While recent publications indicate that employees in human service professions have higher risk of sickness absence and mental ill-health, little is known about the association with other health outcomes and possible mechanisms behind the differential risk. This study investigates differences in burnout, self-rated health and sickness absence between those in human service professions and other professions and examines whether differences in psychosocial and organizational work environment can explain possible variations. Data were derived from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH), an approximately representative sample of the Swedish working population (n=4486). Results from binary logistic regressions suggested that those in human service professions had higher odds of burnout and sickness absence those in other professions. Differences in burnout were explained by background variables while differences in sickness absence were explained by psychosocial and organizational work factors. Employees in human service professions had lower odds of suboptimal self-rated health than others in the fully adjusted model. Women were at higher risk of burnout, sickness absence, and all adverse psychosocial and organizational work environment factors except social support. Future studies should investigate the most crucial psychosocial and organizational work factors in human service professions with the objective to improve employee health.

Thesis (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The concept of affirmative action, in contrast to discrimination, does not have a universal uniform meaning. On the one hand affirmative action can be seen as an attempt to promote equal opportunities for individuals or groups previously disadvantaged by discrimination. On the other hand, its application is controversial when black people, women and disabled people are given preference, for example, when decisions are made that preclude the appointment of better-qualified candidates. Affirmative action therefore has pros and cons, depending on the approach adopted. In South Africa affirmative action, as defined in s 15 of Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EEA), is seen as a measure that ensures equal employment opportunities and equitable representation of suitably qualified people from designated groups. Affirmative action thus enjoys legislative recognition and is judicially developed by the courts. Nonetheless the concept is problematic. A specific concern is the fact that the meaning of affirmative action is even more elusive when the conceptual relationship to discrimination and equality is examined in an effort to identify its theoretical foundation. Affirmative action is aimed at pursuing working conditions that promote a real, and not just theoretical, realisation of rights. It focuses on addressing the burden of discrimination, which is still borne by certain groups in society. In Harmse v City of Cape Town [2203] 6 BLLR 557 (LC), the court found that the broader idea of constitutional equality implies that the elimination of unfair discrimination includes affirmative action. The court based its reasoning on s 9(2) of the equality clause of the Constitution, wherein provision is made for measures, such as affirmative action, that are “designed to protect or advance persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination…” In Dudley v City of Cape Town [2004] 5 BLLR 413 (LC) the court found that the EEA distinguishes between the prohibition of unfair discrimination and affirmative action, as contained in chapters II and III of the Act, regarding approach, aim and application. This however does not imply that the two concepts are in no way connected. Another area of concern relates to doubts surrounding the effectiveness of affirmative action. The gender gap in the workplace becomes apparent when the labour market composition is taken into consideration. This emphasises the fact that affirmative action is not accomplishing sufficient transformation to further equality in the workplace. The origin of the problem lies in the fact that the impact of affirmative action depends on the approach to equality (be it formal equality, equality of opportunities or substantive equality) that it is designed to promote. Another affirmative action dilemma is the problem of enforcement of measures of this nature. Other alternatives, such as diversity management where both the employer and the employees benefit, should possibly be considered as a method of effectively empowering women to ensure that they can compete successfully with men in the labour market. Diversity management ultimately appears to have a social, as well as an economic advantage in the development of equitable representation of disadvantaged groups in the labour market.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The setting for this study was the University of the Western Cape, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, first year undergraduate students. All students who participated in the compulsory interprofessional programme were from the following disciplines: Occupational Therapy; Physiotherapy; Psychology; Social Work; Natural Medicine; Dietetics; Human Ecology; Sports Sciences and Nursing. The objectives of this study were to measure the attitudes and perceptions of first year students who participated in an undergraduate interprofessional programme. The attitudes and perceptions were further measured in relation to the specific lecturers involved, the age of the students, their gender, race, background as well their specific discipline. This was primarily a quantitative study incorporating two qualitative questions in which 657 students were issued with a questionnaire designed to determine their attitudes and perceptions towards interprofessional education. A sample size of 264 students resulted in 95% confidence intervals with a maximum precision of 5%. The questionnaire was adapted, with permission, from Cameron; Rennie; DiProspero; Langlois & Wagner (2009). MS Excel was used to capture the data and STATISTICA version 9 (StatSoft Inc. (2009) STATISTICA (data analysis software system), www.statsoft.com.) was used to analyze the data from the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the main features of the sample of this study and summary statistics was further used to summarize the findings of this study in order to communicate the bulk of the information as simple as possible. Two open-ended questions were included at the end of the questionnaire and this was used to triangulate the data. The Kruskal-Wallace test was used to measure the results, whereby a p-value of <0.05 indicated statistical significance. Of all the factors used to measure the attitudes and perceptions of students, the following three were significant: Gender; Race and Discipline. No other factors impact on the attitudes and perceptions of students towards interprofessional education. Student attitudes and perceptions towards interprofessional education were found to be very positive. The findings revealed that the most significant factor in the study was the lack of understanding of various disciplines participating in the programme and their understanding of the relevance of the teaching approach (interprofessional) as well as their specific role in the health care team. This clearly illustrated the need to recommend to the co-ordinating unit of the programme that this be defined more clearly for the students and specifically the Sports Sciences students. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie het plaasgevind by die Universiteit van die Wes-Kaap, in die Fakulteit van Gemeenskap en Gesondheidswetenskappe, met eerste jaar voorgraadse studente wat die verpligte interprofessionele program doen. Studente sluit in die volgende dissiplines: Arbeidsterapie; Fisioterapie, Sielkunde, Maatskaplike Werk, Natuurlike Medisyne, Dieetkunde, Menslike Ekologie, Sport en Verpleegkunde. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om die houdings en persepsies van die eerste jaar studente wat deelgeneem het in 'n voorgraadse interprofessionele program te meet. Houdings en persepsies was gemeet met betrekking tot die ouderdom geslag, ras,agtergrond sowel dissipline van spesifieke studente. Daar was ook gekyk of die betrokke dosente ń invloed het op studente se houdings en persepsies teenoor die program. Die studie was hoofsaaklik kwantitatiewe met n kwalitatiewe komponent. Vraelyse was uitgereik aan 657 studente om hul houdings en persepsies teenoor interprofessionele onderwys te bepaal. 'n Steekproefgrootte van 264 studente het in 95% vertrouensintervalle met 'n maksimum akkuraatheid van 5%. Die vraelys is aangepas, met toestemming, van Cameron, Rennie; DiProspero Langlois & Wagner (2009). MS Excel was gebruik om die data op te vang en Statistica weergawe 9 [StatSoft Inc (2009) STATISTICA (data-analise sagteware stelsel), www.statsoft.com] is gebruik om die data van die vraelyste te analiseer. Beskrywende statistiek is gebruik om te beskryf die belangrikste kenmerke van die steekproef van hierdie studie. Opsommingstatistiek is verder gebruik om op te som die bevindinge van hierdie studie met die doel om die grootste deel van die inligting so eenvoudig as moontlik te kommunikeer. Twee oop vrae is ingesluit aan die einde van die vraelys en dit is gebruik om die data te trianguleer. Die Kruskal-Wallace-toets is gebruik om die resultate, waar 'n p-waarde van <0,05 aangedui word statistiese betekenisvolheid te meet. Van al die faktore wat gebruik was om die houdings en persepsies van studente te meet, was die volgende drie beduidende: geslag, ras en dissipline. Geen ander faktore impakteer op die houdings en persepsies van studente in interprofessionele onderwys. Studente se houdings en persepsies teenoor interprofessionele onderwys was beduidend positief. Die studie het bevind dat daar ń algemene gebrek aan begrip is vir die relevansie van die program. Dit sluit in hoekom die verskillende dissiplines aan die program deelneem as ook wat hulle spesifieke rolle in die gesondheidsorg span is. Die aanbeveling is dus dat die koördinerings eenheid van die program die kursus meer duidelik sal moet definieer om so doende die studente se kennis in terme van relevansie van die interprofessionele program uit te brei met spesifiek verwysing na die Sport studente.

The diploma thesis "Current issues in adult education in the helping professions" deals with present possibilities of life-long education of a helping professional. In the theoretical part it focuses on the general terminology and specifies the terms that characterise the helping professions. It introduces the issue of competencies, which, at the present time, have become output categories in the educational process. The thesis describes individual phases of a professional career and educational opportunities which are connected with the different phases. The theoretical part is linked to qualitative research focused on personal experience of helping professionals with education. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis deals with the stress, strain and stress level of stress. It examines what more burdens on JIPu sisters and what the standard department, what are the specifics of their work. Compares the work load and nursing department and the standard JIPu. It looks at how the situation affects of stress nurses. It outlines the causes and manifestations of stress effects on the human organism. He is also the burnout that often occurs among workers in the helping professions. The thesis is focused on the shift operation (especially on night shift), relationships at work (sister-sister, sister-doctor), the aggressive behavior of patients, or the lack of sufficient time for patient care. Research method is a questionnaire distributed to the nurses and the internal standard surgical wards and ICU. The evaluation questions of the questionnaire confirms or overthrows the hypothesis that I set at the beginning of research. The hypotheses were confirmed hypotheses 2 and 5 of the hypothesis was not confirmed. It was confirmed that the exchange operation and overload nurses, patient aggression, care of confused patients and bad interpersonal relations a high burden on medical personnel and contributes significantly to the stress load of nurses. In conclusion, I mention that a large role in preventing and...

Dilemmas in thanatology in the 21st century In the thesis "Dilemmas in thanatology in the 21st century" I focused on the definition of the contradictory questions about the end of human life. I found that most of the respondents of different age groups, who were involved in the care process and responded to the questionnaire, are acquainted with the issue of thanatology. They assess this issue as emotionally challenging, difficult and professionally untreated. In addition, I investigated the needs of helping professions in the issue of communication barriers in the topic of death and dying. I came to the conclusion that communication on this subject is displaced, missing training and there is a lack of the literature on this topic. Due to the unrepresentativeness of the survey I assess the result obtained only as the orientation indicator according to the issue under the investigation. This result rather opens up further contradictory questions in the thanatology.

The diploma thesis focuses on ethical aspects of social-pedagogical work of workers in helping professions and has theoretical-empirical character. The aim of the thesis is to explore the ethical dimension of socio-pedagogical work and to find out which tools are used by helping professionals in decision making and in coping with ethical dilemmas considering ethical codes and principles. The theoretical part deals in individual chapters with the topic of socio- pedagogical work, professional ethics and also describes the role of the worker in helping professions and his relationship with the client. The professional values are examined based on analyses of codes of ethics and in the final chapters of the theoretical part the diploma thesis focuses on ethically problematic areas and related ethical dilemmas encoured by workers in helping professions. The empirical part offers by analysing the semi-structured interviews with workers an extension of the theoretical knowledge of the ethical aspects of social- pedagogical work on the dimension of the experience of the workers in the helping professions themselves and presents their strategies in solving and processing ethically dilemmatic situations. The main findings of the research are that social-pedagogical workers perceive the ethical aspect as a...

Motivation är ett relevant ämne för att företag ska kunna motivera och styra anställda på ett optimalt sätt. Anställda som är motiverade är mer produktiva (Linder, 1998) och det leder till att organisation gynnas genom en ökad prestation (Sekhar, Patwardhan, &amp; Singh, 2013). Det finns många faktorer att ta hänsyn till när människors motivation studeras, exempelvis kan typ av målgrupp påverka hur motivationen ser ut. Syftet med studien är att utforska vad professionella motiveras av och vidare undersöka om motivationen skiljer sig mellan olika karriärstadier, med hänsyn till både ålder och titel, och i så fall hur. Utefter det teoretiska ramverket som delat in motivation i inre och yttre motivation har sedan hypoteserna utvecklats. Hypoteserna har vidare testats med en validerad skala (Amabile, Hill, Hennessey, &amp; Tighe, 1994). Uppsatsen baseras på en enkätundersökning med professionella akademiker inom företagsekonomi som målgrupp, vilket resulterade i 134 svarande. Datamaterialet har sedan genom en explorativ faktoranalys kunnat dela in motivation i fem faktorer; kontroll och förståelse, erkännande, motprestation, problemlösning samt belåtenhet. Utfallet av studien visar att det inte kan fastställas att det finns samband mellan karriärstadier och titel. Däremot kan det fastställas att professionella är mer inre motiverade individer utifrån målgruppen akademiker inom företagsekonomi. / What motivates professionals in various career stages? Motivation is a relevant subject for companies to motivate and direct employees in an optimal way. Employees that are motivated are also more productive (Linder, 1998), benefitting the organization with an overall increased performance (Sekhar, Patwardhan, &amp; Singh, 2013). There are several factors to consider when studying the motivation of people, e.g. the type of target group can affect the motivation. The aim of this study is to investigate what professionals are motivated by and further study the difference in motivation between various career stages, regarding age and title, to study their effects. The hypotheses were put forth in accordance with the framework that divides motivation into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Furthermore, the hypotheses were tested with a validated scale (Amabile, Hill, Hennessey, &amp; Tighe, 1994). The study is based on inquiries of professional academics within the business field of study, with 134 respondents. With an exploratory factor analysis, the motivation was divided into five factors; control and understanding, recognition, return, problem solving, and contentment. The results of the study show that the correlation between career stages and title are inconclusive. However, it was determined that professional academics, within the business field of study, are more intrinsically motivated individuals.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as diferenças entre os três tipos de defesa dativa, constituída e defensoria da PAJ Criminal na assistência judiciária criminal paulistana em processos-crime de homicídio na década de 1990. A partir das diferentes proporções que essas modalidades de defesa apresentaram em relação às suas atuações em cada fase do processo penal para o desfecho processual, procurei investigar as possíveis razões para a ocorrência essas distintas proporções. A partir da análise documental de 127 processos criminais de homicídios tentados e consumados registrados de 1991 a 1997 na 3ª Seccional de Polícia do município de São Paulo que integram o banco de dados da pesquisa Violência, Impunidade e Confiança na Democracia (NEV/USP/Cepid), construí um banco de dados referente às intervenções da defesa ao longo dos processos até seu desfecho. Tais intervenções foram examinadas quantitativamente em relação às três categorias de defesa criminal. A partir da pesquisa documental e quantitativa dos 127 processos, foi possível constatar algumas tendências e encontrar algumas explicações para a ocorrência de distintas proporções de condenações e absolvições segundo a natureza da defesa. A partir de hipóteses levantadas e tendências verificadas nos processos, realizei entrevistas semiestruturadas com alguns dos advogados mais atuantes nos processos examinados. Assim, foi possível verificar que os advogados que atuavam na assistência judiciária trabalhavam tanto como dativos quanto como constituídos. Esse habitus era uma maneira de atrair novos clientes. Por essas razões a advocacia dativa era a que mais concentrava absolvições e revelava menor diferença em relação à advocacia constituída, Esta última, apesar de intervir mais nos processos, não obtinha proporções de absolvições superiores às da advocacia dativa. Os procuradores da PAJ Criminal, por sua vez, eram os mais suscetíveis a terem seus réus condenados, porém tinham maior proporção de penas até 5 anos do que as demais modalidades de defesa. Isso porque, conforme ficou evidente nas entrevistas, eram em menor número e sofriam os efeitos da crise da Justiça Criminal, com grande quantidade de trabalho. Por isso, tendiam a realizar mais acordos informais com a acusação durante o júri e com isso logravam penas menores. Além disso, ficou evidente a existência de acordos também entre os advogados criminais e os delegados de polícia após o flagrante do réu. Tais acordos certamente contribuíam para a exclusão de casos da Justiça Criminal durante a fase do Inquérito Policial. Por fim, concluímos que a advocacia criminal na assistência judiciária sofreu forte impacto com a entrada massiva de novos advogados no campo jurídico e com a perda de controle da OABSP sobre a proliferação de novas faculdades de direito, ambas decorrentes da grande expansão do ensino superior privado no período. / This research aims to analyse the differences between the three kinds of criminal defense attorney nominated by the State, private attorney and public attorney at criminal legal aid in homicide processes in São Paulo during the 1990s. I have investigated the possible reasons for the occurrences of different proportions of each kind of defense present in the successive phases of the legal process and its sentences. I have built a database through the analysis of 127 attempted and consummated murder processes registered from 1991 to 1997, which constitutes the database of the research Violence, Impunity and Trust in Democracy (NEV/USP/Cepid), focusing on the interventions of the defense during the processes until its closure. Those interventions were quantitatively measured considering the three kinds of criminal defense. Analysing the documents and statistics of those 127 processes, it was possible to identify some tendencies and raise some hypothesis on the occurrence of distinct proportions of convictions and discharges, according to the nature of the defense. Those hypothesis based the semi structured interviews with some of the most active attorneys on the processes examined. Therefore, it was possible not only to verify that the attorneys working in criminal legal aid as nominated by the State worked also as private attorneys, but that work as nominated, specially at the Juri Court, was a way of attract new clients. That explains why nominated defences resulted in more acquittals, with a little difference to the private defense, even if the private attorneys were able to interfere more during the processes. The Public Criminal Attorneys (PAJ Criminal) were more susceptible, by the other hand, to have their clients condemned, but had more cases with sentences fewer than 5 years of prison. They endured, as the interviews revealed, the effects of the crises at Criminal Justice, and were fewer in number. As such, they would aim to make deals with the prosecutors more often, in order to get smaller terms to their clients. Deals between criminal attorneys and police deputies after the defendant arrest were also made evident. Such deals certainly contributed to the exclusion of Criminal Justice cases during the investigation phase. Finally, I conclude that criminal defense at legal aid faced a severe impact with the entrance of new lawyers in the juridical field and the loss of control by the Brazilian Bar Association in the creation of new Law Schools, due to the huge expansion of private colleges at that period.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une méthode de repérage empirique robuste du travailleur indépendant français. En effet, l'absence de norme homogène atténue la portée des travaux économétriques et statistiques. Dans un premier chapitre, les fondements de l'indépendance professionnelle sont mis en avant par une approche historique. Le deuxième chapitre permet de formuler des hypothèses typologiques consécutivement à l'examen des normes juridiques et du corpus empirique.Un idéaltype empirique est proposé dans le troisième chapitre. Il est formulé en opposant les hypothèses à l'analyse des résultats de classifications ascendantes hiérarchiques effectuées sur différents échantillons de travailleurs. La norme ainsi proposée permet de repérer objectivement les indépendants français au regard de critères inhérents au métier effectivement exercé, aux statuts entrepreneuriaux, à la taille de l'entreprise et au secteur d'activité. Cet idéaltype empirique permet un repérage robuste des indépendants au sein de la population des travailleurs non-salariés. / The objective of this thesis is to propose an robust empirical method to stake out French self-employed.Indeed, the absence of homogeneous standard tones down the reach of econometric and statistical works.In a first chapter, the foundations of the professional independence are studed through historic approach.The second chapter allows to formulate typological hypotheses as a result of the examination of the legalrules and the empirical corpus. An empirical idealtype is proposed in the third chapter. It is formulated bysetting the hypotheses against the analysis of the results of hierarchical ascending classifications made onworkers' various samples. The standard proposed here allows to stake out objectively the French selfemployedtowards criteria inherent to the effectively exercised occupation, to the entrepreneurial statuses,to the size of the enterprise and to the business sector. This empirical idealtype allows a robust location ofthe self-employed workers inside the population of non-salaried workers.