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Showing 1 to 2 of 2 (0.138 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"process off experimentation"" "subject:"process oof experimentation""
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O PROCESSO DE EXPERIMENTAÇÃO PROMOVENDO APRENDIZAGENS E COMPETÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS / THE PROCESS OF EXPERIMENTATION PROMOTING SCIENTIFIC LEARNINGS AND COMPETENCESSartori, Paulo Henrique dos Santos 31 August 2012 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The experimentation has been a practice little and inadequately explored in school space assuming functions of demonstration and verification, predominantly focused on the end result. We propose, then, to focus on the process, that is, to perform a constant exploration of everything that makes up and happens while conducting an experiment. Through the careful examination of each step it is possible to discuss and contrast knowledge and, at the same time, build skills and competences. In elementary school, the student is immersed in the universe of a unified science, which allows the rescue and the recovery of a more integrated vision of scientific phenomena. In this context we recognize the potential of the process of experimentation to promote learning and scientific competences in a group of twenty six students from 3rd year of the 3rd cycle (equivalent to 9th year) of elementary public school located in a region of high social vulnerability on the outskirts of the city of Porto Alegre. Students were encouraged to develop, assemble and perform experiments, through gradual steps of familiarization with materials and devices. During the development of the activities carried out in twelve class hours interspersed with regular classes, we analyzed the actions, behaviour and material and textual production of the students, through reports, questionnaires and written records, adopting a participatory observation methodology, in order to collect qualitative aspects related to promoting competences and scientific learning arising from the process of experimentation. The assessment of the results revealed the learning of countless concepts related to the studied phenomena and the formation and consolidation of multiple and relevant competences, which are pertinent to science education. / A experimentação tem sido uma prática pouco e inadequadamente explorada no espaço escolar assumindo funções de demonstração e verificação, predominantemente centradas no resultado final. Propomos, então, focalizar o seu processo, ou seja, efetuar uma constante exploração de tudo o que compõe e acontece durante a realização de um experimento. Através do exame minucioso de cada etapa pode-se discutir e contrastar conhecimentos e, ao mesmo tempo, construir habilidades e competências. No ensino fundamental, o aluno está imerso no universo de uma Ciência unificada que permite o resgate e a valorização de uma visão mais integrada dos fenômenos científicos. Neste contexto buscamos constatar o potencial do processo de experimentação para promover aprendizagens e competências científicas em um grupo de vinte e seis alunos do 3o ano do 3o ciclo (equivalente ao 9o ano) do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública localizada numa região de alta vulnerabilidade social na periferia do município de Porto Alegre. Os alunos foram estimulados a elaborar, montar e executar experimentos, passando por etapas gradativas de familiarização com materiais e aparelhos. Durante o desenvolvimento das atividades, realizadas em doze horas-aula intercaladas com as aulas regulares, analisamos as ações, o comportamento e a produção textual e material dos alunos, por meio de relatórios, questionários e registros escritos, adotando uma metodologia de observação participativa, no intuito de coletar aspectos qualitativos relacionados à promoção de competências e aprendizagens científicas decorrentes do processo de experimentação. A avaliação dos resultados revelou a aprendizagem de inúmeros conceitos relacionados aos fenômenos estudados e a formação e consolidação de múltiplas e relevantes competências pertinentes à educação científica.
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F. A. Hayek's Critique of LegislationHolm, Cyril January 2014 (has links)
The dissertation concerns F. A. Hayek’s (1899–1992) critique of legislation. The purpose of the investigation is to clarify and assess that critique. I argue that there is in Hayek’s work a critique of legislation that is distinct from his well-known critique of social planning. Further that the main claim of this critique is what I refer to as Hayek’s legislation tenet, namely that legislation that aims to achieve specific aggregate results in complex orders of society will decrease the welfare level. The legislation tenet gains support; (i) from the welfare claim – according to which there is a positive correlation between the utilization of knowledge and the welfare level in society; (ii) from the dispersal of knowledge thesis – according to which the total knowledge of society is dispersed and not available to any one agency; and (iii) from the cultural evolution thesis – according to which evolutionary rules are more favorable to the utilization of knowledge in social cooperation than are legislative rules. More specifically, I argue that these form two lines of argument in support of the legislation tenet. One line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the dispersal of knowledge thesis. I argue that this line of argument is true. The other line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the cultural evolution thesis. I argue that this line of argument is false, mainly because the empirical work of political scientist Elinor Ostrom refutes it. Because the two lines of argument support the legislation tenet independently of each other, I argue that Hayek’s critique of legislation is true. In this dissertation, I further develop a legislative policy tool as based on the welfare claim and Hayek’s conception of coercion. I also consider Hayek’s idea that rules and law are instrumental in forging rational individual action and rational social orders, and turn to review this idea in light of the work of experimental economist Vernon Smith and economic historian Avner Greif. I find that Smith and Greif support this idea of Hayek’s, and I conjecture that it contributes to our understanding of Adam Smith’s notion of the invisible hand: It is rules – not an invisible hand – that prompt subjects to align individual and aggregate rationality in social interaction. Finally, I argue that Hayek’s critique is essentially utilitarian, as it is concerned with the negative welfare consequences of certain forms of legislation. And although it may appear that the dispersal of knowledge thesis will undermine the possibility of carrying out the utilitarian calculus, due to the lack of knowledge of the consequences of one’s actions – and therefore undermine the legislation tenet itself – I argue that the distinction between utilitarianism conceived as a method of deliberation and utilitarianism conceived as a criterion of correctness may be used to save Hayek’s critique from this objection.
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