La investigació a Xile sobre formació inicial docent és més aviat precària, especialment respecte dels qui ensenyen, dels que es formen, i del tipus de coneixement processat (Cox, 1990), situació que resulta paradoxal si es considera la rellevància que les polítiques públiques atorguen a la formació de professors, com a factor clau del que passa a l'escola (OCDE, 2004), al que s'afegeix una tradició formadora de professors de voltant de 200 anys. En el Concurs del Fons Nacional de Desenvolupament Científic i Tecnològic (Fondecyt, 2005), només el 2,7% dels projectes aprovats correspon a pedagogia i educació i van obtenir l'1,6% del total dels fons. En el context xilè els docents encara centren la seva tasca en classes frontals, i en els casos en que realitzen una docència més activa, no existeix cap certesa que es tracti d'un professor estratègic. També les facultats d'educació, tenen habitualment una orientació tendent a reforçar el model frontal, amb la qual cosa es dificulta l'ús de metodologies actives. A nivell Llatinoamericà es postula que es requereix de mètodes actius, que permetin aprendre a aprendre, que ensenyin a escollir i utilitzar la informació, que promoguin la capacitat de resoldre problemes en què el docent compleixi un paper de guia del procés d'aprenentatge (Brunner, 1996; UNESCO, 2006). Es planteja la necessitat de formar professors capaços de decidir sobre les estratègies d'ensenyament rellevants, allunyant-se de les orientacions conductistes en favor d'enfocaments que reconeguin com funciona el procés de construcció de significats (Ávalos, 1999; OCDE, 2004). La formació universitària dels futurs docents planteja que la formació com a aprenent estratègic és el primer esglaó, ja que constitueix el punt de partida del procés de formació del professor, el que atorga sentit i significat a la seva actuació professional, evitant la paradoxa d'ensenyar el que no es fa (Monereo, 2000). En forma paral.lela, la recerca en estratègies d'aprenentatge ha cobrat una importància cada vegada major gràcies a l'impuls que transforma l'aprendre a aprendre en una de les metes essencials de qualsevol projecte educatiu (Pozo i Monereo, 1999).Els estudis realitzats per Poggiole (1989), i Pressley (1990), citats per Monereo (2000) posen en evidència que sense una acció intencional per part del docent per promoure l'adquisició de les estratègies d'aprenentatge, s'ensenyen de forma mínima i no sempre de manera reflexiva i conscient. Això porta a considerar que per ensenyar a l'aprenent a utilitzar de manera estratègica els seus recursos en situacions d'aprenentatge, és necessari que prèviament el professor sigui capaç d'aprendre i ensenyar estratègicament les matèries que preveu el currículum. Sota aquestes premisses hem desenvolupat la nostra recerca per esbrinar fins a quin punt els procediments d'aprenentatge són presents als currículums de formació dels futurs mestres.Hi van participar professors i alumnes de quatre carreres de magisteri de la Universitat Catòlica del Maule a l'any 2004: Educació Física, Educació Especial i diferenciada, Educació General Bàsica i Educació Parvulari.Les dimensions d'anàlisi considerades van ser: Els programes de formació professional, de 2 ° i 4 ° any; la percepció dels estudiants al voltant dels procediments o estratègies d'aprenentatge utilitzades en les classes; la percepció dels professors de pedagogia respecte als procediments o estratègies utilitzades en els cursos.Per a l'establiment de les categories, es va utilitzar la taxonomia de procediments, publicada per Pozo i Postigo (2000), agrupades en cinc categories bàsiques: Adquisició de la informació, Interpretació de la informació, anàlisi de la informació, comprensió de la informació i comunicació de la informació. Les dades han estat analitzades utilitzant de manera combinada i complementària (Cea D'Ancona, 1999; Cortés, Menéndez i Rubalcaba, 1996; Gallart, 1992) enfocaments qualitatius i quantitatius. Per als primers es va considerar l'anàlisi de documents (programes d'estudi) i entrevistes (als docents); quant als segons es van aplicar enquestes (als estudiants). Els resultats de la recerca ofereixen dades relatives als apsectes següents: L'estat de desenvolupament que té la formació inicial docent a Xile, com també de l'estat de l'art en què es troba el coneixement procedimental i estratègic en l'actualitat; el grau de presència que té el coneixement procedimental en els programes d'estudi de les carreres de pedagogia a la Universitat Catòlica del Maule; la percepció que tenen els estudiants de pedagogia de la Universitat Catòlica del Maule, respecte del coneixement procedimental implicat en la seva formació professional; el grau de coneixement procedimental que diuen utilitzar els docents que imparteixen cursos en les carreres de pedagogia a la Universitat Catòlica del Maule; el volum i presència de coneixement estratègic o procedimental, tant en els programes de curs, com en les seves pràctiques formatives, en les diverses carreres i cursos objectes d'aquesta investigació; la relació existent entre els coneixements estratègic i procedimental plantejats en els objectius de les assignatures de Formació Professional dels estudis de Pedagogia de la Universitat Catòlica del Maule i la seva concreció en l'aula, segons la percepció d'estudiants i docents, i el tipus d'estratègia o procediment que registra major presència tant en els programes de formació com en les pràctiques formatives dels futurs docents. / La investigación en Chile sobre formación inicial docente es más bien precaria, especialmente respecto de quienes enseñan, de los que se forman, y del tipo de conocimiento procesado (Cox, 1990), situación que resulta paradójica si se considera la relevancia que las políticas publicas otorgan a la formación de profesores, como factor clave de lo que ocurre en la escuela (OCDE, 2004), a lo que se agrega una tradición formadora de profesores de alrededor de 200 años. En el Concurso del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT, 2005), sólo el 2,7% de los proyectos aprobados corresponden pedagogía y educación, los que obtuvieron el 1,6% del total de los fondos.En el medio chileno los docentes aún centran su quehacer en clases frontales, y en los casos en que realizan una docencia más activa, no existe certeza de que se trate de un profesor estratégico, lo cual sumado al hecho de que las facultades de educación, poseen habitualmente una orientación tendiente a reforzar el modelo frontal, se dificulta con ello el uso de metodologías activas.A nivel Latinoamericano se postula que se requiere de métodos activos, que permitan aprender a aprender, que enseñen a escoger y utilizar la información, que promuevan la capacidad de resolver problemas en que el docente cumpla un papel de guía del proceso de aprendizaje (Brunner, 1996; UNESCO, 2006). Se plantea la necesidad de formar profesores capaces de decidir sobre estrategias relevantes de enseñanza, alejándose de las orientaciones conductistas, prefiriéndose enfoques que reconozcan como funciona el proceso de construcción de significados (Ávalos, 1999; OCDE, 2004). La formación universitaria de los futuros docentes, plantea que la formación como aprendiz estratégico, es el primer eslabón, por cuanto constituye el punto de partida del proceso de formación del profesor, lo que otorgara sentido y significado a su actuación profesional, evitando la paradoja de enseñar lo que no se hace (Monereo, 2000). En forma paralela, la investigación en estrategias de aprendizaje ha cobrado una importancia cada vez mayor a causa del impulso que transforma el aprender a aprender en meta esenciales de cualquier proyecto educativo (Pozo y Monereo, 1999). Estudio realizados por Poggiole (1989), y Pressley (1990), citados por Monereo (2000) ponen en evidencia, que sin una acción intencional por parte del docente en las estrategias de aprendizaje, estas se enseñan de forma mínima, y no siempre de forma reflexiva y consciente. Esto lleva a considerar que para enseñar al aprendiz a utilizar de manera estratégica sus recursos en situaciones de aprendizaje, es necesario que previamente el profesor sea capaz de aprender y enseñar estratégicamente las materias que contempla el currículo.En la investigación participaron profesores y alumnos de cuatro carreras de magisterio existentes en la Universidad Católica del Maule al año 2004: Educación Física, Educación Especial y Diferenciada, Educación General Básica y Educación Parvularia.Las dimensiones de análisis consideradas fueron: Los programas de formación profesional, de 2° y 4° año; la percepción de los estudiantes en torno a los procedimientos o estrategias de aprendizaje empleadas en clases; la percepción de los profesores de pedagogía respecto a los procedimientos o estrategias utilizadas en los cursos.Para el levantamiento de las categorías, se utilizó la taxonomía de procedimientos del currículo, publicada por Pozo y Postigo (2000), agrupadas en cinco categorías básicas: Adquisición de la información, Interpretación de la información, análisis de la información, comprensión de la información y comunicación de la información.Los datos son abordados, utilizando de manera combinada y complementaria (Cea D'Ancona, 1999; Cortés, Menéndez y Rubalcaba, 1996; Gallart, 1992) los enfoques cualitativos y cuantitativos en investigación social. Para los primeros se consideró el análisis de documentos (programas de estudio) y entrevistas (a los docentes); para el segundo caso se aplicaron encuestas (a los estudiantes). Los ejes que orientaron la investigación se resumen del siguiente modo:El estado de desarrollo que posee la formación inicial docente en Chile, como también del estado del arte en que se halla el conocimiento procedimental y estratégico en la actualidad; el grado de presencia que tiene el conocimiento procedimental en los programas de estudio de las carreras de pedagogía en la Universidad Católica del Maule; la percepción que tienen los estudiantes de pedagogía de la Universidad Católica del Maule, respecto del conocimiento procedimental implicado en su formación profesional; el grado de conocimiento procedimental que dicen utilizar los docentes, que imparten cursos en las carreras de pedagogía en la Universidad Católica del Maule; el volumen y presencia de conocimiento estratégico o procedimental, tanto en los programas de curso, como en sus prácticas formativas, en las diversas carreras y cursos objetos de esta investigación; la relación existente entre los conocimientos estratégico y procedimental planteados en los objetivos de las asignaturas de Formación Profesional de las Carreras de Pedagogía de la Universidad Católica del Maule, y su concreción en el aula, según la percepción de estudiantes y docentes; y, el tipo de estrategia o procedimiento que registra mayor presencia, tanto en los programas de formación, como en las prácticas formativas de los futuros docentes. / Research about undergraduate teacher training is rather precarious, especially with respect to those who teach, to those who are taught, and to the kind of knowledge that is processed (Cox, 1990). This situation seems paradoxical if we consider the relevance that public policies give to teacher training as a key factor to which happens in the schools (OECD, 2004). To all this, a 200 year tradition of teacher training is added. In the last contest of the The National Fund for Scientific Research (FONDECYT, 2005), 2.7% of the approved projects belonged to the pedagogy and education field ,and only a 1.6% gained financial support. In Chile the teachers still teach in a frontal style, and when they use a more active approach there is no evidence that supports the fact that that kind of behavior is a strategic one. Besides, education faculties tend to reinforce the frontal style and, as a result, they obstruct the use of active methodologies.At the Latin American level it is said that active methods are required, that allow to learn how to learn, that teach to choose and to use information, that promote the capacity to solve problems in which the teachers play a role of guide of the process of learning (Brunner, 1996; UNESCO, 2006). Also, it has been said that it is necessary to train teachers capable of deciding about new relevant teaching strategies moving away from behavioral approaches, preferring approaches that recognize the process of construction of meanings (Ávalos works, 1999; The OECD, 2004).The university training of the future teachers raises that the student as an strategic apprentice is the first link, because it is constitutes the departure point of the teacher training process. This gives sense and meaning to their professional acting, avoiding the paradox of "teaching what one does not do" (Monereo, 2000). Besides, the research on learning strategies has acquired an increasing importance because of the impulse that transforms learning how to learn in an essential goal of any educational project (Pozo and Monereo, 1999). Researches done by Poggiole (1989), and Pressley (1990), cited by Monereo (2000) put in evidence that without an intentional action on the part of the teacher in the learning strategies, these are taught in a minimum way and not always from a reflective and conscious form. This leads us consider that to teach the apprentice to use strategically his/her resources in learning situations, it is previously necessary that the teacher is able to learn and to teach strategically the subject matters that the curriculum includes. In this research participated teachers and students from four teaching careers existing in 2004 at the Universidad Católica del Maule: Physical Education, Special Education, Elementary Education and Preschool Education. The dimensions of the analysis were: the teacher training programs for 2° and 4° year; the students opinion about the procedures and strategies used in class; the professors opinion about the procedures and strategies used in the courses. For the rise of the categories, the taxonomy of curriculum procedures, published by Well and Shutter was used (2000), grouped in five basic categories: acquisition of the information, interpretation of the information, analysis of the information, understanding of the information and communication of the information.The data are analyzed using, in a combined and complementary way (Cea D'Ancona, 1999; Courteous, Menéndez and Rubalcaba, 1996; Gallart, 1992) the qualitative and quantitative approaches in social research. For the former, the analysis of documents (study programs) and interviews (to the teachers) were considered; for the second later surveys were applied (to the students). The axes that oriented the research can be summarized like this: The state of the development of undergraduate teacher training in Chile. Also the state of the procedural and strategic knowledge nowadays; the degree of presence that the procedural knowledge has in the study programs of the pedagogy careers in the Universidad Católica del Maule; the perception that the pedagogy students of the Universidad Católica del Maule have with respect to the implied procedural knowledge in their professional training; the degree of procedural knowledge that the professors who teach in the pedagogy careers say they use; the volume and presence of strategic or procedural knowledge, as much in the course programs, like in its formative practices, in the many careers and courses studied in this research; the existing relation between strategic and procedural knowledge present in the courses for the professional training in the pedagogy careers at the Universidad Católica del Maule, and their concretion in the classroom, according to the students and professors opinions and the type of strategy or procedure that has the biggest presence in the formation programs and in the formative practices of the future teachers.

Bakgrund och syfte: Matematik är ett ämne som skapar lust och är stimulerande för vissa människor medan det för andra är ångestladdat, svårt och meningslöst (Skolverket, 2002). Decimaltal kan för vissa elever skapa problem (Mange, 1962). Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur sex elever i skolår 6 utifrån en matematiklektion om beräkning av decimaltal, ser på sitt eget lärande och lektionsupplägget. Samt att ta reda på om eleverna själva ser sin egen förståelse utifrån lektionsinnehållet. Metod: Vi utgick från en kvalitativ tradition med en fenomenologisk ansats. För att få fram data till analysen utgick vi från tekniken stimulated recall. Det innebar att vi filmade en matematiklektion och där inspelningen sedan var utgångspunkten vid intervjuerna, som genomförs med sex utvalda elever. Vid intervjuerna fick eleverna se på filminspelningen och utifrån inspelningen fick eleverna kommentera vad de tänkte under den dokumenterade lektionen. När vi analyserade datan utgick vi från ett metakognitivt perspektiv. Resultat: Vi såg att eleverna kunde uttrycka vad de hade lärt sig och de berättade även vad som i lektionsupplägget underlättade eller hindrade deras lärande. Överlag tyckte eleverna att lärarens genomgång var för noggrann och för lätt. Eleverna menade att de redan innan lektionen kunde det som läraren skulle gå igenom, men vi kunde se brister i elevernas konceptuella kunskap av decimaltal. Diskussion: Elevernas konceptuella brister hindrade inte eleverna från att klara för- och eftertestet. Vi kunde inte urskilja om läraren var medveten om elevernas brister, dock tror vi oss veta att eleverna inte var medvetna om sina brister. Vi tror att läraren skulle kunna utmana sina elever genom att lägga störst vikt på den konceptuella kunskapen, istället för den procedurella kunskapen. / Background and purpose: Mathematics is a subject that creates desire and are stimulating for some people while for others it is difficult and pointless (Skolverket, 2002). Decimal numbers can for some students create problems (Mange, 1962). The study aims to find out how six pupils in school years 6 from a mathematics lesson, on the calculation of decimal numbers, look at their own learning, lesson structure, and find out whether the students themselves see their own understanding based on lesson content. Method: We started with a qualitative tradition with a phenomenological approach. In order to obtain data for analysis, we assumed stimulated recall. This means that we filmed a math lesson, where the recording then was the starting point of the interviews conducted with six selected pupils. At the interview the pupils were watching the movie and pupils comments based on the movie, on what they thought during the documented lesson. When we analyzed the data we started from a meta-cognitive perspective. Results: We can see that the students can express what they have learned and they said also what in the lesson structure that facilitated or hindered their learning. Overall, pupils felt that the teacher's review was thorough and easy. The pupils said even before the lesson that they had good knowledge about what the teacher would go through, but we could see the gaps in pupils' conceptual understanding of decimal numbers. Discussion: Students' conceptual deficiencies did not prevent the pupils to cope with pre-and post test. We cannot discern whether the teacher is aware of pupils' deficiencies, however, we think that we know that pupils are not aware of their shortcomings. We believe that the teacher should be able to challenge her pupils by putting most emphasis on the conceptual understanding rather than on procedural knowledge.

The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate whether seventh grade students&rsquo / conditional and procedural knowledge acquisition in, attitude towards, active learning strategies in, and learning value of geometry improve differentially for students having different cognitive styles in project-based learning and (b) to examine how project-based learning affects them. Participants were 97 seventh-grade students in a private school in Ankara. The students were classified into three groups: Field dependent (N=31), field middle (N=35), and field independent (N=31), based on the raw scores of the participants from the Group Embedded Figures Test. Only one treatment (i.e., project-based learning) was conducted for the study, lasting 30 lesson hours. Pre-test and post-test design for the students having three different cognitive styles was utilized. A mixed methods design integrating both quantitative and qualitative data was used for this study. The data were collected through Conditional and Procedural Knowledge Tests, Active Learning Strategies in and Learning Value of Geometry Questionnaire, Geometry Attitude Scale, interview responses, and classroom observation field notes. The quantitative analyses were carried out by using Mixed Design (one between factor and one within factor) Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The results revealed that there is no significant interaction between time and group. There was a substantial main effect for time and follow up analyses for this effect showed that the students achieved large learning gains for all dependent variables. In addition, the main effect of group was not significant. According to interview responses and classroom observation field notes, those quantitative results were attributable to the influence of contextualizing, visualizing, and collaborating geometry concepts with their peers and teacher during benchmark lessons and developing and sharing artifacts for each of the cognitive style group.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of cognitive style and prior knowledge on 6th grade students&#039 / knowledge acquisition in polygons in drama based learning environment. The sample of the study was composed of 112 sixth grade students from a public school in Altindag district of Ankara. There were 9 drama based lesson plans lasting 16 lesson hours in the study. The data was collected through Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT), and three types of knowledge tests: Declarative Knowledge Test (DecKT), Conditional Knowledge Test (ConKT), and Procedural Knowledge Test (ProKT). GEFT developed by Witkin, Oltman, Raskin and Karp (1971) was used to determine cognitive styles of the students as field dependent (FD), field independent (FI), and field mix (FM). Three types of knowledge tests developed by Erdogan (2007) were used as pretests and posttests. The quantative analysis was carried out by using standard multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that students&rsquo / cognitive style was the most predictive variable in explaining students&rsquo / declarative, conditional and procedural knowledge Moreover, students&rsquo / prior declarative knowledge explained statistically significant amount of variance in students&rsquo / declarative and procedural knowledge acquisition, while students&rsquo / prior conditional knowledge explained statistically significant amount of variance in students&rsquo / declarative, conditional, and procedural knowledge acquisition. On the other hand, students&rsquo / prior procedural knowledge failed to explain declarative, conditional, and procedural knowledge acquisition of students.

<p><strong>Bakgrund och syfte:</strong> Matematik är ett ämne som skapar lust och är stimulerande för vissa människor medan det för andra är ångestladdat, svårt och meningslöst (Skolverket, 2002). Decimaltal kan för vissa elever skapa problem (Mange, 1962). Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur sex elever i skolår 6 utifrån en matematiklektion om beräkning av decimaltal, ser på sitt eget lärande och lektionsupplägget. Samt att ta reda på om eleverna själva ser sin egen förståelse utifrån lektionsinnehållet.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Vi utgick från en kvalitativ tradition med en fenomenologisk ansats. För att få fram data till analysen utgick vi från tekniken stimulated recall. Det innebar att vi filmade en matematiklektion och där inspelningen sedan var utgångspunkten vid intervjuerna, som genomförs med sex utvalda elever. Vid intervjuerna fick eleverna se på filminspelningen och utifrån inspelningen fick eleverna kommentera vad de tänkte under den dokumenterade lektionen. När vi analyserade datan utgick vi från ett metakognitivt perspektiv.</p><p><strong>Resultat: </strong>Vi såg att eleverna kunde uttrycka vad de hade lärt sig och de berättade även vad som i lektionsupplägget underlättade eller hindrade deras lärande. Överlag tyckte eleverna att lärarens genomgång var för noggrann och för lätt. Eleverna menade att de redan innan lektionen kunde det som läraren skulle gå igenom, men vi kunde se brister i elevernas konceptuella kunskap av decimaltal.</p><p><strong>Diskussion:</strong> Elevernas konceptuella brister hindrade inte eleverna från att klara för- och eftertestet. Vi kunde inte urskilja om läraren var medveten om elevernas brister, dock tror vi oss veta att eleverna inte var medvetna om sina brister. Vi tror att läraren skulle kunna utmana sina elever genom att lägga störst vikt på den konceptuella kunskapen, istället för den procedurella kunskapen.</p> / <p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Mathematics is a subject that creates desire and are stimulating for some people while for others it is difficult and pointless (Skolverket, 2002).<strong> </strong>Decimal numbers can for some students create problems (Mange, 1962). The study aims to find out how six pupils in school years 6 from a mathematics lesson, on the calculation of decimal numbers, look at their own learning, lesson structure, and find out whether the students themselves see their own understanding based on lesson content.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> We started with a qualitative tradition with a phenomenological approach. In order to obtain data for analysis, we assumed stimulated recall. This means that we filmed a math lesson, where the recording then was the starting point of the interviews conducted with six selected pupils. At the interview the pupils were watching the movie and pupils comments based on the movie, on what they thought during the documented lesson. When we analyzed the data we started from a meta-cognitive perspective.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We can see that the students can express what they have learned and they said also what in the lesson structure that facilitated or hindered their learning. Overall, pupils felt that the teacher's review was thorough and easy. The pupils said even before the lesson that they had good knowledge about what the teacher would go through, but we could see the gaps in pupils' conceptual understanding of decimal numbers.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Students' conceptual deficiencies did not prevent the pupils to cope with pre-and post test. We cannot discern whether the teacher is aware of pupils' deficiencies, however, we think that we know that pupils are not aware of their shortcomings. We believe that the teacher should be able to challenge her pupils by putting most emphasis on the conceptual understanding rather than on procedural knowledge.</p>

Rationale: Audiology student training in New Zealand faces many difficulties with a limited number of qualified instructors and suitable external placements. With a continued shortage of audiologists in New Zealand, new methods of training need to be introduced and implemented. One solution is through the use of realistic, computer-based virtual patient simulators (VPS). HIT Lab New Zealand in conjunction with the University of Canterbury has designed a VPS for New Zealand audiology students. A speech audiometry component is to be developed based on best practice recommendations, and needs to be validated. Method: Two studies, one with 18 Master of Audiology (“expert”) and another with 18 (“novice”) undergraduate students, were evenly divided into simulator and non-simulator user groups. Simulator users had to complete 5 virtual patient cases in addition to the non-simulator users’ requirement to refer to provided lecture notes and speech audiometry protocols. Novice students were assessed on declarative, procedural and retained knowledge of speech audiometry; expert students were additionally assessed on training transfer. The intervention period was set at two weeks, and the retention assessment at four weeks post-intervention.   Results: Expert students who used the simulator significantly improved their training transfer skills. No significant differences were found between and within groups for declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. Training transfer and procedural knowledge were retained for both groups, but only non-simulator users retained declarative knowledge. Novice students who used the simulator significantly increased their declarative knowledge. Both groups’ procedural knowledge significantly regressed post-intervention. Declarative and procedural knowledge were retained for both groups. Implications: Simulator use appears to accelerate learning outcomes otherwise achievable through traditional learning methods, and does depend on the users’ existing knowledge base. Regular use may be necessary to retain desired learning outcomes. Improvements (e.g., more detailed feedback systems) are to be incorporated into the simulator, and sole reliance on the simulator for learning is not recommended. Future research into more holistic aspects of virtual patient use within the field of audiology and allied health care is warranted.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Technology teachers’ knowledge in promoting learners’ higher order thinking skills. This aim was addressed by conducting the relevant literature survey and an empirical investigation. Four schools were selected in the Johannesburg West District. Here, twelve Grade 7 Technology teachers, three from each school, were interviewed and observations conducted. The data was analysed and findings presented ultimately. The findings reveal that Technology teachers who possess a greater depth of technological content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and assessment knowledge are more effective in as far as promoting learners’ higher order thinking. On the other hand, Technology teachers who possess a shallow technological content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and assessment knowledge struggle to promote learners’ higher order thinking. The main conclusions drawn from this study are that Technology teachers’ knowledge can play a role in learners’ acquisition of higher order thinking skills. Therefore, Technology teachers should acquire a sound technological knowledge in order to be able to promote learners’ acquisition of higher order thinking skills. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies) / Technology -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Johannesburg -- Case studies / Critical thinking -- South Africa -- Johannesburg -- Case studies

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silviateixeirapinho.pdf: 1013227 bytes, checksum: 3dc1d7c02de8fa816d57465940609a88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-25 / This study aimed to determine the influence of situational application of games on the levels of Tactical Procedural Knowledge (CTP) in the form of school handball. The sample consisted of 35 subjects of both genders aged between 10-12 years, belonging to two classes of fifth-grade elementary school, which were submitted to different methods of teaching. For the process of categorization and classification of methods of teaching 18 classes were filmed and used the protocol of Stefanello (1999). For the evaluation of the CTP test was used KORA (evaluation guided by the concept), developed by Memmert (2002), according to the parameters tactical "OO" and "RE". The results confirmed that in group 1 was the method used and the situational group 2, the mixed method (analytical + overall). The calculation of chi-square (X²) determined significativas differences in the two groups in task parameters (acquisition of technical X² = 32.67 (p <0.05), setting and diversity of technical X² = 10.89 (p <0.05), application of X² = 25.0 (p <0, 05) and competition X² = 38.9 (p <0.05)) and conditions of the task (individual basis X² = 36.0 (p <0.05), combination of reasons X² = 19.89 (p <0, 05), complex game I X² = 12.0 (p <0.05) and game X² = 28.0 (p <0.05). It was confirmed at the tactical level of procedural knowledge that the method improved situational nurture in all parameters examined in convergent OO (p = 0.04), differing in OO (P = 0.01), convergent in RE (p = 0.01) and the RE odds (p = 0.07). In mixed method (analytical + overall), there was a decrease in scores in all parameters in OO convergent (p = 0.02), differing in OO (P = 0.20), convergent in RE (p = 0001) and the RE odds (p = 0001). It was concluded that the method of teaching focused on tactical capabilities is efficient to stimulate the development of tactical procedural knowledge. / O presente estudo objetivou verificar a influência da aplicação de jogos situacionais, sobre os níveis de Conhecimento Tático Processual (CTP) em escolares na modalidade de handebol. A amostra foi constituída por 35 sujeitos de ambos os sexos na faixa etária entre 10-12 anos, pertencentes a duas turmas de quinta-série do ensino Fundamental, que foram submetidos a métodos de ensino diferentes. Para o processo de categorização e classificação dos métodos de ensino foram filmadas 18 aulas e utilizado o protocolo de Stefanello (1999). Para a avaliação do CTP foi utilizado o teste KORA (avaliação orientada através do conceito), desenvolvido por Memmert (2002), segundo os parâmetros táticos oferecer-se orientar-se (OO) e reconhecer espaços (RE). Os resultados confirmaram que no grupo 1 foi utilizado o método situacional e no grupo 2 o método misto (analítico + global). O cálculo do qui-quadrado (X²), determinou diferenças siignificativas nos dois grupos, nos parâmetros tarefas (aquisição da técnica X² = 32,67 (p 0,05), fixação e diversificação da técnica X² = 10,89 (p 0,05), aplicação da técnica X² = 25,0 (p 0,05) e competição X² = 38,9 (p 0,05) ) e condições da tarefa (fundamento individual X² = 36,0 (p 0,05), combinação de fundamentos X² = 19,89 (p 0,05), complexo de jogo I X² = 12,0 (p 0,05) e jogo X² = 28,0 (p 0,05). Confirmou-se no nível de conhecimento tático processual que o método situacional oportunizou uma melhoria em todos parâmetros analisados, no OO convergente (p=0,04), no OO divergente (p=0,01), no RE convergente (p=0,01) e no RE divergente (p=0,07). No método misto (analítico+global), verificou-se uma diminuição nos escores em todos os parâmetros, no OO convergente (p=0,02), no OO divergente (p=0,20), no RE convergente (p=0,001) e no RE divergente (p=0,001). Portanto, conclui-se que o método de ensino centrado nas capacidades táticas é eficiente para estimular o desenvolvimento do conhecimento tático processual.

Examination of the relationship of musicianship and educatorship of teacher and students as interacting partners in a specific musical context proceeded with investigation of how formal, informal, impressionistic, and supervisory musical and educational knowledge were evidenced in rehearsal. Attention was also given to how the teaching strategies of modeling, coaching, scaffolding, fading, articulating, reflecting comparatively, and exploring were used to develop student musicianship. The research methodology may best be described as an inductive analytical case study approach. Multiple data sources included: videotaped observations of 19 bi-weekly rehearsals, audio taped interviews of the 12 participants, supplemental materials, (a published interview, journal articles, rehearsal schedules), and member checking with the teacher and David Elliott. Rehearsal data were initially organized into categories identified in David J. Elliott's (1995) model. The relationship of teacher and student musicianship, and teacher educatorship emerged during analysis. Musical details of problem finding, reducing and solving were also identified. Three themes emerged from the student interviews: their perceptions of the teacher's musicianship, general rehearsal strategies, and the teacher's use of specific teaching strategies. Interviews with the teacher illuminated his perception of musicianship and teaching strategies employed in the context. The findings confirmed that as music making transpired in the rehearsals, the kinds of knowing present in the musicianship of teacher and students and the teacher's educatorship were not only intertwined but were utilized at the same time. The level of student musicianship was allied to the relationship of the teacher's musicianship and educatorship. The intricate relationship between the kinds of procedural knowledge that Elliott identifies as integral to music making and music teaching are illustrated in a set of diagrams. Additionally, they show the wide range of technical and musical problems the teacher and students solved together in order for the multifarious nature of the vocal jazz repertoire to be performed effectively in a series of concerts.

This study is concerned with how competent mathematics teachers develop pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in statistics teaching. Pedagogical content knowledge was used as the theoretical framework that guided the research and data collection. The study’s methodology consisted of two phases. In the first phase, the six identified mathematics teachers undertook a conceptual knowledge written exercise. The result of this exercise was used to select the best four performing teachers for the second phase of the study. The second phase consisted mainly of lesson observations, interviews, written documents in the form of completed questionnaires, written diaries or reports, document analysis designed to produce rich detailed descriptions of participating teachers’ PCK in the context of teaching statistics concepts at school level. The concept mapping exercise was used to indirectly assess participating teachers’ content knowledge and their conceptions of the nature of school statistics and how it is to be taught. The qualitative data obtained were analysed to try to determine individual teachers’ content knowledge of school statistics, related pedagogical knowledge, knowledge of learners’ conceptions in statistics teaching, knowledge of learners’ learning difficulties as well as how they developed their PCK in statistics teaching. The analysis was done based on iterative coding and categorisation of responses and observations made to identify themes, patterns, and gaps, in school statistics teaching. Commonalities and differences if any, in the PCK profiles of the four participating teachers were also analysed and determined. The results of the study showed that overall, individual teachers develop their PCK in school statistics teaching by: (a) formally developing their knowledge of the subject matter in a formal undergraduate educational programme, as well as subject matter content knowledge during classroom practice; (b) using varied topic-specific instructional skills such as graphical construction skills in teaching statistical graphs; (c) using diagnostic techniques (oral questioning and pre-activity, class discussions and questioning) and a review of previous lessons to introduce lessons, and to determine learners’ preconceptions in statistics teaching ; (d) Using teaching strategies that can help to identify learners’ learning difficulties as well as intervention to address the difficulties; (e) continually updating their knowledge of school statistics by attending content knowledge workshops and other teacher development programmes designed to improve content knowledge and practice. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / unrestricted