L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre d’une part, le parcours migratoire de femmes d’Afrique subsaharienne vers l’Europe et, d’autre part, leur entrée dans la prostitution, c’est-à-dire les raisons et les facteurs qui les poussent à prendre la décision d’exercer la prostitution. Dans ce travail, j’ai mené une étude empirique avec une méthodologie qualitative basée sur la rencontre, l’échange et la coproduction de savoirs. Des récits de vie ont été réalisés avec des femmes venant principalement de l’Afrique subsaharienne, exerçant ou ayant exercé dans le milieu de la prostitution durant leur parcours migratoire en Allemagne ou en France. Dans l'ensemble, il s'agit d'analyser les tendances qui émergent à partir de cette enquête. / The objective of this thesis is to understand, on the one hand, the migratory trajectory of women from sub-Saharan Africa to Europe and, on the other hand, their entry into prostitution, that is to say, the reasons and factors that were responsible for them making the decision go into prostitution. For this study, I carried out an empirical project using a qualitative methodology based on the encounter, exchange and co-production of knowledge. Individual life stories were shared by women mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, working or having worked in the field of prostitution during their migratory journeys to Germany or to France. Overall, the goal is to analyze the trends that emerge from this study.

No description available.

Dans ce travail, nous aborderons la manière dont les diverses logiques et stratégies d’entrée, de circulation et de flux frontaliers dans la région des Guyanes sont structurées. L’objectif est donc de comprendre la dynamique de circulation migratoire des Brésilien-ne-s au Suriname, mais aussi la place du Guyana et de la Guyane Française dans cette mobilité. Il s’agit alors d’analyser les logiques, les trajectoires et les dynamiques de mobilité des Brésiliennes travaillant dans la prostitution. La dynamique de mobilité liée à la prostitution est ici analysée à partir de l’expérience des personnes circulant dans l’univers du marché du sexe. Cette recherche est avant tout qualitative en ce qu’elle repose sur des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec 74 personnes (44 femmes, 27 hommes et 3 travestis/transsexuels) et s’appuie sur une approche ethnographique multi-située dans différents moments et lieux du Guyana, du Suriname, de la Guyane Française et de Hollande. Plus précisément, cette étude montre que les femmes passent par de multiples modalités d’échange : sexuels, affectifs, matériels, économiques et symboliques. Pour les Brésiliennes qui migrent au Guyana ou au Suriname pour travailler dans les clubs de prostitution, leur sortie de ces derniers constitue soit une transition entre la menina de club et la ploc, soit une relation avec un fixe ou un mari – ce sont là des catégories de référence pour comprendre le marché du sexe au Suriname et la dynamique migratoire de ces femmes dans la région des Guyanes. Or, chacune de ces catégories gravite autour du fait d’être femme et étrangère, d’être prostituée ou de passer par la prostitution, ou encore d’occuper d’autres rôles pour tenter de se détacher des étiquettes et des stigmates. / This work deals with the way in which the various logics and strategies of entry, circulation and border flow in the Guianas region are structured and aims to understand the dynamics of the migration of Brazilians in Suriname and the relation between this mobility and Guyana and French Guiana, to analyse the logics, circuits and mobility schemes of Brazilians in prostitution. The system of mobility linked to prostitution was analysed from the experience of people who lived the universe of the sex market or who were inserted in the circuit of this circulatory space. The study is mainly qualitative, based on semi-structured interviews with 74 people (44 women, 27 men and three transvestites/transsexuals) in a multi-sited ethnographic approach at various times and places in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and Holland. The study demonstrates that women transit between various modalities of exchange: sexual, affective, material, economic and symbolic; and that their mobility is frequent both in terms of spatial and labour movement. For the Brazilians who migrate to Guyana and Suriname to work in a prostitution club, the exit of the club means the transition between menina de club and ploc, or a relationship with a fixed or a husband, these are reference categories to understand the sex market in Suriname and their migratory dynamic in the Guianas region. Each of these categories revolves around the fact of being female and foreign, being a prostitute or going through the prostitution, or taking on other roles to try to distance themselves from labels and stigmata. / Este trabalho aborda a forma como são estruturadas as diversas lógicas e estratégias de entrada, de circulação e de fluxo fronteiriço na região das Guianas, e tem como objetivo compreender a dinâmica da circulação migratória de brasileiras/os no Suriname e a relação dessa mobilidade com a Guiana e a Guiana Francesa, analisar as lógicas, os circuitos e as dinâmicas de mobilidade de brasileiras na prostituição. A dinâmica de mobilidade ligada à prostituição foi analisada a partir da experiência das pessoas que vivenciaram o universo do mercado do sexo ou que estiveram inseridas no circuito desse espaço circulatório. O estudo é, sobretudo, qualitativo, realizado a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 74 pessoas (44 mulheres, 27 homens e três travestis/transexuais), em uma abordagem etnográfica multissituada em diferentes momentos e lugares na Guiana, no Suriname, na Guiana Francesa e na Holanda. O estudo demonstra que as mulheres transitam entre várias modalidades de intercâmbio: sexuais, afetivos, materiais, econômicos e simbólicos; e que sua mobilidade é frequente tanto no que se refere à circulação espacial como à laboral. Para as brasileiras que migram para Guiana e o Suriname para atuar em clube de prostituição, a saída deste significa a transição entre menina de club e ploc, ou ter um fixo ou marido, categorias referenciais para compreender o mercado do sexo no Suriname e a dinâmica migratória delas na região das Guianas, uma vez que tais categorias giram em torno de ser mulher e estrangeira, de estar ou ser prostituta, de assumir outros papéis para tentar se distanciar de rótulos e estigmas.

The number of girls that are being exploited for prostitution in Nepal has increased in recent years, and girls suffer a high risk of being exposed when they come from already poorly conditions. Previously, uneducated girls could be found in the adult entertainment sector, but nowadays even educated girls are being exploited. This thesis aims to gain further understanding to why girls are being exposed and why it is difficult to protect them. By conducting qualitive interviews with employees from several NGOs working to protect girls from being exploited for prostitution, insights has been given about socio-structural factors that influences the situation for girls. By examining these factors with support from theoretical approaches that highlights social injustice, gender discrimination and structural oppression this thesis presents how different factors affect the work of protecting girls, and how the same factors also are contributing to why girls get exposed. The state of Nepal shows several efforts in trying to eradicate the problem and have ratified both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The state has also made changes in national law that shall promote and strengthen children's rights. Although the laws are strong, the protection for girls is insufficient and girls are vulnerable to being exploited by traffickers. The Government of Nepal, NGOs and several other authorities are working together to eradicate the problem, but the work needs be strengthened, coordinated and responsive to influencing factors simultaneously in order to achieve a long-term solution. This thesis suggest that cultural norms need to be challenged more and that the Government of Nepal needs to oversee how structural injustices affect opportunities for girls to take part of social benefits. In addition, knowledge about legal and moral rights needs to be increased among girls and in society as a whole, moreover the knowledge about trafficking and prostitution needs to be spread.

Cette thèse explore le leitmotiv de la prostitution dans l’oeuvre de Tennessee Williams et soutient que la plupart des personnages de Williams sont engagés dans une forme de prostitution ou une autre. En effectuant une analyse formaliste des textes de Williams qui illustrent toute forme de prostitution, avec une attention particulière à quatre grandes pièces, A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), Suddenly Last Summer (1958) et Sweet Bird of Youth (1959), cette présente étude fait valoir que le dramaturge utilise un mode de fiction—le gothique—en lien avec une pratique transgressive—la prostitution—pour relier les classes sociales et troubler les catégories de prostitution. Ce faisant, Williams offre une vision plus représentative et nuancée de la prostitution. Théoriquement, cette thèse repose sur des oeuvres critiques portant sur le genre, la sexualité et l'histoire de Michel Foucault, David Savran, et Michael Paller afin de situer la dramaturgie de Williams dans le contexte historique et culturel des années 1940 et 1950. La première partie de cette thèse (chapitres un et deux) fournit de nombreuses informations autobiographiques et biographiques qui expliquent pourquoi la prostitution est devenue le thème de prédilection pour Williams. Cette section met l’accent sur sa préoccupation constante à l’égard de sa prostitution artistique (en prostituant son art pour le succès commercial) et sexuelle (en payant pour des prostitués). Cette partie présente également un inventaire détaillé des prostituté(e)s, que je divise en trois catégories: 1) la prostitution des enfants, 2) la prostitution masculine et 3) la prostitution féminine. La deuxième partie de cette étude, composée des chapitres trois et quatre, identifie les personnages de Williams qui s’engagent dans une forme de prostitution morale. Ce groupe comprend ceux qui tirent directement profit de la prostitution des autres ainsi que ceux qui se marient uniquement pour un gain financier ou une promotion sociale ou les deux. L’oeuvre de Williams résiste la représentation stéréotypée de la prostituée en littérature comme étant uniquement de sexe féminin ou provenant des classes sociales défavorisées ou les deux. La prostituée de Williams n’est ni une figure romantique ni une rebelle menaçant la société. Cette thèse conclut qu’en représentant des enfants prostitués, des femmes de rue, des prostitués de sexe masculin, des souteneurs, des proxénètes, des propriétaires de bordels, des leaders corrompus et des personnes qui se prostituent en concluant des mariages de convenance, Williams a effectivement et incontestablement dramatisé la prostitution sous toutes ses formes. / This dissertation explores the leitmotif of prostitution in the work of Tennessee Williams and provocatively contends that most Williams characters are engaged in one form of prostitution or another. Performing a close reading of relevant texts by Williams that illustrate any form of prostitution, with special attention given to four major plays, A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), Suddenly Last Summer (1958), and Sweet Bird of Youth (1959), this study argues that the playwright uses a transgressive mode of fiction—the gothic—in conjunction with a transgressive practice—prostitution—to link the social classes and to blur the boundaries between the literal and the figurative prostitutes. In so doing, Williams offers a more calibrated, nuanced view of prostitution. Theoretically, this dissertation reposes on critical works on gender, sexuality, and history by Michel Foucault, David Savran, and Michael Paller to fully contextualize Williams’s work and to discuss the attitude towards, and place of, prostitution within the cultural zeitgeist of the 1940s and 1950s. Part A (chapters one and two) provides ample autobiographical and biographical evidence to explain that Williams’s use of prostitution as a recurring theme results from his lifelong preoccupation with, and indulgence in, an amalgam of prostitutions: artistic (prostituting his art for money) and sexual (paying for sex). It also presents a detailed inventory of the playwright’s literal prostitutes, whom I classify into the following three categories: 1) child prostitution, 2) male prostitution, and 3) female prostitution. Part B, comprising chapters three and four, engages with theory and history and identifies Williams characters who qualify as moral prostitutes. This group includes those who directly profit from prostituting others and those who marry exclusively for financial gain, social advancement, or both. Williams’s work eschews the stereotypical representation of prostitutes in literature as lower-class streetwalkers or morally bankrupt females or both. The playwright neither presents the prostitute as a romantic figure of transcendence nor as a rebellious one who threatens society. This dissertation concludes that by depicting child prostitutes, female streetwalkers, male hustlers, gay-for-pay studs, pimps, procurers, brothel operators, the morally compromised powers that be, and those who prostitute themselves by entering into loveless marriages, Williams has effectively and incontrovertibly dramatized whoredom in all of its forms.

Il existe des associations entre les bars de danse érotique et les activités illicites, dans les écrits journalistiques et scientifiques. Nous avons vérifié ces associations en menant une description des crimes et déviances associés aux bars de danse érotique. Puis, nous avons tenté d’expliquer l’organisation et la structure de ces crimes, en nous appuyant sur l’approche du crime organisant et la théorie de l’écosystème du crime, de Felson (2006). Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été conduits avec dix femmes danseuses, une femme shooter girl, un propriétaire, un portier et deux clients. Une analyse thématique à deux niveaux a montré que les délits se rapportent aux stupéfiants, à la prostitution, au proxénétisme, aux déviances, et à divers actes de violence. Des distinctions importantes, quant au contrôle selon les établissements sont notées. La structure et l’organisation des crimes peuvent s’expliquer par une logique propre aux relations symbiotiques et interdépendantes, tel que le suggère la théorie de l’écosystème du crime de Felson. Ainsi, la structure des délits peut prendre une forme mutualiste ou parasitaire. L’interrelation propre au neutralisme explique l’organisation générale de ces délits. Le milieu criminogène de la danse érotique offre de multiples opportunités, qui seront saisies par les acteurs motivés, en vue de réaliser un bénéfice personnel. Deux constats étonnants : les données suggèrent que l’implication des organisations criminelles est relativement limitée; et les conséquences occasionnées par les activités du milieu présentent un caractère inquiétant, particulièrement pour les femmes. Des efforts en matière de prévention situationnelle seraient appropriés pour réduire les opportunités. / Erotic dance clubs are perceived as being linked to numerous illegal activities. In this study, we describe crimes associated with erotic dance bars in Quebec, focusing on criminal and deviant acts, and aiming to establish their level of organization and structure. This analysis is guided by two theoretical frameworks: the organizing crime approach and Felson’s (2006) crime ecosystem theory. Fieldwork was undertaken by conducting guided interviews with ten female dancers, a shooter girl, a club owner, a doorman and two patrons. A thematic analysis was conducted at two levels. Findings illustrate that crime in such settings are generally linked to the consumption and sale of narcotics, prostitution and pimping, deviances, and various crimes of violence. The analysis also revealed that control mechanisms and management varied greatly across clubs. The structure and organization of crime could be understood, in Felson’s (2006) crime ecosystem terms, as symbiotic and interdependent relationships between mutualistic and parasitic parties. Overall, the criminogenic environment of erotic dance clubs, offers many opportunities to be seized by individuals motivated to make personal gain. Additional findings suggest that the involvement of criminal group is relatively limited; and the consequences caused by various legitimate and unlawful activities pose a great deal of concerns, in particular for women. In such contexts, situational prevention measures would be adequate to reduce opportunities.

Att människohandel för sexuell exploatering utgör ett brott mot mänskliga rättigheter står klart. Människohandel kränker flertalet av individens rättigheter och staters skyldigheter gentemot dessa individer finns således stadgade i flertalet internationella konventioner. Palermoprotokollet stadgar den första internationellt gemensamma definitionen av människohandel och stadgar vidare ett krav på att definitionen utgör ett brott i konventionsstaternas nationella lagstiftning. Om prostitution anses kränka individers rättigheter och föranleder krav på rättslig reglering är däremot omtvistat, detta trots de likheter som finns. Med utgångspunkt i mänskliga rättigheter syftar uppsatsen, med hjälp av genus- och rättssociologisk teori och metod, att undersöka om prostitution torde omfattas av dessa samt om, och i så fall, vilka positiva skyldigheter stater enligt folkrätten har gentemot personer som befinner sig i prostitution. Detta för att utreda huruvida det är möjligt att kräva att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, antingen för att uppfylla de konventioner som kräver ett förebyggande arbete mot människohandel för sexuell exploatering men även för att leva upp till de åtaganden stater åtagit sig för att motverka den könsojämställdhet, könsdiskriminering och våld som prostitution bevisligen kan innebära. Det finns en tydlig korrelation mellan prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering. Forskning visar att omfattningen av människohandel är högre i stater med legaliserad prostitution samtidigt som både prostitutionen och människohandeln minskat i Sverige sedan sexköpslagen trädde i kraft. Prostitution kan anses uppfylla många delar av det som utgör människohandelsbrottet enligt Palermoprotokollets definition och torde således generellt sett kunna vara en form av människohandel. Således, med hänvisning till krav på förebyggande åtgärder mot människohandel, så torde det kunna krävas att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, inte minst då det bevisligen kan vara ett effektivt sätt att motverka den efterfrågan vilken upprätthåller både prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering. / Whether trafficking for sexual exploitation constitutes a violation of human right is indisputable. Human trafficking violates several individual rights and states' obligations towards victims of trafficking are thus stated in various international conventions. The Palermo Protocol constitutes the first international joint definition of human trafficking and the statute further requires that the definition constitutes a criminal offence in the convention states' national legislation. Whether prostitution is considered a violation of human rights and therefore induce a legal obligations of states is however disputed. Based on human rights, with a gender -and sociological theory of law this study aims to examine whether prostitution also should benefit from these rights and if so, determine the obligations of states under international law towards people in prostitution. Further to investigate whether it is possible to require states to criminalize the purchase of sexual services, either to comply with international conventions that urges prevention of human trafficking for sexual exploitation but also to live up to commitments to discourage the gender inequality, discrimination and violence often included in prostitution. There is a correlation between prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Research shows that the scope of human trafficking is higher in states with legalized prostitution, while both prostitution and trafficking for sexual exploitation decreased in Sweden since the Sex Purchase Act came into force 1999. Prostitution is often considered to satisfy several elements of what constitutes trafficking under the Palermo Protocol's definition and could therefore generally be considered a form of human trafficking. Thus, by referring to the many requirements of preventive measures against trafficking it could therefore be argued that states should criminalize purchase of sexual services, as it is proven an effective way to counter the demand that maintains both prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation.

This thesis aims to understand and explain the importance that prostitution forums have for the exercise of power and influence in the area of prostitution. It also seeks to clarify how these forums developed and were able to occur within a Swedish context. Sweden was the first country to legislate to criminalise only the buying, but not the sale, of sexual services. Social work provisions aims to get people out of prostitution. The thesis is based on an ethnographic study of the three largest Swedish prostitution forums during a two-year period. The empirical material consists of both quantitative participant and content analysis and field notes from observation of the interactions on the forums. The theoretical framework is based mainly on A Theory of Fields by Neil Fligstein and Doug McAdam. It focuses on the collective action on - and between - fields and how institutions are reproduced and changed.   The results show that most of the content was published by a smaller group of actors. The interaction can be divided into the following subjects: social shims; information; negotiations and rules; advice and support; viewpoints on the forum as well as discussion on prostitution and its regulation. Moreover, the study shows that the forums enabled both sex service providers and sex clients to meet collectively, pursue common interests and discuss which rules should prevail in the prostitution market. Providers also pursued self-organised harm reduction social measures. This form of self-help was also sanctioned by a municipal prostitution unit, which can be interpreted as if it acted in a contrary direction to the government’s prostitution policy. The actors in the forums perceived themselves to be stigmatised by society, where sex service providers to a greater extent than sex clients, described a form of stigma. In the forums they could, however, feel a sense of belonging. The actors perceived themselves to be monitored by the Swedish state and they collectively self-regulated the interaction. Sex service providers and sex clients also co-operated, on occasions, with the Swedish state in order to jointly combat child prostitution, human trafficking and organised crime.

À partir d’une recherche sur les lieux de prostitution de rue à Luxembourg, cette thèse propose une ethnographie des situations de prostitution de rue qui ne réduit pas cette dernière à un échange sexuel et monétaire. L’attention portée aux situations et interactions, aux contraintes et ressources avec lesquelles doivent composer les personnes qui se prostituent, amène à analyser les lieux de prostitution sous leurs dimensions humaine, sociale, matérielle, spatio-temporelle, réglementaire et productrices de sens.Or, appréhender la place de la prostitution dans la ville et dans la société appelle une perspective sociohistorique apte à mettre au jour les moyens par lesquels, dès les années 1990, les populations locales ont contribué à la mise en forme d’un « problème de la prostitution » nécessitant une intervention des pouvoirs publics, et en premier lieu des autorités communales. Sa prise en charge par les pouvoirs publics a mobilisé théories explicatives et jugements moraux, et a donné lieu à différentes formes d’action publique. Enfin, on montre comment l’imposition, au nom de l’ordre public, d’une distinction entre lieux interdits ou autorisés à l’exercice de la prostitution, et l’ensemble de rapports de force qui les traversent, amène les personnes qui se prostituent dans l’espace public à toujours renégocier un ordre social local. De manière transversale, cette thèse analyse les tensions sociales qui se cristallisent autour de l’articulation entre la sexualité et l’argent, d’une part, et leur visibilité sociale, d’autre part. / Based on a research about the places of street prostitution in Luxembourg City, this thesis offers an ethnography of its various situations without reducing prostitution to a mere sexual and monetary exchange. Through paying attention to the situations and interactions, to the constraints and resources with which people who prostitute themselves have to deal with, this work examines the places of prostitution under their human, social, material, spatio-temporal, regulatory and meaningful dimensions.Yet, to understand the place of prostitution in the city and in the society, it is necessary to call on a socio-historical perspective so as to reveal by what means the local populations, as early as the 1990s, contributed to the formation of a “prostitution problem” that required the intervention of the authorities, and primarily of the local governments. Its resolution by the authorities involved explanatory theories and moral judgments, and gave rise to diverse forms of public action. Finally, it is shown how imposing, on behalf of public order, a distinction between forbidden or authorized places for prostituting, and the entire balance of power passing through them, lead the people who prostitute themselves in the public space to continually renegotiate a local social order. Across the board, this thesis studies the social tensions that crystallize around the articulation between sexuality and money, on the one hand, and their social visibility, on the other hand.

Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de la psychosociologie, de la microsociologie et de l’anthropologie sociale. Nous envisageons l’étude des liens sociaux développés au sein du collectif des prostituées transgenre migrantes d’Amérique du Sud dans la ville de Paris. Pour ce faire, nous devrons penser l’organisation sociale dans leurs pays d’origine ainsi que leurs trajectoires de migration. La subjectivité des personnes transgenre migrantes sera étudiée à différents niveaux : individuel, groupal et communautaire. Nous nous sommes ainsi servis de plusieurs catégories d’analyse comme la classe, la migration, la race, l’ethnie, etc. Nous considérons que l’adoption d’une identité de genre qui ne coïncide pas avec le genre attribué à la naissance mène les personnes transgenre à une place de stigmatisation sociale. En France, nous étudierons le passage du milieu de la prostitution au travail associatif. Nous cherchons à comprendre comment, à partir d’une proposition biopolitique précise de la part des pouvoirs publics (VIH), les acteurs sociaux vont négocier au niveau local une existence sociale possible, en-dehors du statut de « malade ». Cela nous conduira à des réflexions sur le changement du rôle de l’État et des acteurs sociaux à partir de la subjectivité moderne et contemporaine. / This research follows the principles of psychosociology, microsociology and social anthropology. It studies social bonds in communities of migrant transgender prostitutes from South America in Paris. In order to do that, we will start analyzing their social organization in their country of origins, and their migration trajectories. We will think three-level analysis for transgender migrant subjectivity : individual, groupal and community. We will also consider different categories such as class, migration, race, ethnicity, etc. We consider that assuming a gender identity different from the one assigned on birth implies for people a stigmatised social existence. In France, we are going to analyse the transition between two professional identities : from prostitution to self-help organizations. We are looking forward to understand how, following a biopolitical proposition from french government related to HIV, subjects try to negotiate in a local level, different identities beyond the « sick » labelling. This analysis will teach us the historical transitions between State and individual roles in modern and contemporary subjectivity.