A presente dissertação tem por objetivo discutir a importância de uma postura resiliente para a busca do urbanismo sustentável. O termo \"sustentável\" e suas variantes passaram por um desgaste nas últimas décadas, formando uma barreira prejudicial à sua aplicação efetiva. A \"resiliência\", surge, então, como uma forma de revisitar a questão, através de um conceito oriundo da física, que possibilita conceber uma transposição teórica para a arquitetura e o urbanismo, disciplinas nas quais o tema pode colaborar na formulação de novas ferramentas e conceitos aplicáveis ao planejamento e projeto. Almeja-se, através da sua conceituação teórica, contribuir para a elaboração de uma postura resiliente e promover o termo \"resiliência urbana\" em direção ao enfrentamento da crise urbana, ocasionada pelo crescimento vertiginoso da urbanização mundial e da consequente aglomeração populacional nas cidades. Nos países em desenvolvimento, essa abordagem pode ser de grande utilidade, dado que a crise urbana é fortalecida pelo avanço da informalidade e pela formação de novos tecidos urbanos às margens do planejamento. O conceito de resiliência, neste caso, possibilita uma discussão voltada às questões de espontaneidade, improvisos, constantes mudanças e transformações, inerentes à condição urbana, se discutido dentro de uma abordagem de Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos. Para tanto, elaborou-se uma análise reflexiva, a fim de aferir a transferência da teoria para prática, a partir de três projetos urbanos já implantados: as intervenções em torno da Línea K, em Medellín, Colômbia, o sistema teleférico do Complexo do Alemão e o Parque Sitiê, ambos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A partir daí, pôde-se constatar que a visão sistêmica adaptativa e complexa da resiliência traz a possibilidade de promover a inter-relação entre sociedade, economia e ambiente na construção do meio urbano e, assim, encorajar uma nova postura frente a difusão de um Urbanismo Sustentável. / The present dissertation aims to discuss the importance of a resilient posture in the search for a sustainable urbanism. The term \"sustainable\" and its variants have gone through a wear and tear through the last few decades, forming a barrier which prejudices its effective application. The \"resilience\" term then appears as a way of revisiting this matter, through a concept derived from physics, that allows a theoretical transposition to architecture and urbanism disciplines in which the subject can cooperate in the formulation of new tools and concepts that can be applied into planning and project design process. Over the theoretical conception, it is intended the contribution on the elaboration of a resilient attitude and therefore promotes the term \"urban resilience\" towards the current urban crisis, caused by the dramatical growth of the world urbanization and the consequent population cluster within cities. In developing countries, the approach can be very useful, given that the urban crisis is strengthened by the rise of informality and the formation of new urban networks at the edge of planning actions. The concept of resilience, in this case, enables a discussion focused on spontaneity issues, improvisations, changes and transformations, inherent to the urban condition, discussed within a Complex Adaptive Systems approach. However to elaborate a reflexive analysis it is necessary to verify the transformation of theory into practice from three urban projects already implemented: Line K\'s urban interventions in Medellín, Colombia, cable car system at Alemão Complex and Sitiê Park, both in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In conclusion, an adaptive and complex systemic view of resilience has the potential to promote an interrelationship between society, economy and environment during the construction of an urban environment and therefore encourage a new attitude towards the diffusion of Sustainable Urbanism.

This research investigates what rural villagers perceive as important and develops recommendations for improved electrification project implementation centring on user-perceived values (UPVs). UPVs capture more than the basic definition of value in the sense that they include benefits, concerns, feelings and underlying drivers that vary in importance and act as the main motivators in the lives of project beneficiaries as perceived at a given time. Low access to energy continues in rural sub-Saharan Africa despite significant investment by the development community. One fundamental reason is that energy infrastructure adoption remains low, as evidenced by the lack of project sustainability. To counter this, the challenge for energy project developers is to achieve sustainable long-term interventions through the creation of value for beneficiaries, rather than the traditional approach of focusing on short-term project outputs. The question of what is valuable to people in rural communities has historically not played into the design and diffusion of energy infrastructure development projects. This research drew on design and marketing approaches from the commercial sector to investigate the UPVs of rural Ugandans. To better understand the UPVs of rural villagers a new method, consisting of a UPV game and UPV framework, was developed. This method is suitable for capturing, understanding and mapping what rural populations perceive as important. Case study analyses were carried out in seven villages across rural Uganda. The case studies included the UPV game supplemented by non-energy-specific and energy-specific interviews with villagers. Additionally, interviews with experts were conducted to verify the UPV framework and to identify the gap between experts’ opinion and villagers’ perception of what is important. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of the UPV game in deducing the values of rural villagers. The findings demonstrate a disconnect in the ability to accurately capture and design projects which resonate with and respond to the UPVs of recipients of rural electrification projects. A comparison between the villagers’ statements and experts’ opinion regarding what is most valuable to rural communities reveals striking differences that point to a fundamental misunderstanding of rural community UPVs which are likely to be contributing to widespread electrification project failure.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmeliaFPB_TESE.pdf: 8361624 bytes, checksum: 2ad928873f9e241c8997857dbca29f17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-31 / O objeto de estudo desta tese ? o ensino de projeto de arquitetura no contexto acad?mico brasileiro. O trabalho procura analisar esse objeto nos aspectos relativos ao ensinar a fazer e ao aprender a fazer , por meio de uma perspectiva epistemol?gica e cognitiva, a partir da produ??o cient?fica dos Semin?rios UFRGS (1985) e Projetar (2003-2011) sob o olhar de tr?s estados constitutivos: conserva??o, perman?ncia e transforma??o. A metodologia de investiga??o ? qualitativa e seus pressupostos s?o investigad os por meio do m?todo hipot?tico-dedutivo em busca de um conhecimento aproximativo. Dentro do universo pesquisado, as hip?teses conduzem: primeiro, ? investiga??o e caracteriza??o de estruturas que se conservam; segundo, ? investiga??o e levantamento de valores e conceitos que permanecem adequados por sua capacidade de adapta??o ?s mudan?as e paradigmas; e, terceiro, por procurarem destacar pr?ticas pedag?gicas que indicam novos caminhos na maneira de agir e de se pensar o ensino de projeto de arquitetura. A pesquisa demonstrou que, embora em menores propor??es, ainda se conservam a??es e posturas pedag?gicas que: valorizam os ideais funcionalistas e racionalistas da arquitetura; adotam posturas deterministas, caminhos prescritivos ou intuitivos no ensino da concep??o arquitetural; n?o apresentam clareza metodol?gica na abordagem da problem?tica arquitet?nica; os contextos urbanos s?o pouco explorados na experimenta??o; utilizam um sistema de concep??o baseado em princ?pios est?ticos can?nicos e universais, sem problematizar as causas da transforma??o da arquitetura contempor?nea e qual o seu papel numa sociedade complexa e diversificada. Com rela??o ?s novas perspectivas encontradas, a an?lise da produ??o cient?fica demonstrou que a pr?tica pedag?gica do ensino de projeto de arquitetura no Brasil passa por transforma??es cr?ticas valiosas. Essa constata??o foi percebida, por meio, tamb?m, de reflex?es e de pr?ticas pedag?gicas que valorizam a integra??o de conte?dos; que possuem um discurso cr?tico e conciliador com rela??o ? necessidade de renova??o de pr?ticas, paradigmas, meios e conte?dos; que est?o abertas ?s posturas cooperativas e ?s estrat?gias para a constitui??o de um corpo te?rico-pr?tico para o ensino do projeto que n?o se limite ao campo da arquitetura; que reconhecem a import?ncia das novas tecnologias computacionais na concep??o projetual e no ensino do projeto, assim como, as tecnologias e estrat?gias que atualizam as solu??es projetuais no uso adequado dos recursos ambientais; que consideram o espa?o acad?mico como um lugar prop?cio para as experi?ncias projetuais e pedag?gicas; que manifestam um esfor?o em considerar a participa??o do usu?rio, assim como em realizar um processo de apreens?o de contextos complexos como objeto de estudo, adotando uma postura de valoriza??o do processo projetual. O trabalho conclui que a educa??o do arquiteto deve estar atenta aos aspectos relativos ? inclus?o da realidade sociocultural e ambiental como refer?ncia para o fazer arquitetural em detrimento da primazia dada ? racionalidade t?cnica, uma vez que essa realidade permite a media??o, entre o ser e o mundo , como uma estrat?gia que supera qualquer antecipa??o program?tica e viabiliza a transforma??o e a constru??o do pr?prio ser e do mundo . Assim, se o aprender fazendo ? necess?rio para a forma??o do arquiteto, que esse fazer seja refletido e retroalimente a pr?tica

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo discutir a importância de uma postura resiliente para a busca do urbanismo sustentável. O termo \"sustentável\" e suas variantes passaram por um desgaste nas últimas décadas, formando uma barreira prejudicial à sua aplicação efetiva. A \"resiliência\", surge, então, como uma forma de revisitar a questão, através de um conceito oriundo da física, que possibilita conceber uma transposição teórica para a arquitetura e o urbanismo, disciplinas nas quais o tema pode colaborar na formulação de novas ferramentas e conceitos aplicáveis ao planejamento e projeto. Almeja-se, através da sua conceituação teórica, contribuir para a elaboração de uma postura resiliente e promover o termo \"resiliência urbana\" em direção ao enfrentamento da crise urbana, ocasionada pelo crescimento vertiginoso da urbanização mundial e da consequente aglomeração populacional nas cidades. Nos países em desenvolvimento, essa abordagem pode ser de grande utilidade, dado que a crise urbana é fortalecida pelo avanço da informalidade e pela formação de novos tecidos urbanos às margens do planejamento. O conceito de resiliência, neste caso, possibilita uma discussão voltada às questões de espontaneidade, improvisos, constantes mudanças e transformações, inerentes à condição urbana, se discutido dentro de uma abordagem de Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos. Para tanto, elaborou-se uma análise reflexiva, a fim de aferir a transferência da teoria para prática, a partir de três projetos urbanos já implantados: as intervenções em torno da Línea K, em Medellín, Colômbia, o sistema teleférico do Complexo do Alemão e o Parque Sitiê, ambos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A partir daí, pôde-se constatar que a visão sistêmica adaptativa e complexa da resiliência traz a possibilidade de promover a inter-relação entre sociedade, economia e ambiente na construção do meio urbano e, assim, encorajar uma nova postura frente a difusão de um Urbanismo Sustentável. / The present dissertation aims to discuss the importance of a resilient posture in the search for a sustainable urbanism. The term \"sustainable\" and its variants have gone through a wear and tear through the last few decades, forming a barrier which prejudices its effective application. The \"resilience\" term then appears as a way of revisiting this matter, through a concept derived from physics, that allows a theoretical transposition to architecture and urbanism disciplines in which the subject can cooperate in the formulation of new tools and concepts that can be applied into planning and project design process. Over the theoretical conception, it is intended the contribution on the elaboration of a resilient attitude and therefore promotes the term \"urban resilience\" towards the current urban crisis, caused by the dramatical growth of the world urbanization and the consequent population cluster within cities. In developing countries, the approach can be very useful, given that the urban crisis is strengthened by the rise of informality and the formation of new urban networks at the edge of planning actions. The concept of resilience, in this case, enables a discussion focused on spontaneity issues, improvisations, changes and transformations, inherent to the urban condition, discussed within a Complex Adaptive Systems approach. However to elaborate a reflexive analysis it is necessary to verify the transformation of theory into practice from three urban projects already implemented: Line K\'s urban interventions in Medellín, Colombia, cable car system at Alemão Complex and Sitiê Park, both in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In conclusion, an adaptive and complex systemic view of resilience has the potential to promote an interrelationship between society, economy and environment during the construction of an urban environment and therefore encourage a new attitude towards the diffusion of Sustainable Urbanism.

En el Perú existen cada vez más empresas que buscan implementar la metodología BIM en sus proyectos de construcción; sin embargo, las empresas pequeñas y medianas a pesar de realizar un esfuerzo económico usualmente no logran los objetivos previstos del proyecto ya que, la adopción BIM comprende la superación de una serie de dificultades relacionadas a la colaboración y comunicación entre los participantes del proyecto. La presente investigación está orientada a buscar una solución a esta problemática, para lo cual, en primer lugar, se realizará un análisis de tres proyectos BIM de pequeñas y medianas empresas constructoras con la finalidad de detectar las deficiencias en el entorno colaborativo, sus causas y los desperdicios que se generan. Luego, se desarrollará una guía de implementación de la plataforma colaborativa A360, la cual será aplicada en un proyecto de edificación comercial en la fase de diseño. Realizado este proceso, se evaluarán los resultados obtenidos y se verificará la funcionalidad de esta plataforma colaborativa mediante una reducción de desperdicios que permitirá disminuir el tiempo de duración de dicha etapa. / In Perú, there are more and more companies seeking to implement the BIM methodology in their construction projects; however, small and medium companies, despite making economic efforts, usually do not achieve the expected objectives of the project, since BIM adoption involves overcoming a series of difficulties related to collaboration and communication between the people that participates in the project. This research is oriented to find a solution to this problem, for which first, an analysis of three BIM projects from small and medium construction companies has to be done; in order to detect deficiencies in the collaborative environment, their causes and the waste generated. Then, an implementation guide for the A360 collaborative platform will be developed, which will be applied in a commercial building project in the design phase. Once this process has been carried out, the results obtained will be evaluated and the functionality of this collaborative platform will be verified by obtaining a reduction in waste and a decrease in the duration of this stage. / Tesis

Problemformulering:  Hur påverkas platschefen i sitt arbete i ett byggprojekt utifrån entreprenadformerna total- och generalentreprenad? Hur kan platschefens arbete utformas och avgränsas för att förbättra ledningen av ett byggprojekt utifrån aktuell entreprenadform?   Syfte:                            Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur platschefens arbete påverkas av total- och generalentreprenad och sedan presentera förslag på hur det kan utformas utifrån aktuella entreprenadformer.   Metod:                          Metoden är en kvalitativ analys. Intervjuer är huvudsakliga tillvägagångssättet och sju platschefer och en affärsområdeschef har intervjuats. Litteraturstudier av tidigare examensarbeten och forskningsrapporter samt skrifter och artiklar från branschen har studerats.   Slutsatser:                    Det finns viktigare faktorer för platschefens arbete än själva entreprenadformen i sig. Dessa är bl.a. kvaliteten på handlingarna, projektets storlek, arbetslagets erfarenheter och sammansvetsning, den egna organisationen och tillgängliga stödresurser samt platschefens egna erfarenheter och kunskaper. Entreprenadformen är dock inte utan betydelse. I en totalentreprenad bör platschefen ges möjlighet till att delta i projekteringen för att kunna bidra med sina praktiska byggkunskaper och styra handlingarna mot att bli produktionsvänligare. I en generalentreprenad bör en organisation för hantering av ÄTA-arbeten finnas då det tar mycket tid från platschefen och entreprenören tappar pengar på ÄTA eftersom dem generellt är dåliga på att ta betalt för ÄTA. / Problem:                      How is the job of the site manager effected by the contract forms turnkey and general contract? How can the work of the site manager be designed and defined based on the contract form?   Purpose:                       The purpose of this essay is to study how the site managers’ work is effected by turnkey and general contract and to present suggestions on how the site managers’ work can be designed based on the contract form.   Method:                       The method is qualitative analysis. Interviews are the main approach and seven managers and a business area manager were interviewed. Literature studies of previous theses and research papers as well as publications and articles from the construction industry have been studied.   Conclusion:                  There are more important factors for site managers’ work than the contract form itself. These include the quality of the drawings and documents, the size of the project, the work teams’ experience and how well they function as a team, the organization and the available support resources and the site managers’ own experience and knowledge. The contract form is however not without significance. In a turnkey, the site managers should be given the opportunity to participate in the project design and planning in order to contribute with their practical building skills and guiding documents to be more construction-friendly. In a general contract there should be an organization for the management of CAW because it takes a lot of time from the site manager and entrepreneurs lose money on CAW because contractors generally are bad at charging for CAW.

Design changes during construction, which are typical in most projects, lead to increased cost, loss of productivity and delays. These changes are usually due to approved scope changes or due to design errors and omissions (E&Os) found in the construction documents. Errors and omissions are typically manifested in terms of incorrect or inconsistent dimensions and layouts in the construction documents, or by the lack of timely and correct information that it is needed to build the project or to meet the code requirements. Among others, E&Os are usually caused by poor coordination and communication among the many parties involved in the design process. The objective of this research is to explore the extent to which change orders resulting from errors and omissions in the design documents are caused by poor coordination and communications, and to determine the extent to which the use of the concept of the 3D parametric building model can be used to minimize or eliminate E&Os, hence minimizes total change orders. The concept of the 3D parametric building model has been implemented in commercial software using object-oriented technology. It creates a centralized database storing all the information about the design components as well as their interrelationships. Thus, whatever change is made is consistently propagated to the entire design object. The research was conducted through reviewing of the literature, a case study and a web-based survey among design professionals. The study revealed that 35% of E&Os are primarily due to poor coordination and that the use of 3D parametric building model has a significant impact on productivity and on improving the coordination of the design process. This model shows promising results in helping to minimize errors and omissions in the design documents.

Even though supporting affected populations is the raison d’etre for humanitarian action, organisations are frequently not accountable to populations they aim to serve. Despite several reform movements, the consultation and participation elements of accountability to affected populations (AAP), in particular, are still lacking. Specifically, during the design phases of projects, such involvement is critical since major decisions around implementation are taken. Given that donors usually use their power over NGOs to set requirements around financial and results-based management, they could do the same for AAP and make funding conditional on meeting requirements. The puzzle of this research is (Q1) to what extent do donors try to enhance AAP at the project design stage by setting AAP requirements and (Q2) what motivates donors to set these requirements and given many do not set them, what holds them back. In total, nine (n=9) problem-centred expert interviews were led with donor and NGO representatives, which were complemented by an analysis of n=14 donor documents related to the project design phase. During the data collection and analysis process, it became apparent that a sole focus on top-down approaches through requirements would leave out relevant constraints around AAP requirements in project design phases. Thus, driven by the interview data, two additional questions were included: (Q3) What are possible reasons why the requirements set by donors are not successful in improving AAP practices? (Q4) How could these constraints be overcome?  For Q1, it was found that there is no systemic inclusion of AAP requirements in project design phases by donors. Though there are positive examples and donors emphasize their engagement, NGO representatives shared the view that there is no real push through requirements for the two more complex elements of AAP, namely consultation and participation. The main bottleneck for donors to set stricter requirements were competing priorities, while their main motivation to do so apart from intrinsic motivations was found to be past failure in combination with hope for effectiveness and efficiency gains (Q2). The additional constraints identified as hampering successful implementation of such requirements were NGO, discursive and systemic constraints, which dealt with resource scarcity, process constraints, conceptual unclarity and misunderstandings as well as constraints related to the humanitarian context and the delivery of aid through projects (Q3). Solutions presented by interviewees underline the importance of updated funding procedures, establishing clarity around the concept, and advancing cash-based programming and the localization agenda (Q4). Finally, the grounded theory developed from the interview and analysis process explains the limited success of donor AAP requirements in the following way: First, such requirements are not established in the first place if hindered by donor bottlenecks. If motivations are stronger than bottlenecks, such requirements do not automatically lead to the implementation of meaningful AAP practices, since the requirements are not adapted to the wider context. Donors (1) do not take NGO constraints into account, (2) do not fully realize discursive constraints and (3) only take limited action against systemic constraints. When setting requirements, donors need to inform their strategies by considering these constraints in setting meaningful requirements.

La presente tesis de investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo que resuelve el problema de las empresas consultoras, que no establecen un Plan de Gestión de Calidad (P.G.C.) en diseño y dificultan la ejecución de un Proyecto de Edificación. Por lo cual se trazó el objetivo de elaborar un Plan de Gestión de Calidad en diseño de Proyectos de edificación, con el fin de optimizar el control de los procesos de diseño y de su documentación resultante. Para ello se utilizó la metodología de diseño no experimental, de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo-correlacional. Donde la observación, inspección y registro de cualidades cualitativas en los procesos de diseño y su documentación; fueron analizadas. Obteniéndose los siguientes resultados: El control de procesos de diseño y su documentación, optimiza el diseño del proyecto, y es necesaria para la aprobación del proyecto. El cumplimiento de los requisitos del PGC asegura la validación del diseño del proyecto. This thesis is a qualitative research approach that solves the problem of consulting firms, not establish a Quality Management Plan in design and difficult to execution of a building project. Therefore the objective of developing a Quality Management Plan in projects design of building, in order to optimize process control and its design resulting documentation. For this purpose we used the non-experimental design methodology, type exploratory and descriptive-correlational. Where observation, inspection and registration of qualitative attributes in the design process and its documentation; were analyzed. Then the following results were obtained: Process control and documentation design, optimizes the design of the project, and is necessary for the approval and validation of the project. Compliance with the requirements of Q.M.P ensures the validation of the project design.