The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) has had significant influence on both for-profit and nonprofit employers since it was enacted in 1993. Because nonprofit organizations often have more limited resources than for-profit organizations, implementing family and medical leave policy mandates can be problematic. Arts-related nonprofit organizations often have even fewer resources available yet must still ensure legal compliance and market competitiveness while continuing to focus on meeting their missions. Even if a smaller nonprofit organization is not subject to the FMLA, it is subject to other federal, state, and local employment laws, and the organization must decide whether to offer unpaid or paid family and medical leave, perhaps styled after the FMLA. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how those who conduct human resource functions in nonprofit arts organizations would perceive governmental prompting toward providing FMLA and paid leave in relation to their ability to meet their missions. This question was explored through the lens of nudge theory and involved interviews with nine HR professionals from nonprofit arts organizations. Data were analyzed using Bazeley and Jackson's bucket coding and Yin's explanation building processes. The results of the study indicated that HR professionals perceived little to no effects of the FMLA on their nonprofit arts organizations' ability to meet their missions. The social change implications of this study involve providing insights to policymakers that could inform decisions about family and medical leave mandates or nudges toward a desired outcome regarding these leaves of absence in the nonprofit sector.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Limpopo,2009. / The term “brain drain” became a reality in South Africa after doors opened for South Africans in overseas markets and the emphasis moved from hospital bed based care to total health for all South Africans. The lack of services in rural areas seems a problem with focus on migration of health professionals between rural and urban areas, and even overseas markets, leaving a possible imbalance. More allied health professionals from previously disadvantaged groups are trained but the need in specifically the rural areas continues to rise. Recruitment and retention strategies were implemented for scarce skilled health professionals in the Public Service but no proof is available whether it is successful or not for the allied health professional group. The vacancy rates for allied health professional posts are reportedly too high despite the fact that more candidates are recruited from rural areas to be trained as professionals, hoping they will return to work in rural areas. Allied health professionals seem to be constantly on the move despite the strategies already implemented, reasons for this are unknown. The purpose of this study is to explore and determine if there is an imbalance of allied health workers in rural and urban areas within Limpopo Province. Secondly, it was to determine what factors may influence and contribute to allied health professional‟s decision to consider migration and thirdly to establish if the current recruitment and retention strategies are having the desired outcome. A survey was conducted over a period of three months with respondents representing the dietetic, physiotherapy, radiography, occupational therapy and speech and language therapy professions. The sample population was randomly selected as well as cluster sampling from the different districts within the Limpopo Province. Data was collected from a total of 122 respondents. xv Because the type of data collected was mainly nominal data, graphical and tabular descriptive techniques like frequencies, relative frequencies, tables and graphs were used to provide information. Numerical descriptive techniques were also used to calculate sample statistics and the only statistical technique that involves nominal data, the Chi-Squared Test was also applied. The findings of the research survey enabled the researcher to make final conclusions as well as specific recommendations to the target groups that may benefit from this study in order to change the “brain drain” to a “brain gain” situation for allied health professionals within the Limpopo Province. / N/A

Thesis (LLM (Public Administration)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / Turnover of health care professionals is a global challenge and has severely affected developing countries. South Africa as a developing country is not exceptional on the problem of turnover rate of health care professionals. The high vacancy rate became evident in the recent years. The health institutions depend on the health professionals in providing quality health care services. The challenges that are facing the health institutions include lack of a clear understanding by managers of the factors that are contributing to high turnover rate of health care professionals as well as the formulation of effective recruitment and retention strategies. The prevailing of the rapid changes in the internal and external environment make it difficult for the health institutions to develop and implement recruitment and retention strategies in an effort to minimise high turnover of healthcare professionals. The purpose of this study is to analyse the factors that are contributing to turnover of health care professionals at Polokwane and Mankweng Tertiary Hospital in Limpopo Province. The study also provides recruitment and retention strategies that the management may apply them to minimise the high turnover of health care professionals. The population sample was randomly selected from Polokwane and Mankweng Tertiary Hospital. Data was collected and analysed from a total number of 150 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used as an instrument for the collection of primary data. In this regard, factors such as lack of medical equipment, poor management style, poor working conditions and high workload are found to be critical factors that are affecting quality health care service and eventually the morale of employees, and resulting into turnover of health care professionals

Cette recherche doctorale se propose d’apporter un regard constructiviste et critique à l’objet « Alzheimer et sexualité », en s’intéressant aux différentes manières dont les membres de la famille et les professionnel·le·s de santé perçoivent la sexualité des personnes labellisées Alzheimer (PLA). Quarante-trois entretiens ont été réalisés auprès de ces deux groupes et ont été analysés dans une perspective de théorisation ancrée. Fondé sur une articulation de la théorie des scripts de la sexualité et de celle des représentations sociales, ce travail présente dans une première partie une typologie des représentations, majoritairement anormalisantes, des PLA. La seconde partie montre que les scripts et représentations ne sont pas mobilisés de la même manière par les professionnel·le·s de santé et par les familles, les conduisant à concevoir la sexualité respectivement comme problématique et comme accessoire. Enfin, la dernière partie propose une analyse des subjectivités replacées dans leur contexte social, restituant la singularité et la complexité des positions individuelles des professionnel·le·s de santé et des membres de la famille. Ce travail permet finalement d’éclairer les mécanismes de construction de l’altérité, conduisant à des formes d’âgisme et de validisme qui se manifestent par l’interdiction de la sexualité des PLA, par sa limitation, ou par son caractère impensable. / This dissertation adopts a constructivist and critical approach of the subject “Alzheimer and sexuality”, by focusing on how relatives and health professionals perceive sexuality. Forty-three interviews were conducted among these two groups and analyzed by grounded theory. By combining the sexual script theory with social representation theory, this research presents in a first part a typology of the representations of the people labeled Alzheimer (PLA), that are mainly characterized by abnormalization. The second part shows that the scripts and representations are not used in the same way by health professionals and relatives. While professionals tend to conceive the PLA’s sexuality as problematic, relatives see it as secondary. In a last part, the subjectivities of health professionals and relatives are analyzed in their social context, allowing to shed light on the singularity and the complexity of their individual positions. Eventually, this work highlights the mechanisms of construction of otherness, leading to forms of ageism and validism manifested by the prohibition of PLA’s sexuality, its limitation, or its unthinkable nature.

Like any other agricultural industry, many different career paths in the equine field are becoming more technologically advanced. To adapt to technological progress, current standards need to be integrated into school-based agricultural education courses to properly train and teach students about current industry standards. In addition to equine science curriculum development, emphasis must also be focused on providing assistance to secondary-school-based agriculture teachers so they can effectively teach industry-based equine science objectives in their programs. The equine curriculum objectives were measured in terms of perceived importance by equine professionals and post-secondary equine educators as well as Arizona school-based agriculture teachers. Further, the Arizona school-based agriculture teachers indicated their self-perceived ability to teach the objectives. Demographics for each group (equine industry professionals and Arizona school-based agriculture teachers) were also collected. A Borich needs assessment was calculated to prioritize areas needed for professional development of school-based agriculture teachers. Recommendations include the importance of bringing secondary-school-based agricultural education equine science curricula in line with industry standards. Further, providing professional development to secondary-school-based agriculture teachers is key to increasing teachers’ competence and ability to teach industry-based equine science.

This study was designed to determine the extent to which new student affairs professionals feel competent for the work and to identify the experiences that foster such competence in them. The study also revealed discrepancies in the perceived levels and sources of competence between professionals who have completed either one or three years of full-time employment in student affairs. While some quantitative studies have addressed competence in student affairs professionals, the literature lacks in-depth information regarding the acquisition of competence of new professionals. This basic qualitative study offers rich information about competence development from the professionals themselves. Participants graduated from five master's-level student affairs preparation programs housed at large public institutions in Florida. They generally felt competent at the mid-range (intermediate) in the ten areas published by the American College Personnel Administrators - College Student Educators International (ACPA) and the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators - Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education (NASPA). Primary sources of competence were full-time experience in student affairs, graduate preparation programs, and professional development. Those who obtained their degrees more recently reported higher levels of competence than those who have been in the field longer. Other interesting themes relating to competence development emerged, as well.

The research described in this thesis is aimed to improve our knowledge of barriers to the use of OR (Operations Research) techniques in the manufacturing sector. Numerous issues have been previously identified, but the work has generally been unsystematic, or focused on the OR profession. This research is empirical, systematic, and compares a group of OR professionals to a group of manufacturing managers. The technology selected for analysis was DES (Discrete event simulation, a computer based technique for modeling complex manufacturing processes), and the companies chosen, as the focus for data collection, were based in Australia. Two major implications for practice are identified in the thesis. These two perspectives should be seen to be complementary, rather than opposing. OR professionals should place their knowledge within the mindset used by manufacturing managers, rather than attempting to displace that mindset. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Three groups of health care professionals were canvassed for their views on euthanasia - student nurses, practising nurses and doctors. The aim of the research was to make a possible contribution to a formalised health policy on this issue for the ACT. The following forms of euthanasia were covered by the research: (i) voluntary active euthanasia: (ii) voluntary passive euthanasia: (iii) involuntary active euthanasia: (iv) involuntary passive euthanasia. Passive forms of euthanasia were found to be the most acceptable. Voluntary forms of euthanasia were not found, in general, to be more approved of than involuntary forms of euthanasia. However, active forms of euthanasia were much less acceptable than passive forms. In order to adapt the research findings to a methodology for policy use. Allison's models (1971) of public policy development were modified into a single model. This provided an application of the research results in such a way as to allow for the development of a possible formalised policy on euthanasia, and practical applications. The conclusions drawn from the research findings and the subsequent recommendations are supportive of law reform and the implementation of a new policy on the issue of euthanasia.

This thesis develops the Effects of Power Model to explain why some power users come to behave in anti-social ways and what can be done about it. The model shares an analytical focus on the effect of the exercise of power on the power user with the Metamorphic Model of Power (Kipnis, 1976), but overcomes limitations in the Metamorphic Model by using the integrating framework of Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986). This theory guided the identification of the Effects of Power Model's main variables and their relationships, and provides a powerful framework for designing normative applications based on those variables and relationships. The Effects of Power Model describes a self-regulatory process which begins with a consideration by the power user of whether and what type of power or influence tactic he or she should use. To make the decision, the power user considers both internal standards and experiences (either vicariously gained or directly). Having acted, the power user then evaluates his or her action against both feedback and internal standards. If evaluation indicates that the action was contrary to either internal standards and/or to expected outcomes, there are two possible reactions. One is to feel bad and to plan to choose another course of action in future. The other is to rationalise the action through the use of disengagement mechanisms. The latter enables the power user to excuse his or her action and maintain a commitment to the action in the future. Over time, repeated use of disengagement mechanisms to excuse behaviour leads to a change in internal standards and to a rising commitment to the behaviour. The model's descriptive power is tested using a two-stage laboratory experiment with between subject manipulations and random allocation of subjects. A range of analytical frameworks are used to test the data including correlation, regression and Chi square analyses. Results strongly support the model. The model's prescriptive power is also considered by developing a program to enhance pro-social behaviour among power users, particularly professionals. Examples are identified that support key propositions of the model, relating to how the circumstances of professionals may influence their anti-social behaviour and how changes in circumstances could promote pro-social behaviour.

<p>Äldre vårdtagare med sömnproblematik är, enligt studier, undervärderat i forskning. Sömnproblematik hos äldre visar sig vanligen som svårigheter att fästa sömn och uppvaknande nattetid eller tidig morgon. Ett antal kroppsliga, neurologiska och psykiska sjukdomar kan störa sömnen, även miljöförhållanden, samt vissa läkemedel.</p><p><strong>Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka förhållanden och omvårdnadsåtgärder som, enligt vårdpersonalen, påverkar och främjar sömnen hos äldre vårdtagare med sömnproblematik. Som <strong>metod användes semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sex undersköterskor och fyra sjuksköterskor intervjuades. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av manifest innehållsanalys och presenterades i två kategorier: Vårdtagarnas behov och vårdmiljö. Till huvudkategorierna hörde två underkategorier vardera, fysiska och psykiska behov, behov av läkemedel respektive yttre förhållanden och bemötande. <strong>Resultatet visade att otillfredsställda behov så som smärta, förstoppning, hunger och existentiella funderingar samt den sociala situationen ansågs påverka sömnen. Miljön runt vårdtagaren har också betydelse för sömnen, dels utifrån ljus och ljud men även den psykosociala miljön såsom bemötande från vårdpersonalen. <strong>Slutsats, omvårdnadsåtgärder behöver lyftas fram som ett led i att främja sömn hos äldre med sömnproblematik. </strong></strong></strong></strong></p> / <p>Elderly patients with problems related to sleep are, according to studies, undervalued in research. Sleep problems among elderly usually shows as difficulties to fall asleep and awakening during night or early morning. A number of physical, neurological and psychiatric disorders may disrupt sleep, including environmental conditions, and certain medicines. The purpose of the study was to describe the conditions and nursing measures that, according to caregivers, affect and promote sleep in elderly patients with sleeping problems. The method used was semi-structured interviews. Six assistant nurses and four nurses were interviewed. The material was analyzed using manifest content analysis and presented in two categories: patient needs and environment. To the main categories were two sub-categories each, physical and psychological needs, the needs of pharmaceutical respectively external conditions and treatment. The results showed that the unmet needs such as pain, constipation, hunger, and existential concerns and the social situation were considered to affect sleep. The environment around patients is also important for sleep, for example light and sounds but also the psychosocial environment as the response from the staff. Conclusion, nursing measures should be emphasized as a way to promote sleep in elderly people with sleeping problems.</p>