Throughout history the penal system has been viewed as the paramount means of dealing with criminals, though its function has transformed throughout time. It has served as a pit for detaining suspected criminals, a home for the vagrant, an institution for the insane, a dreaded place of repute, quarters for cleansing and renewal, and an establishment of cataloged charges. The trials and transformations of history have developed and shaped the institution that we recognize today. Presently, the United States prison population far exceeds that of any other country in the world. The political climate, tough on crime policies, determinate sentencing, and increasing cost of prisons have significantly increased numbers of various offenders in prisons and generated lengthy prison sentences; creating a proliferating annual prison population and a depletion of resources. As a result, this practice of essentially cataloging mass amounts of inmates appears to have resulted in a system whose practices, financial situation, depleting amount of resources and ultimately the inability achieve rehabilitation has resulted in a system accomplishing only incapacitation. However, other nations have created prison models that appear more successful, managing to lower prison populations while simultaneously lower crime rates. Comparing the United States to the Netherlands and Germany, countries that have been successful in these to lower prison populations while simultaneously lower crime rates, provides an opportunity for uncovering potential advantageous practices.

A finalidade desta pesquisa foi estudar os aspectos socioculturais de um ambiente penitenciário, que podem influenciar o ensino e a prática de atividades físicas coletivas (AFC) por mulheres presas identificadas como os outros, conforme interpretações de referências teóricas dos Estudos Culturais. Dentre os objetivos específicos pretendíamos identificar as motivações para a prática de AFC; avaliar e monitorar os possíveis efeitos da prática de AFC e investigar evidências sobre a ocorrência de aprendizagem significativa, por meio da análise de mapas conceituais e textos dissertativos criados pelas próprias mulheres presas. As análises dos resultados obtidos indicaram que o estudo das motivações para a prática de AFC foi importante para desenvolver atividades físicas que correspondessem às expectativas das mulheres presas, como os Jogos Cooperativos, que incentivaram a participação e evitaram desistências. O uso do questionário DALDA permitiu a identificação e monitoramento semanal de fontes e sintomas de estresse, além de motivar a reflexão crítica das mulheres presas sobre os seus hábitos cotidianos no ambiente cultural penitenciário. A avaliação da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) possibilitou o monitoramento de intensidade das sessões de AFC. Assim, ambos os métodos contribuíram para a promoção de saúde e qualidade de vidas das mulheres presas. Todos esses procedimentos vivenciados ativamente pelas mulheres presas proporcionaram processos de diferenciação progressiva e reconciliação integradora, que foram evidenciados em mapas conceituais e textos dissertativos, indicando a ocorrência de aprendizagem significativa em alguns casos. Os métodos e procedimentos utilizados nesta pesquisa foram eficientes e pouco invasivos para à privacidade e integridade das mulheres presas. Portanto, podem ser recomendadas para a elaboração programas educacionais de intervenção em saúde pública, por profissionais da área da saúde e de atividades físicas. / The goal of this research was to study the social and cultural aspects of a prison environment, which may influence the teaching and practice of collective physical activities (CPA) by women prisoners identified as \"others\" as interpretations of theoretical references of Cultural Studies. Among the specific objectives intended to identify the motivations for the practice of CPA, evaluate and monitor the possible effects of the practice of CPA and investigate evidence for the occurrence of significant learning, through the analysis of concept maps and texts created by women prisoners themselves. The analysis of the results indicated that: a) the study of the motivations for the practice of CPA was important to develop physical activities that correspond to the expectations of women prisoners, as Cooperative Games that encouraged participation and avoided dropouts. The use of the DALDA questionnaire allowed identification and weekly monitoring of sources and symptoms of stress and motivate critical reflection of women prisoners about their daily habits the cultural prison. The evaluation of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) allowed the monitoring intensity of sessions CPA. Thus, both methods have contributed to the promotion of health and quality of lives of women prisoners. All these procedures experienced by women prisoners actively provided progressive differentiation processes and integrative reconciliation, which were found in conceptual maps and texts, indicating the occurrence of significant learning in some cases. The methods and procedures used in this research were effective and less invasive to the privacy and integrity of women prisoners. Therefore, can be recommended for the development of educational programs in public health intervention, by professionals in the health and physical activity.

In Japan, the prison population has been aging at a pace far exceeding the general population. This rapid aging has increased the costs in all aspects of prison administration, which has become a great burden on the Japanese prison system. However, little has been clear about the causes of the current explosion of elderly prisoners. This study explores factors affecting the aging prison population, and examines the extent to which three main possible causes affect the aging prison population: the elderly population growth in general society, increased criminal behavior of elderly people, and legal harshness by the criminal justice organizations, such as kinds of sentences and lengths of imprisonment. This study adopts a longitudinal design, using three kinds of cross-sectional annual data sources aggregated for the whole country of Japan during 20 years from 1988 to 2007. The findings indicate that while the the non-elderly prison population growth has been caused by harsher legal attitudes, the main reason for the elderly prison population growth is increased criminal behavior itself.

A finalidade desta pesquisa foi estudar os aspectos socioculturais de um ambiente penitenciário, que podem influenciar o ensino e a prática de atividades físicas coletivas (AFC) por mulheres presas identificadas como os outros, conforme interpretações de referências teóricas dos Estudos Culturais. Dentre os objetivos específicos pretendíamos identificar as motivações para a prática de AFC; avaliar e monitorar os possíveis efeitos da prática de AFC e investigar evidências sobre a ocorrência de aprendizagem significativa, por meio da análise de mapas conceituais e textos dissertativos criados pelas próprias mulheres presas. As análises dos resultados obtidos indicaram que o estudo das motivações para a prática de AFC foi importante para desenvolver atividades físicas que correspondessem às expectativas das mulheres presas, como os Jogos Cooperativos, que incentivaram a participação e evitaram desistências. O uso do questionário DALDA permitiu a identificação e monitoramento semanal de fontes e sintomas de estresse, além de motivar a reflexão crítica das mulheres presas sobre os seus hábitos cotidianos no ambiente cultural penitenciário. A avaliação da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) possibilitou o monitoramento de intensidade das sessões de AFC. Assim, ambos os métodos contribuíram para a promoção de saúde e qualidade de vidas das mulheres presas. Todos esses procedimentos vivenciados ativamente pelas mulheres presas proporcionaram processos de diferenciação progressiva e reconciliação integradora, que foram evidenciados em mapas conceituais e textos dissertativos, indicando a ocorrência de aprendizagem significativa em alguns casos. Os métodos e procedimentos utilizados nesta pesquisa foram eficientes e pouco invasivos para à privacidade e integridade das mulheres presas. Portanto, podem ser recomendadas para a elaboração programas educacionais de intervenção em saúde pública, por profissionais da área da saúde e de atividades físicas. / The goal of this research was to study the social and cultural aspects of a prison environment, which may influence the teaching and practice of collective physical activities (CPA) by women prisoners identified as \"others\" as interpretations of theoretical references of Cultural Studies. Among the specific objectives intended to identify the motivations for the practice of CPA, evaluate and monitor the possible effects of the practice of CPA and investigate evidence for the occurrence of significant learning, through the analysis of concept maps and texts created by women prisoners themselves. The analysis of the results indicated that: a) the study of the motivations for the practice of CPA was important to develop physical activities that correspond to the expectations of women prisoners, as Cooperative Games that encouraged participation and avoided dropouts. The use of the DALDA questionnaire allowed identification and weekly monitoring of sources and symptoms of stress and motivate critical reflection of women prisoners about their daily habits the cultural prison. The evaluation of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) allowed the monitoring intensity of sessions CPA. Thus, both methods have contributed to the promotion of health and quality of lives of women prisoners. All these procedures experienced by women prisoners actively provided progressive differentiation processes and integrative reconciliation, which were found in conceptual maps and texts, indicating the occurrence of significant learning in some cases. The methods and procedures used in this research were effective and less invasive to the privacy and integrity of women prisoners. Therefore, can be recommended for the development of educational programs in public health intervention, by professionals in the health and physical activity.

State prison systems, particularly in the Southern US, have been overpopulated for decades with unlikely support for building new prisons which has led to overcrowding. Policy makers, however, have adopted mandatory minimum policies that include harsher sanctions for habitual offenders which exacerbated the problem of overcrowding, yet little is understood about how sentencing reform is associated with overpopulation. Using Clear and Schrantz conceptualization of prison population change, the purpose of this quantitative descriptive study was to understand how one prison system in a southern state was impacted over a 10-year period by the implementation of mandatory minimum sentencing requirements. Data were collected from publicly available resources from a state department of corrections and state law enforcement agencies related to crime rates, sentence terms, parole rates, and prison population for the years 1993 through 2013. These data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including measures of central tendency and visual examination of line plots. Findings indicated that the state'€™s prison population did not change following the 2003 enactment of mandatory-minimum sentencing. Though no changes in prison population trends were observed, further testing may be considered to better understand the relationship between sentencing reform efforts and strengthened provisions to the laws regarding habitual felony offenders. The implications for positive social change stemming from this study includes recommendations to lawmakers to expand research and use the results as the basis of future decisions to either revise or eliminate mandatory sentencing policies taking into consideration crowding in state prisons.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:42:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Mayara Bonatto.pdf: 1384954 bytes, checksum: d5d3671eec863c77ddddc6c2079c21c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to identify and analyze how the issue of health in prisons appears as theme relevant to the understanding of the 'tragedy' of the brazilian prison system (PS). The methodological approach used was the documentary research and literature, which served as tools to contextualize the problem and also to justify theoretically the subject of this study. We use as documentary sources: the publications of the Jornal do Brasil; public health policies for the Brazilian PS; and institutional documents. The time frame was delimited between 1990 and 2003. Period that includes the year of free elections after the end of the military dictatorship, until the year in which the National Health Plan for the Prison System (NHPPS) was established. From the documentary research and theoretical basis under portray the 'tragedy' of SP by the description of riots that occurred in prisons in Brazil; we cover the relationship between prison ambience and the occurrence of riots; approach the emergence of infectious diseases in the prison environment, specifically HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and tuberculosis; reflect how health is related to the humanization; expose as Brazil joined the international provisions of the DH; and we analyze some aspects recommended in the National Health Plan for the Prison System. At the end of this study, we conclude, on the counter that was discussed on health at international level, and even national, the illustration of the 'tragedy' in the PS indicates that the Brazilian prison environment was abandoned locus. However, we understand that the imposition of a public policy of health for the Brazilian prison population – the National Policy on Integral Health Care of Persons Deprived of Liberty in Prisons (PDLP) – can be seen as recognition and as a breakthrough of the Brazilian government before the need for health care in this population. / Este trabalho pretende identificar e analisar como a questão da saúde nas instituições penais surge como tema relevante para o entendimento da ‘tragédia’ do sistema penitenciário (SP) brasileiro. O percurso metodológico utilizado foi a pesquisa documental e a pesquisa bibliográfica, que serviram de instrumentos para a contextualização do problema e também para fundamentar teoricamente o tema deste estudo. Utilizamos como fontes documentais: as publicações do Jornal do Brasil; as políticas públicas de saúde para o SP brasileiro; e documentos institucionais. O recorte temporal foi delimitado entre os anos 1990 e 2003, período que abarca o ano das eleições livres no país, até o ano em que o Plano Nacional de Saúde no Sistema Penitenciário (PNSSP) foi instituído. A partir da pesquisa documental e sob embasamento teórico retratamos a ‘tragédia’ do SP pela descrição de motins que ocorreram em prisões do Brasil; abrangemos a relação entre ambiência prisional e a ocorrência de rebeliões; abordamos a emergência de doenças infecto contagiosas no ambiente carcerário, especificamente o HIV/AIDS, a hepatite e a tuberculose; refletimos como a saúde se relaciona com a humanização; expomos como o Brasil aderiu às disposições internacionais dos DH; e analisamos alguns aspectos preconizados no PNSSP. Ao final deste estudo, concluímos, na contracorrente do que se discutia sobre saúde no plano internacional, e mesmo nacional, que a ilustração da ‘tragédia’ no SP nos indica que o ambiente prisional brasileiro foi locus de abandono. Porém, compreendemos que a instituição de uma política pública de saúde específica para a população penitenciária brasileira – a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde das Pessoas Privadas de Liberdade no Sistema Prisional (PNAISP) – pode ser considerada como o reconhecimento e como um avanço do governo brasileiro ante a necessidade de assistência à saúde dessa população.

This dissertation, adopting the deductive method, aims to study the theoretical framework of the right to work of the incarcerated individuals, defending, initially, the fundamentality of such right as an expression of the fraternal stage of contemporary constitutionalism, as well as its enforceability towoards the State since, by depriving the individual of his freedom, he establishes with the condemned a special juridical relation, assuming the duty to give full effect to the rights of the prisoners, both as a way of guaranteeing their re-socialization, as well as implement the right to development that they hold, particularly because of their status as a socially vulnerable group. Finally, it's discussed the legal regime applied to the incarcerated work in a constitutional perspective, since the absence of normative discipline on the subject, as well as the inadequacy of the norms currently in force with the Federal Constitution of 1988, causes insufficient protection of the legal order to the right to work of the imprisoned. / A presente dissertação, adotando o método dedutivo, tem como objetivo estudar os referenciais teóricos do direito ao trabalho do indivíduo penalmente condenado, defendendo, inicialmente, a fundamentalidade de tal direito como expressão da etapa fraternal do constitucionalismo contemporâneo, bem como a sua exigibilidade perante o Estado, uma vez que este, ao privar o indivíduo de sua liberdade, estabelece com o condenado uma relação jurídica especial, assumindo para o si o dever de dar plena efetividade aos direitos dos presos, tanto como forma de garantir a ressocialização destes, como também concretizar o direito ao desenvolvimento por eles titularizado, particularmente em razão da sua condição de grupo socialmente vulnerável. Por fim, discute-se o regime jurídico aplicado ao trabalho encarcerado em uma perspectiva constitucional, uma vez que a ausência de disciplina normativa sobre o tema, bem como a inadequação das normas atualmente vigentes com a Constituição Federal de 1988 provocam uma proteção insuficiente da ordem jurídica direito de trabalhar do apenado.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In the study below, the phenomenon of "maximum security prisons" is described as it is applied in various parts of the world, according to capita selecta. The phenomenon is described as it occurs in four countries, namely Australia, the United States of America, England and South Africa. The primary aim of this study is to obtain the Magister Artium degree. Secondly, it will shed more light on the treatment of prisoners who have to be detained in maximum security conditions as a result of their type of offence, length of sentence and conduct. The philosopical framework for the detention of maximum security prisoners is taken into account, while certain generic aspects unique to prisons are examined as well. This study is of universal importance because long-term prison sentences are on the increase, in spite of the fact that other punitive measures exist. / In die hieropvolgende studie word die verskynsel "maksimum sekuriteitsgevangenisse" soos wat dit in verskeie werelddele toepassing vind aan die hand van capita selecta beskryf. Die verskynsel word ten opsigte van vier lande, naamlik Australie, die V erenigde State van Amerika, Engeland en Suid-Afrika beskryf. Die beskrywing het in die eerste plek ten doel om die graad Magister Artium te verwerf. Ten tweede werp dit meer lig op die bantering van gevangenes wat weens hul tipe oortreding, vonnislengte en gedrag in maksimum sekuriteitsomstandighede aangehou moet word. Die filosofiese raamwerk vir aanhouding van maksimumgevangenes word in oenskou geneem, maar daar word ook na verskeie generiese aspekte eie aan gevangenisse gekyk. Die studie is van globale belang weens die feit dat langtermyngevangenisstraf besig is om toe te neem, ten spyte daarvan dat alternatiewe vorme van straf bestaan. / Penology / M.A. (Penologie)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In the study below, the phenomenon of "maximum security prisons" is described as it is applied in various parts of the world, according to capita selecta. The phenomenon is described as it occurs in four countries, namely Australia, the United States of America, England and South Africa. The primary aim of this study is to obtain the Magister Artium degree. Secondly, it will shed more light on the treatment of prisoners who have to be detained in maximum security conditions as a result of their type of offence, length of sentence and conduct. The philosopical framework for the detention of maximum security prisoners is taken into account, while certain generic aspects unique to prisons are examined as well. This study is of universal importance because long-term prison sentences are on the increase, in spite of the fact that other punitive measures exist. / In die hieropvolgende studie word die verskynsel "maksimum sekuriteitsgevangenisse" soos wat dit in verskeie werelddele toepassing vind aan die hand van capita selecta beskryf. Die verskynsel word ten opsigte van vier lande, naamlik Australie, die V erenigde State van Amerika, Engeland en Suid-Afrika beskryf. Die beskrywing het in die eerste plek ten doel om die graad Magister Artium te verwerf. Ten tweede werp dit meer lig op die bantering van gevangenes wat weens hul tipe oortreding, vonnislengte en gedrag in maksimum sekuriteitsomstandighede aangehou moet word. Die filosofiese raamwerk vir aanhouding van maksimumgevangenes word in oenskou geneem, maar daar word ook na verskeie generiese aspekte eie aan gevangenisse gekyk. Die studie is van globale belang weens die feit dat langtermyngevangenisstraf besig is om toe te neem, ten spyte daarvan dat alternatiewe vorme van straf bestaan. / Penology / M.A. (Penologie)