While there is a considerable body of academic literature on prostitution and sex work, there is relatively little research exploring the working conditions and occupational structures for men and women working in the indoor sex industry. There is a continuing tension between the theoretical position that considers prostitution as gendered exploitation and that which views commercial sex as work, although more recent studies have begun to explore different labour practices in some types of sex work. This thesis moves beyond previous analyses through framing the research theoretically as an occupational study, encompassing the experiences and transitions of female and male sex workers, as well as a small number of transgender participants, and setting these in the context of broader labour market theories and research. Using a qualitative approach, the study considers diverse labour processes and structures in indoor markets and adult sex workers perceptions of the terms and conditions of their work. The research develops an understanding of sex workers agency in relation to state structures, policy frameworks and varied working circumstances. It theorises the relationship of human agency to social stigma and recognition or denial of rights. It extends on existing classifications of pathways into and from sex work and develops typologies incorporating transitions between sub-sectors in the indoor sex industry, as well as temporary and longer-term sex working careers related to varied settings and individual aspirations. While the research identified gendered structures in indoor markets, which reflect those in the broader economy, the findings also contest gender-specific constructions of exploitation and agency through emphasising the diverse experiences of both male and female sex workers. I argue for development of a continuum of agency, which incorporates interlinking concepts such as respect, recognition and economic status and includes both commercial and private intimate relations. I contend that acknowledgement of sexual labour as work is a necessary precondition for recognising sex workers rights and reducing instances of physical and social disrespect. Nonetheless, this is not sufficient to counter social stigma, which is perpetuated by state discourses and policy campaigns which fail to recognise sex workers voices and, in doing so, create new forms of social injustice.

I. Male heterosexual prostitution, women paying men for sexual services, is seldom mentioned in discussions of prostitution. While virtually ignored by social scientists, it has received attention in several recent magazine and newspaper articles. This paper reports the results of analyses of this literature. A typology of prostitute roles based on type of payment and organizational affiliation is presented and discussed. Control theory is used to explain the rise in female sexual deviance. II. This paper investigates the relevance of gender for labelling and its effect on adolescent delinquent self-conceptions in a sample of high school students. The sensitivity of females to the attitudes of others in their self-concept formation served as the basis for the formulation of several hypotheses regarding delinquent identity development and its consequences for male and female self-esteem. Boys were more likely than girls to have delinquent identities and to feel they were labelled as delinquent. The association between delinquent identities and labels varied by gender. Among those labelled as delinquent, girls are more likely than boys to have a delinquent identity. Both delinquent identities and labels have negative effects on self-esteem. Strain theory was used to explain the conditional effect of father's education. III. Large numbers of married women have entered the workforce during the past twenty years. This paper investigates effects of social position on choice of significant others in a sample of married couples. It is argued that working increases a person's social network of significant others, that not working results in a smaller network of significant others and greater dependence on them and the institutions with which they are associated. Female self-esteem is more dependent on marital quality. Spouse appreciation and marital quality are related to self-esteem, though the association varies by the self-esteem measure used. Marital quality and spouse appreciation are important for male and female self-esteem. These findings are consistent with previous research which shows that for both men and women similar social positions produce similarities in thought and behavior.

This text demonstrates that my work on young people who are exploited through prostitution and young people involved in problematic drug use in Britain at the end ofthe twentieth and beginning ofthe twenty-first century constitutes a significant contribution to advancing our knowledge ofthese inter-related issues. The text demonstrates that, in Britain, at the end of the twentieth and beginning ofthe twenty-first century, young people exploited through prostitution and young people involved in problematic drug use share in common lived experiences in poverty at the margins of society. The common theme demonstrated here is that, as a result ofthe poverty generated by social and economic policies adopted in Britain in response to gIobalisation, 'street cultures' play an important role in the development and maintenance of survival strategies adopted by socially marginalised and economically disadvantaged young people. The discussion argues that these cultures perform important functions in time and space for socially and economically marginal young people. They do so in different ways for different young people. At the same time, however, they serve to further entrench their social and economic exclusion and disadvantage.

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In 1 Corinthians 11:3-15, Paul writes that if a woman is to be so immodest as to wear her hair uncovered while praying or prophesying in a Christian assembly she might as well shave her head. Paul instructs the Corinthians that it is “one and the same” for a woman to have her head shaved and for her to unveil her hair. There is a large body of works cataloging the modesty standards in Hellenistic Greece but Paul’s reference to head-shaving remains obscure. This thesis looks to find the best explanation of Paul’s instructions. Research in this topic began as an investigation of a popular modern view. It can be found in conversation or a simple Google search, that women in Ancient Greece with their head shaved were prostitutes. Beyond being prostitutes, they were probably temple prostitutes. The evidence does not bear this out as there is no artwork depicting prostitutes, or indeed any women, with their heads shaved. Instead prostitutes are shown in Greek erotic art with both long and short hair, some with and some without head coverings. Literary sources do offer several different examples of women who had their hair cut off. There are examples of women shaving their hair off in Lucian’s The Syrian Goddess, Tacitus’ Germania, Plutarch’s Lycurgus and Roman Questions, several Talmudic sources, and On Fortune II, formerly attributed to Dio Chrysostom. By examining these sources in tandem with 1 Corinthians 11, the most probable impetus behind Paul’s writing relates to punishments for adultery.

The creation of the French Penal Code of 1791, which failed to address the legality of prostitution, and the social climate of nineteenth-century France led to the rapid development of sexual commerce. The spread of syphilitic diseases soon became a serious crisis, and the fault of the spread of syphilis and disease was quickly ascribed to purchasable women. Other social crises of the time, such as problems with sewage and the spread of disease and decay also came to be associated with prostitution. My thesis will examine ways in which male artists of the time used literature and painting to suppress the contagious, transgressive sexual female, and the ways in which the representation of this female illustrates deeper anxieties and fears of the French bourgeois society about class and gender. I have constructed my argument in the context of two literary/artistic prostitute figures: the “heart of gold” and the “man-eater.” The “heart of gold” is characterized as a prostitute with qualities of goodness and integrity, who must ultimately die as the only way to reconcile her deviant behavior. The “man-eater,” by contrast, is a woman who destroys the men who seek her, driving them to financial, emotional, and even physical devastation. In order to complete my thesis, I have used a selection of primary sources (the works of Balzac, Dumas fils, Maupassant, Flaubert, and Manet), analyses of nineteenth-century French literature, and several historical sources, as well as the memoirs of Céleste Mogador, a courtesan in nineteenth-century France. The goal of my thesis is to examine the two literary figures mentioned above in the context of gender relations and power, the spread of disease, and decay and degeneration.

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Cuba! The name alone connotes many things for people be it rum & cigarrs, old Chevys & colonial buildings, Hemingway & Daquires, Castro & communism, Salsa & Reaggaton, parties & calm life, blue oceans & white sandy beaches, poverty & oppression.  As a tourist destination Cuba is sold as a country caught up in a time capsule. Visit before it is too late, before it forever changes (Culturetrip 2017).   When we read or hear about Cuba in the news its usually when extraordinary events are being covered such as President Obamas visit in 2016, the death and funeral of Fidel Castro in the same year or after hurricane Irma hit the island in 2017.  The image we get, on our side of the world, is often fragmented and without an understanding of the context.  This study consists of three reports connected to the Cuban economy. They have been written in an attempt to creat a different type of journalism - slow news journalism.  Instead of using journalism as a way to extract specific information during a specific event the aim has been to extract conceptions of the lived world by using qualitative methods like participant observation and spending time with Cubans in their own society for a longer period of time. The information has unfolded with and through time during fieldwork in Cuba, rather than having been created from a set of already determined priories before leaving Sweden.  The aim has been to find out what Cuban people (in Cuba) think is important in their daily life. What matters to them? What problems are they facing everyday and how do they cope with some of the daily challenges presented to them?  Are Cubans living their lives cut off from the rest of the world?  One of the most discussed or talked about issues in society was connected and related to the economy, which is why the reports focus on this subject. The reports take an economic insight from different perspectives in an attempt to show that the economy effect people differently depending on where they are situatedgeographically, economically, spatial, and societal in cuban society. / Skänkta cyklar får nytt liv på Kuba- Tells the story of a Norweigan aid project in the cuban province Artemisa. What does a bike mean for a family in Cuba? Can everone afford and get one? What do bikes have to do with the cuban economy? Ekonomin, en av de största utmaningarna på Kuba-  Tells the story of the informal and formal market in Cuba. Why are so many Cubans traveling abroad for business? How does the Cuban economy effect people’s daily lives and how do they face the challenges presented to them? Utbredd sexturism på Kuba- Tells the story of sex tourism on the island with the help of interviews with sex byers, jineteiras and procurers. What does the relationship between foreigners (Yumas) and cubans look like?

A prostituição ainda é uma atividade inserida em um contexto de significativo desconhecimento e indiferença. As razões, necessidades, aspirações, crenças, motivações e histórias de mulheres que se dedicam a essa atividade ficam imersas em meio a preconceitos, invisíveis aos olhos da sociedade brasileira e ausentes na formulação de política criminal e pública. Por meio da análise da relação que o Estado, principalmente o direito penal, possui com a atividade de prostituição feminina e sua deficiência em garantir direitos a estas pessoas, esperamos elaborar um arsenal teórico capaz de fornecer informações elementares à criação e execução de políticas públicas e de legislação adequadas a esta parcela da população, a fim de reduzir a desigualdade social produzida pela interferência de um ordenamento jurídico cego e indiferente aos contextos em que se dá a atividade de prostituição feminina. Como forma de apresentar a complexidade em que está inserida a prática no Brasil, serão utilizados os resultados de pesquisas empíricas feitas no país por pesquisadores de diversas áreas do conhecimento. / Prostitution is still an activity inserted in a significant context of ignorance and indifference. The reasons, needs, aspirations, beliefs, motivations and stories of women who are engaged in this activity are immersed amid prejudices, invisible to the eyes of Brazilian society and absent in the criminal and public policy formulation. Considering the relationship the state has had with female prostitution activity and its incapacity to properly secure rights to this specific group, we hope to develop a theoretical knowledge capable of providing basic information to the creation and implementation of public policies and also define parameters as a guideline for lawmakers and policy makers when adopting legislation or policies targeting this population, with the porpuse of reductioning social inequality produced by the interference of a blind legal system, indifferent to the contexts in which are the activity of female prostitution. In order to present the complexity in this practice in Brazil, it will be used the results of empirical research conducted in the country by researchers from different areas of knowledge.

Dans ce travail, nous aborderons la manière dont les diverses logiques et stratégies dentrée, de circulation et de flux frontaliers dans la région des Guyanes sont structurées. Lobjectif est donc de comprendre la dynamique de circulation migratoire des Brésilien-ne-s au Suriname, mais aussi la place du Guyana et de la Guyane Française dans cette mobilité. Il sagit alors danalyser les logiques, les trajectoires et les dynamiques de mobilité des Brésiliennes travaillant dans la prostitution. La dynamique de mobilité liée à la prostitution est ici analysée à partir de lexpérience des personnes circulant dans lunivers du marché du sexe. Cette recherche est avant tout qualitative en ce quelle repose sur des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec 74 personnes (44 femmes, 27 hommes et 3 travestis/transsexuels) et sappuie sur une approche ethnographique multi-située dans différents moments et lieux du Guyana, du Suriname, de la Guyane Française et de Hollande. Plus précisément, cette étude montre que les femmes passent par de multiples modalités déchange : sexuels, affectifs, matériels, économiques et symboliques. Pour les Brésiliennes qui migrent au Guyana ou au Suriname pour travailler dans les clubs de prostitution, leur sortie de ces derniers constitue soit une transition entre la menina de club et la ploc, soit une relation avec un fixe ou un mari ce sont là des catégories de référence pour comprendre le marché du sexe au Suriname et la dynamique migratoire de ces femmes dans la région des Guyanes. Or, chacune de ces catégories gravite autour du fait dêtre femme et étrangère, dêtre prostituée ou de passer par la prostitution, ou encore doccuper dautres rôles pour tenter de se détacher des étiquettes et des stigmates. / Este trabalho aborda a forma como são estruturadas as diversas lógicas e estratégias de entrada, de circulação e de fluxo fronteiriço na região das Guianas, e tem como objetivo compreender a dinâmica da circulação migratória de brasileiras/os no Suriname e a relação dessa mobilidade com a Guiana e a Guiana Francesa, analisar as lógicas, os circuitos e as dinâmicas de mobilidade de brasileiras na prostituição. A dinâmica de mobilidade ligada à prostituição foi analisada a partir da experiência das pessoas que vivenciaram o universo do mercado do sexo ou que estiveram inseridas no circuito desse espaço circulatório. O estudo é, sobretudo, qualitativo, realizado a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 74 pessoas (44 mulheres, 27 homens e três travestis/transexuais), em uma abordagem etnográfica multissituada em diferentes momentos e lugares na Guiana, no Suriname, na Guiana Francesa e na Holanda. O estudo demonstra que as mulheres transitam entre várias modalidades de intercâmbio: sexuais, afetivos, materiais, econômicos e simbólicos; e que sua mobilidade é frequente tanto no que se refere à circulação espacial como à laboral. Para as brasileiras que migram para Guiana e o Suriname para atuar em clube de prostituição, a saída deste significa a transição entre menina de club e ploc, ou ter um fixo ou marido, categorias referenciais para compreender o mercado do sexo no Suriname e a dinâmica migratória delas na região das Guianas, uma vez que tais categorias giram em torno de ser mulher e estrangeira, de estar ou ser prostituta, de assumir outros papéis para tentar se distanciar de rótulos e estigmas.