<p>This study identifies the determinants of sheep prices for small-scale sheep farming households in two districts of the Eastern Cape, namely Amathole and Ukhahlamba (Joe Xabe). Output prices that small farm households receive for their sheep affect their incomes from agriculture (knowing that revenue is a product of quantity and price), which, in turn, influence their living standards. The study isolates three sets of determinants of price formation in local agricultural markets - structural drivers, institutional factors and livelihood shocks - to account for the variations in prices that smallholder farmers receive. Data were collected from 134 households that were selected using purpose sampling and preceded by key informant and focus groups interviews with actors along the sheep value chain. A questionnaire consisting of both open-ended and quantitative questions was used. The relationship between output price formation and clusters of determinants is a typical hedonic pricing framework, which is fitted using a backward stepwise econometric technique that is a widely used experimental tool to identify significant determinants.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 takiy_nh_me_ilha.pdf: 1452657 bytes, checksum: d8d3e6894e199ce5407ce0e06ae03261 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho procura auxiliar determinadas ferramentas da Gestão da Qualidade e alguns procedimentos em Engenharia de Produção. Baseado no desafio e na competitividade industrial que é estimulado pela evolução contínua de novas tecnologias, que busca o desenvolvimento e inovação constante de softwares aplicativos. Utilizando-se de técnicas tradicionais de apuração de custos de produção para garantir a lucratividade e qualidade de fabricação, procedeu-se ao estudo e ao entendimento de processos de fabricação e o desenvolvimento do sistema computacional, com a finalidade de armazenar dados e informações, para apurar o custo real de fabricação e poder determinar, com agilidade e precisão, preços de venda competitivos. O principal problema identificado diz respeito às decisões questionáveis na questão da formação de preços de venda de produtos, a partir da sua produção, que são tomadas através de dados e informações históricas de custos de fabricação coletadas informalmente e sem critérios específicos. Dessa forma, justifica-se a informatização e automatização dos procedimentos de controle de custeios, como beneficio às empresas de manufatura, minimizando o esforço de apuração e a propagação de erros em cálculos para a composição dos preços. Conclui-se que a implementação deste controle informatizado agrega valores à empresa, pelo beneficio... / This work tries to aid certain tools of the Administration of the Quality and some procedures in Engineering of Production. Based on the challenge and in the industrial competitiveness that is stimulated by the continuous evolution of new technologies, that looks for the development and constant innovation of softwares applications. Being used of traditional techniques of examination of costs production to guarantee the quality of lucrativity and production, it was proceeded to the study and the understanding of production processes and the development of the computacional system, with the purpose of storing data and information, to hurry the real cost of production and to determine, with agility and precision, competitive sale prices. The main identified problem says respect to the questionable decisions in the subject of the formation of prices of sale of products, starting from its production, that are taken through data and historical information of costs of production collected informally and without specific approaches. In that way, it is justified the informatization and automation of the procedures of control of costings, as I benefit the manufacture companies, minimizing the examination effort and the propagation of mistakes in calculations for the prices composition . It is ended that the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Hidekasu Matsumoto / Banca: Alessandro Roger Rodrigues / Banca: Fatima de Lourdes dos Santos Nunes Marques / Resumo: Este trabalho procura auxiliar determinadas ferramentas da Gestão da Qualidade e alguns procedimentos em Engenharia de Produção. Baseado no desafio e na competitividade industrial que é estimulado pela evolução contínua de novas tecnologias, que busca o desenvolvimento e inovação constante de softwares aplicativos. Utilizando-se de técnicas tradicionais de apuração de custos de produção para garantir a lucratividade e qualidade de fabricação, procedeu-se ao estudo e ao entendimento de processos de fabricação e o desenvolvimento do sistema computacional, com a finalidade de armazenar dados e informações, para apurar o custo real de fabricação e poder determinar, com agilidade e precisão, preços de venda competitivos. O principal problema identificado diz respeito às decisões questionáveis na questão da formação de preços de venda de produtos, a partir da sua produção, que são tomadas através de dados e informações históricas de custos de fabricação coletadas informalmente e sem critérios específicos. Dessa forma, justifica-se a informatização e automatização dos procedimentos de controle de custeios, como beneficio às empresas de manufatura, minimizando o esforço de apuração e a propagação de erros em cálculos para a composição dos preços. Conclui-se que a implementação deste controle informatizado agrega valores à empresa, pelo beneficio... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work tries to aid certain tools of the Administration of the Quality and some procedures in Engineering of Production. Based on the challenge and in the industrial competitiveness that is stimulated by the continuous evolution of new technologies, that looks for the development and constant innovation of softwares applications. Being used of traditional techniques of examination of costs production to guarantee the quality of lucrativity and production, it was proceeded to the study and the understanding of production processes and the development of the computacional system, with the purpose of storing data and information, to hurry the real cost of production and to determine, with agility and precision, competitive sale prices. The main identified problem says respect to the questionable decisions in the subject of the formation of prices of sale of products, starting from its production, that are taken through data and historical information of costs of production collected informally and without specific approaches. In that way, it is justified the informatization and automation of the procedures of control of costings, as I benefit the manufacture companies, minimizing the examination effort and the propagation of mistakes in calculations for the prices composition . It is ended that the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Este trabalho estuda a formação do preço de venda de serviços a partir de seu custo de produção, com enfoque nos serviços prestados pela autoridade municipal, buscando formular uma proposta de precificação de serviços capaz de auxiliar o gestor público em sua tomada de decisão. A proposta foi construída a partir do estudo de três áreas distintas: gestão de custos, contabilidade governamental e orçamento público municipal, onde foram obtidos os elementos necessários para seu desenvolvimento e formulação. A identificação e avaliação dos processos envolvidos na apuração do custo do serviço prestado pelo município, notadamente o serviço prestado pela Guarda Municipal de São Carlos, estado de São Paulo, foi a base para a elaboração de uma proposta de modelo de precificação do serviço prestado. A lei de responsabilidade fiscal, de maio de 2000, veio aumentar a responsabilidade do gestor público e, por conseqüência, a influência do preço dos serviços no equilíbrio das contas públicas. O método utilizado neste estudo assumiu caráter exploratório em vista da existência de pouco conhecimento sistematizado sobre o tema, como pode ser constatado pela pesquisa bibliográfica, havendo a necessidade de se adotar abordagem de busca de maior detalhamento nos relatórios de realização de despesas emitidos pela autoridade municipal. As principais conclusões desta pesquisa apontam para a grande influência do custo com mão-de-obra na formação do valor do serviço público estudado e nos conceitos de apuração de custo incorporados ao modelo apresentado, que foram os seguintes: tratamento diferenciado entre as despesas correntes e as despesas com capital no que se refere ao período de reconhecimento do custo incorrido; controle e apropriação da despesa com depreciação ao longo da vida útil das obras, instalações e materiais permanentes; separação e controle das despesas correntes em administrativas e operacionais; distribuição das despesas administrativas e controle dos custos operacionais agrupados de forma a se obter o custo independente do valor de venda do serviço. / This paper studies the services final selling price based on production cost focusing on the services made from the municipal authority searching for a proposal of the services price formation allowing the public manager taking the decision. This proposal was built up from the study of 3 different areas: cost management, governmental accountancy and municipal budget where we can have the necessary figures for its development and formulation. The identification and evaluation of the processes involved on the cost verification of the service given by the municipality mainly the one by São Carlos city municipal guard, state of São Paulo, was the basis to work up on a model proposal of the final price composition of the rendered service. The fiscal responsibility law from may, 2000 came to raise up the public manager responsibility and as a corollary to this, they exercise influence upon the services prices on the public account equilibrium. The method we use in this study has an exploratory feature upon the few knowledge of this subject, as you can see at the bibliographic research, then we need to adopt an approach to get more details at the expenses reports issued by the municipal authority. The main conclusions of this study pointed to the great influence of labor cost at the public service cost composition and the concepts of the cost verification that incorporated to the presented model, as follows: distinguished treatment between the current expenses and the expenses with the resources at the period of the cost we ran into; expenses appropriation and control with depreciation during the lifetime of the jobs, installations and permanents goods; to distinguish the expenses and its control in administrative and operational; administrative expenses distribution and operational costs control joined together to get the independent cost of the final selling service price.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / This study identifies the determinants of sheep prices for small-scale sheep farming households in two districts of the Eastern Cape, namely Amathole and Ukhahlamba (Joe Xabe). Output prices that small farm households receive for their sheep affect their incomes from agriculture (knowing that revenue is a product of quantity and price), which, in turn, influence their living standards. The study isolates three sets of determinants of price formation in local agricultural markets - structural drivers, institutional factors and livelihood shocks - to account for the variations in prices that smallholder farmers receive. Data were collected from 134 households that were selected using purpose sampling and preceded by key informant and focus groups interviews with actors along the sheep value chain. A questionnaire consisting of both open-ended and quantitative questions was used. The relationship between output price formation and clusters of determinants is a typical hedonic pricing framework, which is fitted using a backward stepwise econometric technique that is a widely used experimental tool to identify significant determinants. / South Africa

This thesis is devoted to the choice of materials suitable for construction building envelope and its influence on the price of the works. It evaluates the thermal insulating characteristics of the selected structures and monitors their impact on operating costs of the object.

Under de senaste åren har Haninge kommun i Stockholms län valt att utveckla sitt bostadsbestånd genom att dels bygga i så kallade miljonprogramsområden och i nya delar av kommunen. Detta kandidatexamensarbete undersöker prisskillnaden mellan bostadsrättslägenheter på successionsmarknaden respektive nyproduktionsmarknaden. Studien har avgränsats till två- och trerumslägenheter i Haninge kommun och inkluderar områdena Handen, Brandbergen, Vega, Vendelsö, Jordbro, Västerhaninge och Tungelsta. Dessa områden valdes ut eftersom att de består av en stor andel bostadsrätter. Analysen har visat att försäljningspriserna på nyproduktionsmarknaden alltid varit högre än försäljningspriserna på successionsmarknaden under tidsintervallet 2011-2018. Ett intressant resultat var att prisskillnaden mellan de två marknaderna minskat under den senaste tiden. För att förklara orsaken bakom priserna undersöktes olika faktorers inverkan på försäljningspriset med hjälp av en förenklad multipel regressionsanalys. Totalt gjordes 3505 observationer med fokus på faktorerna månadsavgift, boytan samt läge. Resultatet indikerar på att Vendelsö är det dyraste området att bo på jämfört med andra områden i Haninge kommun och att närmare avstånd till Haninges centrum inte alltid innebär ett högre transaktionspris. / Over the past few years a lot of new construction has taken place in Haninge Municipality in Stockholm County, partly in areas with housing from the so called million programme but also in new places. This bachelor thesis examines the price difference between tenant owned apartments on the succession market and on the new production market. The study has been delimited to apartments containing only two or three rooms in the Haninge Municipality and includes the areas Handen, Brandbergen, Vega, Vendelsö, Jordbro, Västerhaninge and Tungelsta. These areas were selected due to their large proportion of tenant owned apartments. The analysis showed that the price of a newly produced apartment are always higher than an apartment on the succession market for the time period of 2011-2018. An interesting result was that the price difference between the two markets has declined lately. To further explain the reason behind the pricing, different factors that has an impact on the selling price has been examined by utilising a simplified multiple regression analysis. A total of 3505 observations were made with a focus on the factors monthly fee, living space and location. The result indicated that Vendelsö is the most expensive area to live in compared to other areas in Haninge and that a shorter distance to the center of the Municipality does not always implicate a higher transaction price.

[pt] O objetivo da tese é propor uma metodologia para previsão do preço de curto prazo (spot) da energia elétrica no Brasil baseada em sistemas neuro-fuzzy e nos programas do planejamento da operação do sistema elétrico brasileiro. Com essa abordagem, obtém-se distribuições estimadas do preço spot para o curto prazo com menor dispersão do que as obtidas somente com os programas do planejamento da operação. Além disso, por ser rápido, o sistema de previsão final possibilita análises de cenários ou simulações Monte Carlo. As principais variáveis que afetam o preço spot no Brasil são consideradas, tais como a energia natural afluente e a energia armazenada, entre outras. Ainda, é possível incluir também variáveis que não têm um histórico definido ou dados suficientes para o treinamento, tais como o plano de obras, limites de intercâmbio, demanda etc. Comparações com modelos de redes neurais são feitas. Apresenta-se, também, o estado da arte em modelagem para a política e o mercado de energia elétrica e os principais conceitos de gerenciamento de risco no mercado de eletricidade. / [en] This thesis focuses on spot price forecasting and risk management in the Brazilian electricity industry. It is proposed a new methodology for the problem based on neuro- fuzzy systems and the dispatching and planning operation programs. The main advantage of the approach is to be able to get more informative spot price distributions than using the operation and planning programs alone. Furthermore, it allows Monte Carlo simulations or scenarios analysis as the forecasting system runs in less than 1 minute. The main variables which affect the spot price (inflow river, storage capacity of reservoir, among others) are included in the model. Even variables such as the interchange limits, without a well-defined time series and which could be important, could also be included because of the intrinsic characteristics of each fuzzy model. Comparisons with neural networks models are made. It is also presented the state-of-the-art in the market and politics modelling for the electricity market around the world, as well as some main concepts of the risk management.

[pt] O mercado brasileiro de energia elétrica ainda não encontrou um modelo de mercado e de formação de preço que garanta a expansão auto-sustentada da oferta. Investigando em detalhe o modelo atual de despacho da geração e formação do preço, demonstramos a sua pouca eficácia na atração de investimentos, e identificamos a causa dessa falha como sendo a miopia do modelo de despacho, uma vez os estados críticos do sistema só aprecem de forma significativa quando o sistema já estiver degradado. São estudados três modelos alternativos que modificam a função-objetivo ou a regra de formação do preço, ajustados de modo a viabilizar e tornar suficientemente atrativos os investimentos na expansão da oferta. Finalmente, estes modelos são então comparados entre si e com o modelo atual, quanto ao valor para o investidor e quanto ao custo para o sistema e para o consumidor. Um mercado é dito completo se permite aos agentes alocar livremente seus recursos e demandas quando estiverem disponíveis e/ou forem necessários e permite que os agentes condicionem estes recursos / demandas ao estado (preço) do mercado. Estas funcionalidades são implementadas através dos derivativos financeiros, negociados no mercado futuro. Neste trabalho fazemos uma análise conceitual do mercado futuro de energia elétrica, indicando a diferença em relação ao de outras commodities e apresentando um modelo da oferta e demanda por contratos futuros de energia elétrica. / [en] The Brazilian Market of Electrical Energy has not yet found a stable market and price model that ensues the feasibility and makes attractive a self-sustained investment for the expansion of electrical energy generation. Researching the current generation dispatch and spot price model, we show that it is ineffective to attract investments because the model is myopic, since the range of critical system states that is foreseen at the current state is not significant until the system is already too degraded. Stemming from this conclusion, we develop three alternative models, modifying the dispatch model objective and the price formation rule. These alternative models are tuned to make the investments in generation expansion feasible and attractive. The models are compared regarding their value to the investor and the cost to the system and to the consumer. A complete market allows the economic agents to freely allocate their resources and requirements whenever they are available and/or required. A complete market also allows conditional settlement, i.e., to condition the resource availability and/or requirement to a particular market state (price). These features are realized by financial derivatives, in the, so called, futures market. We present a conceptual analysis of the electrical energy s future market, pointing the differences to other commodities future markets that are due to economical unfeasibility of storing electricity. We also present an equilibrium model for the forward electrical energy contracts.

The need for ancillary services is on the rise due to the increasing share of weather-dependent power sources in the electric power system. This master thesis focuses on the Swedish FCR-D Up market. It is a national balancing market for transmission system operator’s procurement of the ancillary service called FCR-D Up, that is the up-regulating frequency containment reserve in case of system disturbances. The FCR-D Up market is undergoing significant changes to adapt to the changing electric power system, which may affect the current market dominance of hydropower suppliers due to the emergence of new suppliers and regulatory changes by the Swedish transmission system operator. This master thesis establishes a conceptual qualitative market development system model for price formation on the FCR-D Up market. The research question addressed is: "What FCR-D Up market developments and regulatory market changes on the supply and demand side respectively are expected in Sweden in the upcoming years, 2024-2026, and how will they affect the market prices?" The research was based on the theoretical concepts of system modeling and price formation, using Soft Systems Methodology. Data was collected from various sources and analysed using CATWOE analysis, Casual Loop Diagram, as well as supply and demand curve model theory. It was concluded that price-influencing market development and regulatory changes are focused on the supply side of the market. These include the market entry of new suppliers, transition to marginal pricing, new technical requirements for market participation and increasing value stacking opportunities for FCR-D Up suppliers on Nord Pool’s electricity markets and the other balancing markets. / Behovet av stödtjänster ökar på grund av den ökande andelen väderberoende kraftkällor i elkraftsystemet. Denna masteruppsats fokuserar på den svenska FCR-D Upp-marknaden. Det är en nationell balansmarknad för transmissionsnätsoperatörens upphandling av den stödtjänst som kallas FCR-D Upp, som är den uppreglerande frekvenskontrollreserven vid störningar i systemet. FCR-D Uppmarknaden genomgår betydande förändringar för att anpassas till det föränderliga elkraftsystemet, vilket kan påverka den nuvarande marknadsdominansen av vattenkraftsleverantörer på grund av tillkomst av nya leverantörer och regulativa marknadsförändringar av transmissionsnätsoperatören. Denna masteruppsats etablerar en konceptuell kvalitativ systemmodell för marknadsutveckling avseende prisbildning på FCR-D Upp-marknaden. Forskningsfrågan är: "Vilken utveckling av FCR-D Upp-marknaden och vilka regulatoriska marknadsförändringar på utbuds- respektive efterfrågesidan förväntas i Sverige under de kommande åren, 2024-2026, och hur kommer de att påverka marknadspriset?". Arbetet baserades på teoretiska koncept kring systemmodellering och prisbildning, med fokus på Soft Systems Methodology. Data samlades in från olika källor och analyserades med hjälp av CATWOE-analys, Casual Loop Diagram samt modellteori för utbuds- och efterfrågekurvor. Slutsatsen var att prisinfluerande marknadsutvecklingar och regulatoriska marknadsförändringar är inriktade på marknadens utbudssida. Det handlar bland annat om nya leverantörers inträde på marknaden, övergången till marginalprissättning, nya tekniska krav för marknadsdeltagande och ökande möjligheter till värdestapling för FCR-D Upp leverantörerpå Nord Pools elmarknader och de andra balansmarknaderna.