Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur upplever Pro-gamers inom FIFA stressorer och vilka copingstrategier som används för att hantera dem. Studiens fokus var på att få fram upplevelser av stressorer hos deltagarna och om de upplever just dessa faktorer, vad de använder sig av för copingstrategier för att hantera dessa situationer. Det deltog totalt åtta stycken intervjupersoner där alla var män i åldrarna 17-34 år (M=22,5) där dessa intervjupersoner befann sig i inklusionskriterie för att medverka i studien där alla var pro-gamers inom FIFA. Studien har utgått ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och använt sig av semistrukturerade intervjuer för samla in data och intervjuguide som grund har utgått utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk, McGrath (1970) fyra-stegs stressprocess modellen. I studiens resultat framkommer det totalt två stycken huvudteman, det första huvudtemat som nämns är upplevda stressorer, som totalt har fem stycken underliggande teman. Dessa är krav på sig själv, krav från samhället, krav från föreningen, krav från fans och krav från vänner och familj. Det andra huvudtemat som framkommer i studien är copingstrategier som används för att hantera upplevda stressorer som har totalt fyra stycken underliggande teman. Dessa är stöd från föreningen, stöd från familj, stöd från vänner och copingstrategier i sitt FIFA-utövande. Resultatdelen i studien har olika svarsteman men det var bland annat att intervjupersoner upplever stressorer i sitt FIFA spelande där de bland annat upplever krav på sig själv, samhället, föreningen, fans samt från sina vänner och familj. I resultatdelen framkom det även vilka copingstrategier som intervjupersoner använder sig av för att hantera dessa krav som kan bidra till att deltagarna upplever stressorer. Det som framkom var till exempel att de upplevde att det fanns bra stöd från föreningen och använde sig av den möjligheten, från sin familj och vänner men att de också använde sig av individuella copingstrategier såsom fysisk aktivitet eller att gå ut och promenera. Studiens resultat kan i framtiden vara användbar till framtida forskning för esportföreningar och liknande organisationer. Detta genom att studiens resultat kan forskas vidare kring bland annat vilka copingstrategier som kan användas om man i sitt FIFA-utövande upplever stressorer. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how Pro-gamers within FIFA experience stressors and which coping strategies are used to deal with them. The focus of the study was to bring out experiences of stressors in the participants to write if they experience and lead to any stress and performance anxiety when they are in a competitive context and if they experience these factors what they use for coping strategies to deal with these situations. A total of eight interviewees participated where all were men aged 17-34 years (M=22.5, SD=?) where these interviewees were in the inclusion criteria to participate in the studies where all were pro-gamers within FIFA. The study was based on a qualitative research method and used semi-structured interviews to collect data and an interview guide based on a theoretical framework, McGrath's (1970) four-step stress process model. In the results of the study, a total of two main themes emerge, the first main theme mentioned is perceived stressors, which in total has five underlying themes. These are demands on oneself, demands of society demands of the association, demands of fans and demands of friends and family. The second main theme that emerges in the study is coping strategies used to manage perceived stressors, that have a total of four underlying themes. These are support from the association, support from family, support from friends and coping strategies in their FIFA practice. The results part in the studies has different answers, but it was, among other things, that interviewees experience stressors in their FIFA playing, where they experience demands on themselves, society, the association, fans and from their friends and family, among other things. In the results section, it was also revealed which strategies the interviewees use to deal with these demands, which can contribute to the participants experiencing stressors. What emerged was, for example, that they felt that there was good support from the association and used the opportunity from their family and friends that they also used individual strategies such as physical activity or going out for a walk. The results of the study may in the future be useful to future research for esports associations and similar organizations. This is because the study's results can be further researched on, among other things, which coping strategies can be used if you experience stressors in your FIFA practice.

The phosphorylation-dependent PPIase (peptidyl prolyl isomerase), Pin1 (Protein interacting with NIMA#1), has been found to regulate cell cycle through a simple conformational change, the cis-trans isomerization of phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro amide bonds. A variety of key cell cycle regulatory phosphoproteins, including Cdc25 phosphatase,Cdc27, p53 oncogene, c-Myc oncogene, Wee1 kinase, Myt1 kinase, and NIMA kinas, have been confirmed as substrates of Pin1. Pin1 was also observed to be overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell lines, and the inhibitors of Pin1 showed antiproliferative activities towards these cancer cells. These results implied that Pin1 might serve as a potential anti-cancer drug target. Besides, Pin1 has an important neuroprotective function and represents a potential new therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease. In order to understand the interaction between Pin1 and Cdc25c and the role of Pin1 in the mechanism for the regulation of mitosis, two amide isosteres, Ser-Ψ[(Z)CH=C]-Pro-OH and Ser-Ψ[(E)CH=C]-Pro-OH were incorporated into two peptidomimetics derived from human Cdc25c. Phosphorylation of these two peptidomimetics by the incubation with Cdc2 was studied using LC-MS/MS technique. It was found that Cdc2 kinase was conformationally specific to its Cdc25c substrate. Only the trans conformer of Cdc25c at its Ser168-Pro position can be recognized and phosphorylated by Cdc2 kinase, thereby creating the binding site for Pin1. In an effort to improve the cell permeability of the charged inhibitors of Pin1, bisPOM (pivaloyloxymethyl) prodrug moiety was introduced to mask the phosphate group of Fmoc-pSer-Ψ[(Z)CH=C]-Pro-(2)-N-(3)-ethylaminoindole, which is one inhibitor of Pin1. Fmoc-pSer-Ψ[(Z)CH=C]-Pro-(2)-N-(3)-ethylaminoindole and its bisPOM prodrug were synthesized efficiently starting with Boc-Ser-Ψ[(Z)CH=C]-Pro-OH in 24% and 12% yields respectively. The charged inhibitor showed a moderate inhibition towards Pin1 (IC50 = 28.3 μM). Its antiproliferative activity towards A2780 ovarian cancer cells (IC50 = 46.2 μM) was significantly improved by its bisPOM prodrug (IC50 = 26.9 μM), which is comparable to the IC50 of the charged inhibitor towards Pin1 enzymatic activity. These results not only established the bisPOM strategy as an efficient prodrug choice for Pin1 inhibitors, but also added additional evidence for Pin1 as a potential anticancer drug target. / Ph. D.

Karlstads kommun innehar en så kallad solkarta vars syfte är att ge kommunens invånare en översikt över hur mycket solenergi som infaller på varje individuell takyta och kan användas som underlag för beslut om installation av solpaneler på byggnadstak. Kartan är interaktiv och sträcker sig över hela kommunen. Tyvärr brister den i detaljnivå utanför Karlstad tätort och skulle behöva en uppdatering. Syftet med studien är att undersöka metoder att utvinna tvådimensionella takplansytor enligt LOD2 utifrån byggnadsfotavtryck och punktmolnsdata, som sedan ska kunna lägga grunden till en interaktiv solkarta. Tre metoder för takplanssegmentering valdes ut som baserades på tre olika GIS-mjukvaror: ArcGIS Pro, Whitebox Tools och TerraScan. Studieområdet, beläget på industriområdet Våxnäs i Karlstad, bestod av 68 byggnader med varierande taktyper av olika hög komplexitet. En ytterligare dimension till studien var att två olika indatamängder jämfördes för varje segmenteringsmetod: ett högupplöst fotogrammetriskt framställt punktmoln utifrån bilder tagna med UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) samt ett lägre upplöst punktmoln insamlat med flygburen laserskanning. Totalt erhölls sex olika resultat som utvärderades efter fullständighet och utseende. Den högsta medelfullständigheten för varje metod var: 99,6 % för metoden baserad på TerraScan, 90,2 % för metoden baserad på Whitebox Tools och 82,0 % för metoden baserad på ArcGIS Pro. Gällande indatamängder gav UAV-datamängden ca 6 procentenheter bättre medelfullständighet för de två bästa metoderna och 10 procentenheter lägre för metoden som funkade sämst. Gällande användbarheten av resultaten är kontentan att TerraScan-metoden hade lagt en bra grund för en solkarta. Whitebox Tools-metoden hade sannolikt också kunnat vara användbar om en förbättrad generaliseringsalgoritm i efterbearbetningen hade applicerats. Studien diskuterar skillnader, felkällor samt nämner några ytterligare beprövade metoder som aldrig färdigställdes på grund av odugliga resultat. Problem som återstår att lösa är hantering av hål i punktmolnsdata inför takplanssegmentering. / Karlstad Municipality has what is known as a solar radiation map with the purpose of providing an overview of how much solar irradiance that is received by individual roof planes. It serves as a basis for decisions regarding the installation of solar panels on building roofs. The map is interactive and covers the entire municipality. Unfortunately, it lacks detail outside the city of Karlstad and would benefit from an update. The study aims to explore methods for extracting two-dimensional roof planes according to LOD2 (Level of Detail 2) using building footprints and point cloud data. The roof planes could later form the foundation for an interactive solar map. Three methods for roof segmentation were examined, each based on different software: ArcGIS Pro, Whitebox Tools, and TerraScan. The study area, located in the Våxnäs industrial area in Karlstad consisted of 68 buildings with varying roof types and complexities. An additional dimension to the study involved comparing two different input datasets for each segmentation method: a high-resolution photogrammetric point cloud generated from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) images and a lower-resolution point cloud collected with airborne laser scanning. In total, six different results were evaluated based on completeness and appearance. The highest mean completeness for each method was: 99,6 % for the TerraScan-based method, 90,2 % for the Whitebox Tools-based method and 82,0 % for the ArcGIS Pro-based method. Regarding input datasets, the two best methods showed an increase of approximately 6 percentage points in mean completeness for the UAV dataset, while the least effective method showed a decrease of 10 percentage points. In terms of practicality, the TerraScan method provided a solid basis for a solar map. The Whitebox Tools method could most likely be usable if a better generalization algorithm in post-processing is cultivated. The study also discusses differences, potential sources of error, and mentions some additional methods that were not fully developed due to inadequate results. Remaining challenges include addressing gaps of missing data in point clouds before roof plane segmentation.

À l'intérieur des voies de sécrétion, la famille des pro-protéines convertases (PCs) clive des précurseurs protéiques inactifs à une paire d'acides aminés basiques, ce qui résulte en la génération d'une multitude de peptides biologiquement actifs. Parmi la famille des PCs, PC1/3 et PC2 sont bien connues pour leur expression préférentielle chez les cellules neuro-endocriniennes. Cependant, de nombreuses données obtenues par le laboratoire démontrent l'expression basale de toutes les PCs, incluant PC1/3 et PC2, dans les ganglions lymphatiques, la rate et le thymus. Le but du projet était d'analyser l'expression des PCs, en mettant l'emphase sur PC1/3 et PC2 dans des conditions qui miment une infection bactérienne en utilisant le lipopolysaccharide (LPS), connu pour activer les cellules immunitaires via les récepteurs de type Toll. Une analyse spatiale et temporelle des tissus de rats contrôles et traités au LPS a été menée en utilisant l'hybridation in situ, le buvardage de type Northern, la spectrométrie de masse et des tests antibactériens. Concentrant l'étude sur la rate, l'expression basale de PC1/3 a été retrouvée dans la pulpe rouge et la zone marginale, ce qui suggère une expression par les macrophages. Le traitement au LPS a provoqué des changements significatifs dans l'expression de PC1/3 dont une induction chez les lymphocytes B des centres germinatifs. L'expression de PC2, indétectable dans la rate d'animaux contrôles, a été également induite dans les centres germinatifs suite à l'injection de LPS. La proenképhaline, un substrat connu de PC1/3 et PC2, a été induite dans la zone marginale suivant le traitement au LPS. L'analyse en spectrométrie de masse des extraits de rate a démontré la présence du peptide antibactérien enkélytine. L'utilisation de lignées cellulaires immunitaires a permis d'identifier un modèle exprimant PC1/3, soit la lignée de macrophage alvéolaire NR8383. Les expériences in vivo effectuées avec des souris knock-out (KO) pour PC1/3 ou PC2 exposées au LPS ont démontré des différences significatives au niveau de leur survie et de la variation de leur pression artérielle moyenne comparé aux souris de type sauvage. Notre étude confirme que l'expression de PC1/3 et PC2 n'est pas restreinte aux neurones et aux cellules endocriniennes, mais se retrouve aussi chez des macrophages et des lymphocytes. De plus, une plasticité de l'expression des PCs dans les cellules immunitaires a été observée dans des conditions simulant une infection bactérienne. L'ensemble de ces données implique clairement les convertases PC1/2 et PC2 dans la réponse immunitaire.

The proprotein convertases (PC) are endoproteolytic enzymes essential for the generation of bioactive peptides.The production of KO mice for some of these PCs has allowed us to identify many different physiological phenotypes for these enzymes. PC1/3 is traditionally classified as a neuroendocrine enzyme. This has been supported by many studies performed in PC1/3 KO mice, as well as human subjects deficient in PC1/3, where this enzyme is responsible for the cleavage of neuroendocrine substrates, namely POMC and pro-insulin. However, very little research has been done on the potential role of PC1/3 in the immune system, despite evidence of its expression in immune cells, including macrophages. In the present study, we investigate the PC1/3 KO mouse through an immunological aspect. Our laboratory has previously reported an increase in the expression of PC1/3 in the spleen following LPS stimulation. By examining closely the spleen, we observed a splenomegaly of the organ as well as a marked disorganization of the regions of the spleen, such as an invasion of the red pulp with the marginal zone, which may affect the proper immunological response. Labeling of different immune cells demonstrated a decrease in the dendritic cells present in the PC1/3 KO mouse spleen. An interesting phenotype that was observed in the PC1/3 KO mice is their sensitivity to an LPS-induced septic shock, which was evident by an exaggerated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1[bêta] et TNF-[alpha]). Furthermore, the present study identifies the macrophages as major contributors to the unbalanced secretion observed in the PC1/3 KO mice since we report an increase in cytokine secretion in isolated peritoneal macrophages. We also demonstrate a link with the adaptive immune system. A massive secretion of IFN-[gamma] was measured in the PC1/3 KO mouse plasma, supporting the notion that the Th1 pro-inflammatory pathway is predominant in these mice following an LPS challenge. Taking into account these results, the study presented identifies a novel and unconventional role of PC1/3 in the regulation of the innate immune system.

Achieving the carbon emission reductions necessary to address climate change is proving challenging. Voluntary behaviour change by individuals has the potential to make a substantial contribution to decreasing carbon emissions, but generally that potential is not being realised. Group-based interventions, however, may offer an effective method for promoting significant and durable changes in pro-environmental behaviour leading to carbon reductions. This thesis evaluates Footpaths, a group-based programme designed and implemented by Transition Leicester and consisting of seven sessions. The study investigates the effectiveness of the programme, using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach to facilitate understanding of both measurable results and the processes leading to those results. The Reasonable Person Model (RPM) is used as a theoretical framework to aid understanding of the way in which group-based interventions may promote pro-environmental behaviour. Data were collected from participants just before and immediately after involvement with the Footpaths programme, as well as a year after the sessions commenced. Questionnaires were administered at all three times and semi-structured interviews were conducted after the last session. Participants also completed a carbon footprint calculator at all three times and provided data on measured energy use. Findings show that Footpaths participants reduced their carbon footprints by 15 percent over the course of the sessions, and continued to reduce their carbon footprints resulting in a 20 percent reduction over the course of a year. Pro-environmental behaviour increased, including increases in harder to change behaviours, and measured energy use decreased. Increases in pro-environmental behaviour and reductions in carbon footprint were associated with increased understanding, greater feelings of competence, and reduced confusion; all considered to be elements of a supportive informational environment. Participants highlighted the importance of having an opportunity to examine their own behaviour coupled with active engagement with information over a period of time. Neither feedback nor a desire for social contact were related to increases in pro-environmental behaviour. Pro-environmental behaviour was more closely associated with both worldview and attitude after participation in Footpaths possibly indicating a closer alignment between attitude and behaviour after participation. This research suggests that group-based interventions are effective in promoting significant and durable changes in pro-environmental behaviour and it provides interesting insight into the design of successful interventions to encourage such behaviour. Findings highlight the potential value of the RPM as an integrative framework for understanding the characteristics of interventions that successfully promote durable sustainable behaviours.

There are several possibilities for those with an eating disorder, who wishes to get treatment and recover to get help and support. But for those who are not ready to recover, there are not any help to receive. Pro-ana is a youth culture where individuals who want to achieve the anorectic ideal help and support each other. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyse the content and the need for the Pro-ana community on Internet, among young people with eating disorders. More specifically the aim was to find out how young Swedish people uses the Pro-ana communities on Internet. The study was an ethnography based on concealed observations of 6 different Pro-ana websites on Internet. During the observations five themes has been used: anonymity, thinspiration, life choice or disease, help or no help and identity. The analysis was based on Goffmans (2004) The presentation of self in everyday life, and the authors thesis about how humans represents them self in the accompany of others. Pro-ana websites consists of diary notes about weight, food, exercise and how to cope with an eating disorder. The Pro-ana culture online has become kind of a support group to which young people turn when society has no knowledge and no resources to meet them and social work are very limited on these sites. When not dare to tell friends and family about their situation, they turn to Pro-ana, which has been described as a sanctuary away from society’s judgements.

Cystinosis is a metabolic disorder characterised by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine in cells leading to a slow destruction of all major organs. If patients diagnosed with cystinosis are untreated, death due to kidney failure ensues in the second decade of life. A number of studies have shown the ability of the drug cysteamine (Cystagon®) to lower cystine accumulation within cells resulting in reduced organ and tissue damage. Cysteamine therapy however, is associated with a number of side effects involving the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Most of these arise due to the large amount of cysteamine present in the stomach and gut following administration. In addition, cysteamine possesses an unpleasant taste and smell, resulting in poor patient compliance. In an attempt to overcome these problems, a number of pro-drug derivatives of cysteamine and cystamine, the disulfide analogue of cysteamine, have been synthesised and evaluated. Pro-drugs were synthesised using a route established in our laboratories. Briefly, cystamine dihydrochloride was basified and allowed to react with a number of cyclic anhydrides under basic conditions. The resulting di-acids were reacted with carbonyldiimidazole and monoBoc-cystamine to yield the desired pro-drugs. Removal of the tBoc-protecting group was achieved in a facile manner by use of trifluoroacetic acid to yield product. The efficacy of the synthesised pro-drugs was determined by incubation of 50μM compound in a suspension of cultured cystinotic fibroblasts, with 50μM cysteamine as control. Cell growth was measured at 72 h and the level of thiol determined. All except one of the pro-drugs tested were significantly more effective than the control at lowering the cystine burden of the cells. Further work will concentrate on repeating these studies and evaluating a more robust Structure Activity Relationship for these compounds. The overall aim of all this work remains the production of an odourless, tasteless and orally active treatment for cystinosis and, if possible, improve on the current dosing regimen of every 6h. By using pro-drugs, cysteamine will be chemically camouflaged and hence, the side effects associated with its administration will be minimised or even entirely abolished.

Using Grounded theory this thesis analyses the forms of support that are present on two online anorexia forums. Data was collected through non-participant observation and online interviews with members of two online anorexia forums, one pro-anorexic in orientation, one pro-recovery. Despite the clear differences that exist between the two communities, continuities are strongly apparent, especially when looking at these forums as support environments. This thesis illustrates that support is conditional, that is takes on a variety of forms in any one environment and highlights the role of offline discourses in shaping online support. It also provides an in-depth comparison of two online anorexia forums.

The debate concerning if Sweden should move closer to NATO or even apply for membership is not entirely new. Due to Russia´s annexation of the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine in the spring of 2014, and due to Russians violations of national territory, Swedish political actors have discussed the NATO membership energetically. The purpose of this essay is to map out the Swedish debate about NATO membership. By applying a Pro-Contra analysis this essay will also examine arguments from the swedish parties, members of parliament, debaters, researchers and former Secretary of State. Furthermore, the arguments will also be analyzed through theories of realism and liberalism. The debate for a NATO membership shows that arguments are based on a combination of both realism and liberalism, although there are more arguments influenced by liberalism. The arguments against a NATO membership are mainly characterized by realism rather than liberalism.