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Many people have growing concerns about privacy issues, especially the treatment of personal information. Other researchers have demonstrated that consumers do not effectively use privacy policies while shopping online. Current research tends to focus on the contents of Online Privacy Policy (OPP). Often the OPP contains items to meet vendor interests rather than consumer concerns, such as how well the OPP reduces privacy risk. Moreover, various approaches interpret the contents of the OPP rather than the OPP effects on reducing privacy risk. These approaches have not made a substantial impact on consumer selection of a vendor. The research distinguished two types of Privacy Protection Information (PPI): the level of Vendor Privacy Risk (V) added by vendor practices allowed by the OPP and the level of Online Privacy Risk (O) not reduced by the OPP. A survey presented for each vendor the two types of PPI together with a product price. The results indicate that the respondents readily used PPI and preferred to have no Online Privacy Risk rather than no Vendor Privacy Risk. Of the six demographics attributes of the respondent, only the frequency of online shopping and the concern for privacy significantly increased the use of PPI. Recommendations were made for future research.

E-privacy concerns are among the online transactions risks that influence the use of e-services and e-government services. Whilst there have been studies that have analysed the impact of e-privacy on the willingness of people to utilize the Internet, especially in e-commerce, there has been limited research in relation to e-government services for a specific demographic group. This study has examined the impact of e-privacy risk concerns on the acceptance of e-government services in Oman using an integrated model. The model is based on Liu et al.‟s (2005) privacy-trust-behavioral intention model, the broader technology acceptance literature, and recent work on e-privacy awareness and protection. The research used both quantitative and qualitative approaches: data collection by questionnaire and a series of semi-structured interviews. The sampling frame for the study was civil services government employees in Oman. The model was tested using partial least squares and the results were compared to those obtained from the interview data. The study found that e-privacy awareness significantly impacts the level of e-privacy risk concerns. Social norms and perceived usefulness were found to play a significant role in influencing the intention to use e-government services. The study also found that e-privacy concerns and perceptions of the protection available against risks influence citizens‟ intentions to use e-government services via their influence on the perceived trustworthiness of these services. Thus trustworthiness is a factor that could be an obstacle to successful e-government services project implementation. Therefore the thesis recommends that governments pay greater attention to the role of e-privacy concerns and put in place security and e-privacy controls. Citizens should then be made aware of these in order to build the required level of trust and confidence in these services.

El comercio electrónico es una tendencia que está en aumento en el Perú. Sin embargo, el consumidor peruano percibes diferente riesgo al momento de comprar a través de supermercados online. Estos riesgos no son los mismos en todas las categorías; es por ello que en la presente investigación se estudiará los riesgos que perciben los hombre y mujeres de 25 a 35 años al momento de comprar productos de consumo masivo. Las variables que se han elegido son los riesgos de producto, conveniencia y privacidad.  Para lograr comprobar las hipótesis que se plantean en el presente estudio se ha realizado una investigación mixta. En el estudio cualitativo se realizó focus y entrevistas a los consumidores de los supermercados online. Además, se realizaron tres en entrevistas a expertos en el tema. En el estudio cuantitativo, se realizó una encuesta, la cual se aplicó a 250 personas.  Además, el análisis que se realizó fue correlacional entre la intención de compra y los tres riesgos percibidos que se analizaron. Luego de procesar la información, se obtuvo que sí existe una relación entre el riesgo de “producto”, “conveniencia” y “privacidad” con la “intención de compra”. / In order to verify the hypotheses raised in this study, a mixed investigation has been carried out. In the qualitative study, focus and interviews with consumers of online supermarkets were carried out. In addition, three were conducted in interviews with experts on the subject. In the quantitative study, a survey was conducted, which was applied to 250 people. In addition, the analysis that was performed was correlational between the purchase intention and the three perceived risks that were analysed. After processing the information, it was obtained that there is a relationship between the risk of “product”, “convenience” and “privacy” with the “purchase intention”. / Trabajo de investigación

The Windows registry serves as a valuable resource for both digital forensics experts and security researchers. This information is invaluable for reconstructing a user's activity timeline, aiding forensic investigations, and revealing other sensitive information. Furthermore, this data abundance in the Windows registry can be effortlessly tapped into and compiled to form a comprehensive digital profile of the user. Within this dissertation, we've developed specialized applications to streamline the retrieval and presentation of user activities, culminating in the creation of their digital profile. The first application, named "SeeShells," using the Windows registry shellbags, offers investigators an accessible tool for scrutinizing and generating event timelines based on specific criteria like file access patterns and system navigations. It boasts analytical features that can identify potentially suspicious events through a heat mapping system. In the context of our research, we've also crafted another application designed to collect and deduce a user's extensive activities by solely accessing the Windows registry. This program effectively sidesteps security software by utilizing native Windows application programming interface (API) to interact with the registry, granting unrestricted access to valuable information. This trove of data, often referred to as the user's digital footprint, holds the potential to either investigate or compromise both the user's privacy and security. Finally, we propose a custom-developed application that utilizes both software-based encryption and advanced hooking techniques to protect users' personal data within the registry. Our program is designed to create a more secure and discreet environment for users, effectively fortifying it against privacy and security threats while maintaining accessibility to legitimate users and applications.

Mobile applications tend to access data beyond their intended functionality and share this data with third parties for various purposes including marketing, profiling and advertisement. This data also includes user’s personal information and access to this personal information without user’s consent put user’s privacy at risk. User’s Inability to easily find privacy friendly apps and befuddling permission requests paves the way for malicious apps to get access to user’s personal information. Keeping in mind the different level of privacy aware users, we have presented a privacy enforcement framework in this thesis. This framework not only helps user to find alternative privacy friendly apps but also encourage users to review their privacy settings on the smartphone. An app discovery tool is developed to search privacy friendly apps amongst the group with similar functionality. The search results are sorted by privacy friendly score which is calculated using simplified version of risk assessment method known as EBIOS. Threat posed to personal information by various apps are then highlighted and presented to user in an easy-to-understand way before installing the app. We have validated the results of our discovery tool by comparing them to the manual inspection of various functional groups i.e., group of applications with similar functionality. Two list of permissions, one created by subjective and manual analysis of abstract functionality of functional group called expert opinion and other created by our tool based on permissions requested by functional group are compared. Our tool has correctly identified the permissions which are similar to expert opinion. / Mobila applikationer tenderar att ta del av data utanför deras tilltänkta funktionalitet och delar den här datan med tredjehands parter för olika syften som marknadsföring, profilering och reklam. Datan inkluderar även personlig information och tillgång till den personliga informationen utan användarens medvetande sätter användarens integritet i risk. Användares oförmåga att enkelt hitta integritetsvänliga appar och förvirrande godkännande förfrågningar öppnar vägen för illvilliga appar att få tillgång till användarens personliga information. Med tanke på hur olika användare uppmärksammar integritetnivåer presenterar vi ett integritetsupprätthållande ramverk i den här uppsatsen. Ramverket hjälper inte bara användare att hitta integritetsvänliga appar utan uppmuntrar även användaren att granska integritetsinställningarna i sin telefon. Ett applikationsupptäckarverktyg utvecklades för att söka efter integritetsvänliga appar inom samma funktionsområde. Sökresultatet är sorterat efter en integritetsvänlighetspoäng beräknad med en förenklad version av riskbedömningsmetoden känd som EBIOS. Hot mot personlig information från olika appar uppmärksammas och presenteras på ett användarvänligt sätt innan appen installeras. Vi har validerat resultatet från vårt applikationsupptäckarverktyg genom att jämföra det med en manuell inspektion av appar inom samma funktionsområde, exempelvist grupper av applikationer med liknande funktion. Två listor togs fram, en framtagen genom subjektiv och manuell analys av normal funktionalitet kallad expertutlåtande och en framtagen av vårt applikationsupptäckarverktyg baserat på funktionsområde. Vårt verktyg har korrekt identifierat godkännande i likhet med expertutlåtandet.

Artificiell intelligens (AI) inom marknadsföring har haft en ökad tillväxt de senaste åren. Marknadsföringen blir i allt större utsträckning datadriven, den tekniska utvecklingen har ständigt påverkat marknadsföringen och visat att AI-baserad marknadsföring kan göra skillnad. Det finns däremot många frågor som behöver besvaras innan AI kan användas på ett etiskt och effektivt sätt. Forskare uppmanar att analysera faktorer som påverkar konsumenters attityder till AI-baserad marknadsföring. Syftet med studien är därför att analysera hur upplevd integritetsrisk, upplevt förtroende och upplevda fördelar påverkar svenska konsumenters attityder till AI-baserad marknadsföring inom e-handel. Konsumentattityderna beskrivs i termer av känslomässig respektive kalkylmässig attityd. Metoden som användes var kvantitativ med en deduktiv ansats. Studien tog grund i en tvärsnittsdesign där en enkätundersökning utfördes. Webbenkäten publicerades på Facebook, Instagram och Snapchat där 102 respondenter besvarade den, varav 99 svar analyserades. Korrelationsanalys och regressionsanalyser skapades sedan i det statistiska dataprogrammet SPSS. Därefter bekräftades eller förkastades hypoteserna. Studien resulterade i att två av fyra hypoteser kunde bekräftas, vilka var hypoteserna H3a och H3b. Därmed blev slutsatsen, att upplevda fördelar påverkar svenska konsumenters attityder till AI-baserad marknadsföring inom e-handel positivt. Faktorerna upplevd integritetsrisk och upplevt förtroende är inte drivande faktorer för svenska konsumenter med en känslomässig attityd till AI-baserad marknadsföring. Upplevda fördelar påverkar den känslomässiga attityden vilket indikerar på att konsumenters känslomässiga attityd drivs av de praktiska aspekterna. Nyckelord: / Artificial Intelligence (AI) within marketing has had an increased growth in recent years. Marketing is becoming increasingly data-driven, the technological development constantly influences marketing and shows that AI-based marketing can make a difference. However, numerous questions need to be answered before AI can be used in an ethical and effective way. Researchers urge to examine factors that affect consumer attitudes towards AI-based marketing. The purpose of the study is therefore to analyze how perceived privacy risk, perceived trust and perceived benefits affect Swedish consumers attitudes to AI-based marketing within e-commerce. Consumer attitudes are described in terms of affective respective calculative attitude. The method used was quantitative with a deductive approach. The study was based on a cross-sectional design where a survey was carried out. The web survey was published on Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat where 102 respondents answered, of which 99 answers were analyzed. Correlation analysis and regression analyses were then created in the statistical data program SPSS. The hypotheses were then either confirmed or rejected. The study resulted in two out of four hypotheses being confirmed, the ones that could be confirmed were hypotheses H3a and H3b. Thus, the conclusion was that perceived benefits positively affect Swedish consumers’ attitudes towards AI-based marketing within e-commerce. The factors perceived privacy risk and perceived trust are not driving factors for Swedish consumers with an affective attitude to AI-based marketing. Perceived benefits affect the affective attitude which indicates that the consumer’s affective attitude is driven by the practical aspects.

La presente investigación tiene como principal objetivo poder analizar los riesgos de la banca por internet y cómo afectan en el uso sobre el usuario del sector bancario peruano. Con la finalidad de determinar la relación de las variables riesgos percibido de seguridad, privacidad y desempeño con las variables confianza y actitud. Esto tiene importancia, ya que, la banca por internet se encuentra en constante crecimiento mundial debido a la pandemia surgida por el Covid-19, otorgándole una mayor importancia por parte del consumidor frecuente de la banca. Por ende, se busca determinar la influencia de los riesgos percibidos y si afecta en el uso de la banca por internet. La población sujeta a estudio fueron los clientes de los bancos mayores a 25 años, residentes de Lima Metropolitana. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó como instrumento la encuesta virtual, se estructuró las preguntas siguiendo las dimensiones identificadas para el tema de investigación las cuales son: riesgos percibidos; riesgo de seguridad, privacidad y desempeño; actitud; confianza y uso de la banca por internet. / The main objective of this research is to be able to analyze the risks of internet banking and how they affect the use of the user in the Peruvian banking sector. In order to determine the relationship of the variables perceived security, privacy and performance risks with the variables of trust and attitude. This is important, since online banking is in constant global growth due to the pandemic that arose from Covid-19, giving it greater importance by the frequent consumer of banking. Therefore, it seeks to determine the influence of perceived risks and whether it affects the use of internet banking. The population subject to study was the clients of banks over 25 years of age, residents of Lima. For data collection, the survey was used as an instrument, the questions were structured following the dimensions identified for the research topic, which are: perceived risks; security, privacy and performance risk; attitude; trust and use of internet banking. / Trabajo de investigación