This diploma thesis deals with issue of commercial real estate valuation Two real estate will be valued, namely the production and storage hall and the administrative building, which are located in a different locations. Both estates will be valued using the income approach. The income and costs information will be based on the conducted market analysis, while also being compared to the real data. The thesis itself will be divided into four parts. The first part of diploma thesis will focus on the theoretical basis. In the second part, the problems will be formulated and goals of the thesis (in the form of hypotheses) set. Next, both real estate will be described in detail and valued in a different situations that could occur. The valuation process is clearly shown in a valid process model. And finally, these results will be evaluated.

The diploma thesis focuses on analysis of software tools used in a softwarehouse company. It contains detailed assessment of a used project management information system, business process design and information system modification. The thesis also includes complete implementation of a module for cost calculation of software projects. The module is based on Use Case Points method.

Für den Visualisierungsgenerator der Forschungsgruppe „Softwarevisualisierung in drei Dimensionen und virtueller Realität“ soll eine Stadtmetapher zur Darstellung von Software implementiert werden. Als Vorlage dient „CodeCity“, dessen Umsetzung der Stadtmetapher auf den Generator übertragen werden soll. Die Anforderungsermittlung basiert auf der Analyse beider Bestandteile, um ein strukturiertes Vorgehen zu gewährleisten. Die Implementierung der Generatorartefakte erfolgt mittels Xtext zur Erstellung eines Metamodells, das die Entitäten der neuen Metapher beschreibt, und Xtend, das genutzt wird um die Datenmodelle zu modifizieren und in Quelltext umzuwandeln. Darauf aufbauend folgt abschließend die Abstraktion zu einem Prozessmodell für die generative und modellgetriebene Softwarevisualisierung, das als Leitfaden für zukünftige Implementierungen dienen soll.:Gliederung Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Verzeichnis der Listings Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation und Problemstellung 1.2 Zielstellung der Arbeit 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Grundlagen des Visualisierungsgenerator 2.1 Generative und modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung 2.2 FAMIX 2.3 Xtext und Xtend 2.4 X3D 3 Implementierung des Prototyps 3.1 Analyse der Zielmetapher 3.1.1 Grundlagen von „CodeCity“ 3.1.2 Anforderungen 3.1.3 Analyseergebnisse 3.2 Auswahl und Analyse der Referenzmetapher 3.2.1 Grundlagen der Referenzmetapher 3.2.2 Erweiterung der Anforderungen 3.3 Das Metamodell 3.4 Der Workflow 3.5 Modell-zu-Modell-Transformation 3.6 Modellmodifikation 3.7 Modell-zu-Text-Transformation 3.8 Anpassungen und Ergänzungen 4 Abstrahiertes Prozessmodell 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Anhang A – Metamodell Recursive Disk-Metapher Anhang B – Hilfestellung für Eclipse-Konfigurationen Anhang C – Konzepte zur Durchführung der Modellmodifikation Anhang D – Entwicklungsstadien der Stadtmetapher Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung

Hoher Wettbewerbsdruck wird für Unternehmen auf allen Ebenen immer stärker spürbar. Noch vor einigen Jahren gab es ganze Bereiche in Wirtschaft, Handel und öffentlicher Verwaltung, die bestenfalls auf eine technisch-inhaltliche Optimierung der jeweiligen Produkte und Leistungen orientiert waren. Dies hat weitgehend einer markt- und wettbewerbsorientierten Ausrichtung Platz gemacht, Innensicht wird durch verstärkte Außensicht ergänzt.

Recent innovations in the information technology and computing devices magnified the volume of available information. Today’s decision makers face the challenge of analyzing ever more data in shorter timeframes. Demand for technology that can efficiently assist systematic data analysis is constantly growing. Development of dedicated information systems is, however, difficult both from organizational and technological point of view. First, traditional software production is a complex and time-consuming process that can not be performed under time-pressure. Second, changing business conditions and evolving stakeholder needs require solutions that can be efficiently tailored over time. Finally, costs of custom software development are high, so that not all use cases and scenarios can be covered sufficiently. This thesis proposes a holistic approach to address the challenges above and to enable efficient development of decision support software. The main idea is to empower end users, i.e., decision makers, in constructing their own case-specific solutions. The proposed approach called Web-Composition for End-User Development consists of a systematic process for development and evolution of decision support systems, assistance mechanisms to address lack of programming skills by decision makers and evolution facilities to enable cost- and time-efficient extensibility of user-produced solutions. The thesis describes implementation of the devised principles and ideas in the context of several open-source projects and application scenarios. Applicability and usability of the concepts are demonstrated in user studies with respective target groups. Based on the outcome analysis the thesis concludes that end users can and should actively participate in construction of decision support software.

Inom mjukvaruteknik finns en mångfald processmetoder där var och en har ett specifikt syfte. En processmetod kan enklare beskrivas som en upprepningsbar uppsättning delsteg i syfte att utföra en uppgift och uppnå ett specifikt resultat. Majoriteten av processmetoder som har hittats i denna studie inriktar sig på den mjukvaruprodukt som är att utveckla. Det verkar finnas en brist på processmetoder som kan användas av mjukvaruutvecklare för att utveckla sin personliga utvecklingsprocess. Med personlig utvecklingsprocess menas, hur den enskilda utvecklaren väljer att strukturera det egna arbetet i syfte att uppnå ett visst re- sultat. Självstyrandes-utvecklarramverket (även kallad SGD-ramverket) är i skrivande stund ett nyligen utvecklat processramverk med syfte att bistå den individuella utvecklaren att ut- veckla sin personliga utvecklingsprocess. Kort beskrivet är ramverket tänkt att innehålla alla aktiviteter som kan komma att uppstå i ett utvecklingsprojekt. Problemet är att detta ramverk inte har utvärderats ännu och därför vet man inte om ramverket är relevant för att uppfylla sitt syfte. För att rama in och vägleda studien formulerades ett antal problemfråge- ställningar (1) Är ramverket fullständigt för ett mindre företag med avseende på aktivite- ter?, (2) Hur hög är kostnaden för SGD-ramverket i form av tid? Målet med studien är att bidra till framtida studier för ramverket genom att utföra en akt- ionsstudie där SGD-ramverket utvärderas utefter ett par specifika utvärderingskriterier. En induktiv kvalitativ forskningsmetod användes för att genomföra denna studie. Med in- duktiv metod menas att slutsatser dras utifrån empiriskt insamlad data och utifrån dessa ut- formas generella teorier. Mer specifikt användes metoden aktionsstudie. Data samlades in genom loggning och tidsloggning under aktionsstudiens gång. För att utvärdera ramverket användes utvärderingskriterierna (1) Fullständighet, (2) Semantisk korrekthet (3) Kostnad. En narrativ analys fördes över insamlad data för dessa kriterier med hänsyn till problemfrå- geställningarna. Resultat från utvärdering visade att ramverket inte ansågs fullständigt med hänsyn till dess aktiviteter. Dock näst intill fullständigt då enbart ett fåtal aktiviteter behövdes tilläggas i den utförda aktionsstudien. Totalt 3 extra aktiviteter lades till utöver de 40 som redan finns. Ca tio procent av den totala arbetstiden i aktionsstudien var i tillagda aktiviteter utanför Självstyrandes-Utvecklarramverkets ordinarie aktiviteter. Ramverkets aktiviteter ansågs även vara för granulärt formulerade i sammanhanget av ett mindre företag. Ramverket an- sågs vara högst relevant för att förbättra den individuella utvecklarens egna process. Kost- nad för införsel av Självstyrandes-Utvecklarramverket i denna studie speglar tiden det tog tills tidsanvändningen av Ramverket ansågs stabilt. Denna införelsekostnad uppskattades i form av tid och bestod av ca 3.54% av en åttatimmars arbetsdag, detta uppskattade ske un- der en införselsperiod på 24 dagar. Total tillämpningskostnad för användning av ramverket i den utförda aktionsstudien är i snitt 4,143 SEK/timme alternativt 662,88 SEK/månad. Schablonkostnaden som har använts ligger på 172,625 SEK/timme. / Within software engineering there is a diversity of process methods where each one has its specific purpose. A process method can be described as being a repeatable set of step with the purpose to achieve a task and reach a specific result. The majority of process methods found in this study are focused on the software product being developed. There seems to be a lack of process methods that can be used by software developers for there individual soft- ware process improvement. Individual software process improvement, refers to how the in- dividual software developer chooses to structure their own work with the purpose to obtain a specific result The Self-Governance Developer Framework (also called SGD-framework) whilst writing this is a newly developed process framework with the purpose of aiding the individual soft- ware developer to improve his own individual software process. Briefly explained the framework is intended to contain all the activities that can come up in a software project. The problem is that this tool has not yet been evaluated and therefore it is unknown if it is relevant for its purpose. To frame and guide the study three problem questions has been for- mulated (1) Is the framework complete for a smaller company in regards to it activities? (2) How high is the cost for the SGD-framework in regard of time? The goal of the study is to contribute for future studies for the framework by performing an action study where the Self-Governance Developer Framework is evaluated against a set of chosen evaluation criteria. An inductive qualitative research method was used when conducting the study. An induc- tive method means that conclusions are derived from empirically gathered data and from that data form general theories. Specifically, the action study method was used. Data was gathered by keeping a logbook and also time logging during the action study. To evaluate the framework, some evaluation criteria was used which were (1) Completeness, (2) Se- mantic correctness, (3) Cost. A narrative analysis was conducted over the data that was gathered for the criteria. The analysis took the problem formulations in regard. The results from the evaluation showed that the framework was not complete with the re- gards of the activities. Although next to complete as only a few activities were further needed during the action study. A total of 3 extra activities were added over the regular 40 activities. Around 10% of the time spent in activities were in activities outside of the Self- Governance Developer Framework. The activities were considered to finely comminute for the context of a smaller company. The framework was considered highly relevant for im- proving the individual software developers own process. The introduction cost in this study reflect on the time it took until the usage of the framework was considered consistent. In this study it was approximately 24 working days with a usage about 3.54% of an eight-hour work day. The total application cost of usage of the framework in the performed action study was on average 4.143 SEK/hour or 662,88 SEK/month. The template cost used was on 172.625 SEK/hour.

In stainless steelmaking, around 68% of the total greenhouse gas emissions come from the processing of raw materials. Thus, it is important for steelmakers to make efforts together with their raw material suppliers to implement low-carbon initiatives. To facilitate such initiatives, assessment of raw materials will provide guidance. In this work, the assessment of materials consists of two parts: i) different production scenarios are studied by using a static process model coupled with life cycle assessment approach to investigate the reduction potential of environmental impacts for Mo and Ni alloys; ii) assessment of the effect of trace element content (phosphorus) in stainless steel scrap on steel’s manufacturing cost, resource consumption and environmental impact using an online static process model. The results show that the overall GHG emission of FeMo production varies between 3.16-14.79 t CO2-eq/t FeMo (i.e. 5.3-24.7 tCO2-eq/t Mo). The main variance comes from the mining and beneficiation stages and depends mainly on the ore’s beneficiation degree. However, whether molybdenum is extracted as a co-product from copper mine or not can have an even greater effect on the total GHG emission of molybdenum due to the allocation of the impacts.  In the case of nickel alloys, the GHG emissions for producing nickel metal, nickel oxide, ferronickel and nickel pig iron are 14, 30, 6 and 7 tCO2-eq/t alloy (i.e. 14, 40, 18, and 69 tCO2-eq/t Ni), respectively. Extracting sulfide ore through flash smelting process has been shown to have the least energy requirement and greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison to sulfide ore processing, oxide ore processed in an electric furnace is much more energy intensive and less environmental friendly primarily due to high content of gangue. However, by using a sustainable electricity source such as hydro-powered electricity, or applying a thermal heat recovery, it is possible to reduce the impact from electric furnace smelting of laterite. Furthermore, the use of stainless steel scraps with low phosphorous contents reduces slag amount, alloy consumption, production cost and carbon footprint. An estimation equation between phosphorous content and scrap’s value-in-use is obtained in the study to support the development of purchasing strategy. To conclude, the application of static process model based on mass and energy balance provides the possibility to assess raw materials’ environmental impact (energy consumption and GHG emissions) and to identify potentials to realize sustainable stainless steelmaking. / Vid tillverkning av rostfritt stål kommer cirka 68% av växthusgaserna ifrån råvaruanvändningen. Därför är det viktigt för ståltillverkare att göra en samordnad insats med sina levenrantörer för att reducera dessa utsläpp. Den här avhandlingen ämnar att undersöka råvaror ur två perspektiv: i) att utvärdera olika produktionsscenarier för  molybden och nickelleggeringar genom en statisk processmodell i kombination med livscykelanalys för att undersöka potentialen för att minska miljöbelastningen; ii) att undersöka hur spårämnesinnehållet (fosfor) i rostfritt stålskrot påverkar ståltillverkningskostnaden, resursförbrukningen och miljöpåverkan med ett webbaserat verktyg för processmodellen. Resultaten visar att växthusgasutsläppen från produktionen av FeMo varierar mellan 3.16-14.79 t CO2-eq/t FeMo (d.v.s. 5.3-24.7 tCO2-eq/t Mo). Variationen beror främst på malmets anrikningsgrad under malmbrytnings- och anrikningsprocessen. När molybden förekommer  i kopparmalm och utvinns som en co-produkt så kan det ha en större effekt på molybdens energiförbrukning och växthusgasutsläpp än vad malmens anrikningsgrad har. I fallet för tillverkning av nickelmetall, nickeloxid, ferronickel och nickeltackjärn är växthusgasutsläppen 14, 30, 6 respektive 7 tCO2-eq/t legering (motsvarande 14, 40, 18, respektive 69 tCO2-eq/t Ni). Användningen av sulfidmalm i flashsmältningsprocessen har visat sig ha lägst energibehov och växhusgasutsläpp medan användningen av oxidmalm i ljusbågsugn både är mer energiintensiv och utsläppsintensiv  på grund av en stor mängd oxider i nickelmalmen. Dessa utsläpp kan dock förbättras genom användningen av hållbar energi (till exempel el från vattenkraft), eller genom värmeåtervinning under processen. Utöver detta kan skrot med lågt fosforinnenhåll också användas vid tillverkningen av rostfritt stål för att minska slaggmängden, förbrukningen av legeringar, produktionskostnaden och växthusgasutläppen.  En ekvation mellan fosforinnehållet och skrotets värde föreslås här som underlag för att utveckla en inköpsstrategi för skrot. Sammanfattningsvis så kan en statisk processmodell baserad på mass- och energibalans tillämpas för att utvärdera råvarors miljöbelastning (energiförbrukning och växthusgasutsläpp) och identifiera potentialen för en hållbar tillverkning av rostfritt stål.

Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. The gold standard for their diagnosis and treatment are angiographic procedures. Clinicians rely on dedicated and specialized equipment for these interventions, e.g. angiography systems. The speed of the associated development is important as better technology enables progress in treatment methods and clinical outcomes. The goal of this article is to show how to optimize the innovation and development process such that it takes minimal time. Methods: 672 data sets on 302 topics were collected over 47 months during a long-term observation of the innovation and development process of angiographic systems. The total data collected is equivalent to efforts worth 30 man-years. This input was used to calculate key process parameters, analyse key process roles, evaluate the use of problem-solving methods and identify key technologies. We also developed a process model comprising the primary innovation sources, important input providers and key processes. This model is characterized by a continuous loop for the innovation and development process. Results: The conducted literature research identifies this closed loop process model as being unique in comparison to the well-established models proposed by Brockhoff, Cooper, Crawford, Durfee, Ebert, Eppinger, Hughes, Pleschak, Thom, Ulrich, Vahs and Witt. According to the best knowledge of the authors no comparable data collection has been performed and presented anywhere else yet. When analysing our 672 data sets, we found that the median process time ( in this data pool (n=672) was to be 10 weeks (p<0,05). The median number of task owners (xPA) per task across all topics was 2. Our data revealed that the number of task owners had a direct impact on the process time. For data sets with up to eight task owners the relationship between process time and task owners can be described as tPd=3.6*xPA^1.4. The median time of owning a topic was determined for Sales (7 weeks), Service (11 weeks), Customer Relationship Management (6 weeks), Product Lifecycle Management (10 weeks) and Research & Development (11 weeks). Main input providers were Sales (53%) and customers (28%). Sales (42%) and PLM (37%) are significant connectors. Problem solvers are PLM (35%), CRM (27%) and R&D (27%). The problem-solving methods were analysed and it was found that clarification (77%) as well as dialog and variation method (both 50%) were used most often. We found that changes to the application software (33%), mechanics, device interfaces and user interface (all 21%) are the four out of six components that were involved in most often. In the analysed datasets a potential of an up to 20% shorter process time was identified. Conclusion: This article proposes a new model for the innovation and development process. Based on our data, we recommend to apply a continuous loop process in the context of innovation and development of medical devices. Our results can, for example, be used for Activity Based Costing Approach or be applied to bring new or upgraded angiography systems faster to market benefitting patient outcome due to improved diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Children are at greater risk of malnutrition in Afghanistan than they are in many other countries. Malnutrition impairs the mental and physical growth of more than 50% of children in Afghanistan. It also exacerbates the risks of mortality by 45% in infants and children in Afghanistan. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding complementary feeding and malnutrition in children in Afghanistan. The precaution adoption process model served as a theoretical framework in this quantitative cross-sectional research study. Data analyzed were collected from 306 mothers and children at 6 randomly selected hospitals in Kabul Province. The results of logistic regression models indicated that mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding complementary feeding were statistically significant predictors of stunting in children, Ï?2 (9, N = 306) = 45.33, p < .001; Ï?2 (9, N = 306) = 26.71, p < .01; and Ï?2 (9, N = 306) = 56.97, p < .001 respectively. The strongest predictor was mothers' practicing responsive feeding, where mothers who did not practice responsive feeding were 7.1 times more likely to have stunted children than mothers who practiced responsive feeding. Moreover, the results indicated that mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices of complementary feeding were statistically significant predictors of underweight in children, Ï?2 (9, N = 306) = 37.49, p < .001; Ï?2 (9, N = 306) = 41.15, p < .001; and Ï?2 (9, N = 306) = 44.64, p < .001. The implications for positive social change include reviewing nutrition policies, investing in nutrition programs, and operationalizing nutrition education and behavior change interventions for promoting appropriate complementary infant feeding practices in Afghanistan.

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