Em diferentes países a indústria da floresta é considerada um setor estratégico que contribui fortemente na geração de matéria-prima, tributos, geração de empregos e produtos para exportação. Neste setor industrial, o segmento de madeira serrada destaca-se pelos volumes de atividade econômica que movimenta e sua ligação com outros setores econômicos como a construção civil ou a indústria de móveis. A partir da crise econômica dos anos 2008-2009, que atingiu fortemente o mercado de exportação, as empresas de serrado da madeira desses países estão envolvidas em ser mais eficientes no processo de corte da matéria-prima. Estas empresas enfrentam o problema de cortar peças de madeira retangulares regulares, de clientes do mercado interno ou externo, a partir de estoque de toras. A complexidade deste problema que precisa atenção é que o corte na matéria-prima é sobre uma superfície de característica circular utilizando o padrão de corte" Cant Sawing". Este padrão especifica as peças laterais e centrais para o corte desde a superficie de uma tora de madeira. A presente tese apresenta uma formulação matemática para o problema. Dois diferentes métodos de solução foram desenvolvidos para resolução do problema. O primeiro está baseado no método de programação linear inteira, e o segundo em um método de aproximação, que usa a metaheurística "Simulated Annealing". Estes métodos de solução são executados por etapas. Primeiro os padrões de corte são determinados considerando o estoque de matéria-prima e as demandas dos clientes. Na segunda etapa, o processo de otimização é executado para estabelecer os padrões de corte adequados para cada tipo de matéria-prima, os quais deveriam ser utilizados na linha de produção, com o objetivo de diminuir as perdas de madeira no processo de serrado dos produtos retangulares a partir das toras. Os resultados conseguidos mediante os métodos foram comparados com dados reais, com o objetivo de incrementar a eficiência visando diminuir os custos operativos do processo. Dados reais de uma serraria do Rio Grande do Sul foram utilizados para validar o modelo, e em valor diminuiu as perdas em 6, 2%, em comparação com o método manual utilizado pela empresa. / In severa! countries the forest industry is considered as a strategic economic sector, which strongly contributes for raw material production, collection of taxes, and for increases on job generation and on the manufacture of products for export. In this industry sector, the sawn timber segment stood out due to its volumes of economic activity as well as dueto its relationships with certain sectors, as construction or furniture industries. Since the 2008-2009 global financiai crisis, which has strongly struck the export markets, the sawmills have been involved into a search of higher leveis of efficiency on the process of sawing the raw material. These companies face the problem of regular sawing rectangular pieces of wood, from their stocks of wood logs for different clients of their respective domestic and export markets. The complexity of this problem, is based on the fact that the cutting process on the raw material is made from a circular surface, using the "Cant Sawing" pattern. This pattern defines the lateral and central pieces for cutting from the surface of wood log.The present thesis describes a mathematical formulation for such a problem. Two different solution methods were developed to solve this problem. The first one is based an integer programming based-method, and the second one is an approximation method, which uses the simulated annealing metaheuristic. This solution method is run in stages. First, the sawing patterns are to be determined, considering the available stock of raw material as well as the customer demands. On the second stage, the optimization process is developed in order to achieve the most adequate sawing patterns to each kind of raw material, which are to be used in the production line, with the goal of reducing the losses of wood along the process of sawing the final products. The attained results by using the developed methods were tested with real data, and present values, aiming at increasing the efficiency on reducing the process operational costs process. Real data for a sawmill in Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil were used to validate model, and in value, reduces 6, 2% the losses when compareci with the manual method used by the company.

Denna studie har utförts med syfte att studera resultatutvecklingen, utifrån ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv, vad gäller övning av förmågan i att direkt läsa musik, också att undersöka orsaker vad gäller variation i resultatet vid övning ia prima vista-läsning av musik.Data och information har insamlats genom videoobservation vid 11 tillfällen och genom loggboksanteckningar vid samtliga 38 övningstillfällen. Det hermeneutiska perspektivet centrerat kring teorier av Gadamer och Ricœur har använts för att analysera händelseförloppen vid de dokumenterade övningspassen. I resultatet visas att vissa studerade parametrar så som läshastighet och antal repetitioner av toner eller passager blev måttligt förändrade samtidigt som parametrar så som antal fel spelade under varje övningspass förblev oförändrade under tiden för studien. Det visas också att vissa parametrar relaterade till god förmåga till a prima vista-spel blev utvecklade under övningsperioden. I diskussionen sätts upptäckterna i analysen och resultatet i relation till presenterad forskning samt utifrån det teoretiska perspektivet. / This study have been executed with the purpose to examine the progress of the results during the study of the ability to sight-read music from a hermeneutic perspective, and also to examine the occurring variations in the results during sight-reading practice. The data and information have been collected through 11 occasions of observation via video and all 38 of the practice sessions were documented in the form of logbook. The hermeneutic perspective centered around the theories presented by Gadamer and Ricœur have been used to analyze the sequence of events presented by the collected information. The results show that some of the studied parameters such as the speed of the reading and the number of repetitions of notes or passages became moderately changed while parameters such as the number of wrong notes played during each practice session remained unchanged during the course of the study. There are also parameters related to good sight-reading ability that show great change under the time of study. In the discussion the results are compared to presented research on the subject. Further analysis of the material were made with the help of the theoretical perspective.

Introdução: O carcinoma urotelial de bexiga (CUB) é o segundo tumor mais frequente do trato urinário. A perda da função do p53 é a alteração mais conhecida do carcinoma urotelial de alto grau invasivo. Prima-1 é uma pequena molécula, a qual restaura a função do p53 mutado promovendo a morte celular em vários tipos celulares. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi analisar o efeito do Prima-1 na indução da apoptose mediada por p53 após indução do dano ao DNA em linhagens de CUB. Material e métodos: O mecanismo de ação do Prima-1 foi avaliado em duas linhagens celulares de câncer de bexiga, T24 que tem como característica a mutação do p53 e RT4 que possui p53 intacto. Características morfológicas da apoptose, alterações no potencial de membrana mitocondrial e análise da expressão de treze genes envolvidos na apoptose mediada por p53 foram avaliados através de observação microscópica e reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real quantitativa (qRT-PCR). Resultados: Prima-1 foi capaz de reativar a função da P53 na linhagem de câncer de bexiga com p53 mt, promovendo a apoptose através da expressão de Bax e Puma, ativação da cascata das caspases e ruptura da membrana mitocondrial, independente de Bax, na linhagem celular T24 (p53 mt). Conclusão: Prima-1 foi capaz de restaurar a atividade transcricional de p53. Estudos experimentais in vivo poderiam ser conduzidos no intuito de testar essa molécula como um novo agente terapêutico do CUB de alto grau, invasivo, que apresenta caracteristicamente mutação de p53 / Introduction: Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is the second most common tumor of the urinary tract. Loss of p53 function is the main genetic alteration related to the development of high-grade muscle-invasive disease. Prima-1 is a small molecule that restores tumor suppressor function to mutant p53 and induces cell death in various cancer types. Our aim is to investigate the ability of Prima-1 to induce apoptosis after DNA damage in BC cancer cell lines. Material and Methods: The therapeutic effect of Prima-1 was studied in two BC cell lines, T24, characterized by p53 mutation, and RT4, with no mutation in the p53 gene. Morphological features of apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential changes and expression of thirteen genes involved in p53-induced apoptosis were assessed by microscopic observation and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) Results: Prima-1 is able to reactivate P53 function in p53-mutated bladder cancer cell line promote apoptosis through the induction of Bax and Puma expression, activating the caspase cascade and disruption of mitochondrial membrane, independent of Bak, in T24 cell line (p53 mt). Conclusion: Prima-1 is able to restore the transcriptional activity of p53. Experimental studies in vivo could be conducted in order to test this molecule as a new therapeutic agent of the urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, which characteristically presents p53 mutation

The theme of this work is documental evidence and their influence on the practice of the courts. The author‘s suggested concept of the documental evidence is given in the work. It is accentuated that documental evidence consists not only from the documents but also from various material things that contains important information for the case. The given classification of the documental evidence confirms the proposition that evidence can be expressed in various material objects in various ways. The exceptional attention is payed to official documental evidence that is very important for the court practice because it has a prima facie power and can not be denied by the evidence of witnesses´ (with some exceptions).

Introdução: O carcinoma urotelial de bexiga (CUB) é o segundo tumor mais frequente do trato urinário. A perda da função do p53 é a alteração mais conhecida do carcinoma urotelial de alto grau invasivo. Prima-1 é uma pequena molécula, a qual restaura a função do p53 mutado promovendo a morte celular em vários tipos celulares. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi analisar o efeito do Prima-1 na indução da apoptose mediada por p53 após indução do dano ao DNA em linhagens de CUB. Material e métodos: O mecanismo de ação do Prima-1 foi avaliado em duas linhagens celulares de câncer de bexiga, T24 que tem como característica a mutação do p53 e RT4 que possui p53 intacto. Características morfológicas da apoptose, alterações no potencial de membrana mitocondrial e análise da expressão de treze genes envolvidos na apoptose mediada por p53 foram avaliados através de observação microscópica e reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real quantitativa (qRT-PCR). Resultados: Prima-1 foi capaz de reativar a função da P53 na linhagem de câncer de bexiga com p53 mt, promovendo a apoptose através da expressão de Bax e Puma, ativação da cascata das caspases e ruptura da membrana mitocondrial, independente de Bax, na linhagem celular T24 (p53 mt). Conclusão: Prima-1 foi capaz de restaurar a atividade transcricional de p53. Estudos experimentais in vivo poderiam ser conduzidos no intuito de testar essa molécula como um novo agente terapêutico do CUB de alto grau, invasivo, que apresenta caracteristicamente mutação de p53 / Introduction: Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is the second most common tumor of the urinary tract. Loss of p53 function is the main genetic alteration related to the development of high-grade muscle-invasive disease. Prima-1 is a small molecule that restores tumor suppressor function to mutant p53 and induces cell death in various cancer types. Our aim is to investigate the ability of Prima-1 to induce apoptosis after DNA damage in BC cancer cell lines. Material and Methods: The therapeutic effect of Prima-1 was studied in two BC cell lines, T24, characterized by p53 mutation, and RT4, with no mutation in the p53 gene. Morphological features of apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential changes and expression of thirteen genes involved in p53-induced apoptosis were assessed by microscopic observation and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) Results: Prima-1 is able to reactivate P53 function in p53-mutated bladder cancer cell line promote apoptosis through the induction of Bax and Puma expression, activating the caspase cascade and disruption of mitochondrial membrane, independent of Bak, in T24 cell line (p53 mt). Conclusion: Prima-1 is able to restore the transcriptional activity of p53. Experimental studies in vivo could be conducted in order to test this molecule as a new therapeutic agent of the urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, which characteristically presents p53 mutation

This master's thesis examines Czech TV news called "Crime News", that is broadcasted by TV Prima. Method of mythological semiotic analysis was chosen for this paper and it refers to work of Roland Barthes. Crime News (their three-month period) were examined not only from the perspective of lexical and visual point of view but as a complex communicate. This helped to uncover mythological structures, persuasiveness and other phenomena. In the beginning of this thesis theoretical concepts are explained. Second chapter is dedicated to methodology. Analysis itself is the third part of this master's thesis. Show's jingle and anchormen were examined first and the other phenomena second, thereby mythological structures, archetypes and narratives were exposed. Conclusion provides summary and interpretation of described phenomena.

Diploma thesis examines the form of television market in the age of digitalized terrestrial broadcasting with regard to the extent to which there can be found genre innovations, wider scale of origin countries and the placement of its own or foreign programme premieres. For this purpose, it concentrates on eight new digital channels distributed in terrestrial network; available nationwide, not monothematic and having audience share of at least around one percent. In the theoretical part, there is briefly summarized the history of the digitalization process in the Czech Republic, there are profiles of examined TV channels and thesis also presents extinct or minor digital channels shortly. For research purpose, thesis uses quantitative analysis methodology; it allows to explore larger amount of materials and achieve the general knowledge. The results consist of the comparison between the eight channels in three categories, description of the evolution of programme in the course of the time compared to the first month of broadcasting and contextual contrast using partial analysis of broadcasting of main and then only analogue available channels . The major positive aspect of the new channels is a higher degree of ambiguity genre. However, U.S. still holds important role as origin country of the programmes.

Syftet med denna självstudie har varit att undersöka min livsvärld när jag spelar a prima vista och syna de tankemönster som uppstår. Arbetet genomsyras av ett livsvärldsperspektiv och utgångspunkten är frågeställningarna: Hur upplever jag avistaspel samt Hur förändras min livsvärld under arbetets gång. Insamling av material har skett via en strukturerad processloggbok som förts efter varje dokumenterat avistapass. Dessa anteckningar tillsammans med frågeställningarna lägger sedan grund för resultatet som delas upp i två avsnitt. Det första, Upplevelser av a prima vista, redogör för betydelsen av sammanhang utifrån faktorerna Tid och plats, Material och progression samt Avista med sällskap. Jag redovisar i detta avsnitt återkommande mönster i upplevelsen av min avistaläsning som förhåller sig till dessa faktorer och synar vilket sammanhang som tycks gynna min övning bäst. Resultatets andra del, Min föränderliga livsvärld, beskriver sedan hur min livsvärld har förändrats under projektets gång. Detta redovisas utifrån rubrikerna: Tankemönster, Medvetenhet samt Motivation och nya tankemönster. I detta avsnitt går det att skildra en resa från att förknippa min prestation med jaget, till att se på avistaläsning som ett fristående fenomen där medveten övning hjälper mig framåt i utvecklingen. Slutligen knyts resultatet till bakomliggande litteratur och forskning i diskussionsavsnittet. Under rubriken a prima vista och övning diskuteras mina upplevelser i förhållande till färdigheter i avistaspel, därefter beskrivs min resa mot en ny livsvärld, där fokus ligger på känslomässiga aspekter och betydelsen av medvetenhet. / The purpose of this self-observation has been to see into my life-world while sight-reading sheet music for piano and to visualize the thinking patterns that arise followed by reflection. The work is permeated by a life-world perspective with following questions as starting point: How do I experience playing a prima vista and In which ways does my life-world change during the project. The material has been collected via a structured process logbook, which has been written in after every occasion. These notes along with the questions described above then shapes the result which is divided into two sections. The first section, Experiences during a prima vista explains the importance of context based on Time and place, Material and progression, and Playing a prima vista with someone watching. In this section, I report repeating patterns in the experience of my sight-reading that relate to these contexts and I also point out which context seems to benefit my exercise the best. The second section of the result My changeable life-world, then explains in which ways my life-world has changed during the project. Beneath the headings Thinking patterns, Awareness and New thinking patterns it is possible to see a journey from associating my achievements with my identity to looking at sight-reading as a phenomenon possible to manage by being aware while practicing. Lastly I relate the literature and researches to my result in a closing discussion. Under the headline a prima vista and practice I discuss my experiences and relate these to relevant skills during sight-reading, thereafter I describe my journey towards a new life-world where main topics are emotional aspects and the meaning of awareness.

Jean Cousin a suscité différentes formes de réception, révélatrices des enjeux discursifs des historiographes. De même, l’analyse critique des textes qui ont été produits sur l’Eva prima Pandora a fait émerger plusieurs problématiques inhérentes au processus de l’interprétation des œuvres d’art, au discours produit sur la peinture. À partir d’un contexte documentaire lacunaire, qui concerne autant le peintre que son tableau, les auteurs ont crée des fictions révélatrices de leur orientation méthodologique et des attentes de leur époque d’expression.Nous porterons donc un regard critique sur la construction mythique de l’image de l’artiste qui s’est opérée dans les différents textes consacrés à la vie et à l’œuvre de Jean Cousin. De même, à travers les propositions sémantiques qui ont été faites de la peinture, nous mettrons en évidence les présupposés théoriques et méthodologiques du discours produit par les interprètes, afin de montrer les limites de leur démarche. Partant de ce constat, prenant en compte les différentes pistes de réflexion récemment ouvertes par l’histoire de l’art, nous étudierons l’Eva prima Pandora, en portant notre attention sur le VOIR, sur le processus de création picturale, sur la nature des intentions de Jean Cousin alors qu’il peignait l’Eva prima Pandora. / Jean Cousin has generated various forms of reception, reveling the discursive stakes in the historiographers. Also, the critical analysis of the texts which were produced on the Eva prima Pandora brings to the foreground several problematics inherent to the process of the interpretation of works of art, to the discourse produced on painting. From an incomplete documentary context, which concerns as much the painter as his painting, the authors created revealing fictions of their methodological orientation and of the expectation of their period of expression. We will thus wear a critical look at the mythical construction of the image of the artist that took place in the differents texts devoted to the life and the works of Jean Cousin. In the same way, through the semantic propositions that have been made on the painting, we will highlight the theoretical and the methodological presuppositions of the discurse produced by the interpreters, in order to show the limits of their approach.Leaving of this report, taking into account the differents tracks of reflexion recently opened by the history of art, we will study the Eva prima Pandora by paying our attention to de SEE, to the process of picturial creation, to the nature of intentions of Jean Cousin while painting the Eva prima Pandora.

Parce que l’infinité divine n’est pas une évidence théologique, Descartes travaille à lui donner un sens particulier : à la fois instauratrice des vérités créées dans les lettres du printemps1630 et nom divin par excellence selon les exigences de la philosophie première en 1641, elle endosse des déterminations incontestablement dionysiennes (l’incompréhensibilité) en même temps qu’elle relève au plus haut point de la métaphysique en voie de constitution (idea maxime vera). La détermination de la situation de l’infinité de Dieu chez Descartes au regard d’autres concepts du corpus (immensité, indéfini), de ses rapports au concept aristotélicien d’apeiron et de son histoire médiévale (Thomas d'Aquin, Bonaventure, Henri de Gand, Scot) et moderne (Suarez, Bérulle, Montaigne), doit permettre de faire voir la tension interne dont l’infinité grève la métaphysique cartésienne. / Because divine infinity is not a theological obvious fact, Descartes works to give him a particular meaning : at the same time founder of the eternal truths in the letters of printemps1630, and the divine name par excellence according to the requirements of the first philosophy in 1641. Then, infinity both assumes dionysian characteristics (incomprehensibility) and fulfils the requirements of the metaphysics in the process of constitution (idea maxime vera). The determination of the situation of God's infinity in Descartes with regard to the other concepts of the corpus (unlimitedness, indefinite), of its relationships with the Aristotelian concept of apeiron and its medieval history (Thomas d' Aquin, Bonaventure, Henry of Ghent, Scot) and modern (Suarez, Bérulle, Montaigne), allows to show the internal tension the infinite burdens Cartesian metaphysics.