build up the strength base on the interaction between uplinks and downlinks. This is the truth strength behind the MLM.

In this paper, we investigate the problem of estimating the autocorrelation of squared returns modeled by diffusion processes with data observed at non-equi-spaced discrete times. Throughout, we will suppose that the stock price processes evolve in continuous time as the Heston-type stochastic volatility processes and the transactions arrive randomly according to a Poisson process. In order to estimate the autocorrelation at a fixed delay, the original non-equispaced data will be synchronized. When imputing missing data, we adopt the previous-tick interpolation scheme. Asymptotic property of the sample autocorrelation of squared returns based on the previous-tick synchronized data will be investigated. Simulation studies are performed and applications to real examples are illustrated.