Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vuxna barns personliga erfarenheter av att ha vuxit upp med missbrukande föräldrar och deras syn på stöd och hjälp. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med vuxna barn i åldrarna 25-35 år som vuxit upp med minst en förälder som missbrukat alkohol. Resultatet visar att missbrukets omfattning och karaktär beskrevs och uppfattades på lite olika sätt. Gemensamt var dock upplevelsen av att missbruket påverkade relationerna och samspelet negativt i familjerna. Familjelivet beskrevs som kaotiskt och oförutsägbart av flera intervjupersoner, bråk och konflikter förekom ofta. Alla hanterade sin situation genom att på olika sätt försöka anpassa sig efter föräldrarnas beteende och behov. Ett exempel på detta var att majoriteten av intervjupersonerna tog ett stort ansvar för hemmet och småsyskonen då föräldrarna var onyktra. Missbruket var heller ingenting som det pratades om, varken inom eller utanför familjen. Resultatet visar också att intervjupersonernas erfarenheter av stöd och hjälp såg förhållandevis olika ut. I några familjer hade socialtjänsten varit inkopplad, men det hjälpte inte för att lösa föräldrarnas problem. Ett par intervjupersoner har gått i stödgrupp för barn till missbrukande föräldrar, medan andra inte har fått något stöd alls, varken från den närmaste omgivningen eller från samhället. För några intervjupersoner utgjorde däremot det sociala nätverket ett viktigt stöd. Gemensamt för alla var att de uttryckte att de fått för lite stöd och hjälp under uppväxten. Lojaliteten gentemot föräldrarna var något som försvårade möjligheten att få hjälp, både från den närmaste omgivningen och från samhällets sida. Att barn som idag växer upp med missbrukande föräldrar behöver få mer stöd och hjälp från samhället var något som alla var överens om. Skolpersonal som dagligen träffar barnen lyftes fram som viktiga vuxna som kan göra skillnad för dessa barn. / The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to study the experiences of persons growing up with substance abusing parents. Qualitative interviews with adult children of alcoholic parents were conducted. Some informants in this study grew up with one alcohol abusing parent, while some grew up with two alcohol abusing parents. The results shows that the extent of addiction was different among parents, but common were that relationships and interactions in families were negatively infected by the substance abusing behaviour. Family life was characterized by chaos and unpredictability by many informants. A high level of conflicts was also common in the families. As children most of the informants took a lot of responsibility, especially for the care of younger siblings. The parental alcohol abuse was hidden from the community, and was almost never talked about, neither inside or outside of the family. All the informants expressed an absence of social support and help, from their networks as well as from society. Some of the families had contact with the social services, but none of the informants felt like they got enough help. Some of the informants got help from a support group for children with substance abusing parents, while others did not get any help at all. All informants felt loyalty to their family and parents and therefore avoided to reveal their parents alcohol abuse, which made it even more difficult for the community to help. The informants expressed that children growing up today with substance abusing parents need a lot more help from society. One way to reach out to these children is to educate teachers and other professionals in school in how to pay better attention to children of alcoholic parents.

Att identifiera problemet är avgörande i behandlingen av ungdomar med normbrytande beteende, men för många av de bedömningsinstrument som används saknas utvärdering. När det gäller beteendeobservationer under en längre behandlingsperiod, tycks det vara särskilt ont om kvalitetssäkrade instrument. Det övergripande syftet för denna uppsats är att undersöka beteendeobservationer som utvecklats inom en longitudinell studie (Behandlings- och resultatuppföljning, BRU) vid SiS’ ungdomshem Stigby, och om dessa lämpar sig för att bedöma de inskrivna elevernas relevanta risk- och skyddsfaktorer och hur dessa förändras under vårdtiden. Undersökningen inkluderar 40 pojkar på Stigby i åldrarna 16-20 år. Resultatet består av två delstudier, där del ett undersöker instrumentets psykometriska egenskaper. De första analyserna av beteendeobservationerna visar att 21 av de 24 områdena är lämpliga för att mäta förändring över tid. Del två i resultatet undersöker förändring över tid under behandlingen på Stigby. På samtliga områden noteras att bedömningarna av problemets allvarlighetsgrad har minskat. Den föreliggande studien visar att beteendeobservationerna bör kunna ligga till grund för de utfallsmätningar som planeras i den longitudinella studien två och fem år efter avslutad behandling. / Identifying the problem is crucial in the treatment of adolescents with rule-breaking behavior, but many of the instruments used has not been evaluated. In the case of behavioral observations over an extended treatmentperiod, there seem to be especially short on quality assured instruments. The overall aim of this paper is to investigate the behavioral observations that have been developed in a longitudinal study (Treatment and monitoring performance, BRU) at SiS’ institution Stigby, and if these are suitable for measuring the clients relevant risk and protective factors and how they change during the treatmentperiod. The survey includes 40 boys in Stigby aged 16-20 years. The result consists of two sub-studies, where part one examines the instrument's psychometric properties. The first analysis of behavioral observations show that 21 of 24 areas are suitable for measuring change over time. Part two of the results examines changes over time during treatment at Stigby. In all these areas it is noted that the assessments of problem severity has decreased. This study shows that behavioral observations should form the basis of the outcome measures that is a part of the longitudinal study two and five years after treatment.

Eye Movement, Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) är en evidensbaserad behandling som framförallt erbjuds patienter med Post Traumatiskt Stressyndrom (PTSD) i Sverige. Psykoterapeuter som arbetar med dessa svårt traumatiserade patienter kan vara utsatta för allvarliga hälsorisker. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur EMDR-utbildade psykoterapeuter upplever sitt behandlingsarbete med traumatiserade patienter, avseende psykologiska risker och skyddsfaktorer för hälsan. Undersökningen gjordes med semistrukturerade intervjuer av sex EMDR-terapeuter enligt kvalitativ metod. Med hjälp av tematisk analys har teman gällande exempelvis arbetsbelastning, handledningsbehov och framgångsupplevelser av EMDR-metoden kunnat skönjas. Undersökningen visar att flertalet av psykoterapeuterna har upplevt risker i form av upplevd psykisk stress med arbetet, men att de också funnit robusta, skyddande och stärkande faktorer i såväl arbetssituationen, som i privatlivet. / Eye Movement, Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidence based treatement that is offered primarily to patients suffering from Post- Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD). Psychotherapists who treat these severely traumatized patients are at risk for turther health concerns compared to other therapists. This essay aims towards examining how EMDR-therapists perceive the risks that EMDR-therapy with traumatized patients can affect the therapist, and the factors that makes the treatment possible to continue with. The study was conducted  through semistructured interviews with six EMDR-therapists, based on a qualitative method. With the help of thematic analysis, themes such as workload, need of guidance and succesful experiences concerning EMDR has beend found. The study also shows that many of the informants has experienced risk factors such as mental stress concerning work, but also robust, protective and strengthening factors at the work place and in private life.

End of life (EOL) caregiving can be a daunting and challenging endeavor as caregivers adjust to the ever-changing care demands associated with dying. Increased personal care, assisting with symptom and medication management, and attending to the emotional and spiritual needs of the dying person require caregivers to learn new tasks and to assume new roles such as social worker, nurse, and chaplain. As families continue to play an essential role in meeting the health care needs of their dying loved ones, it is imperative for social workers to understand the complexities of the end of life caregiving experience in order to better serve this population. One way to better understand this experience is by examining it within the context of the stress process model of caregiving. This model provides a comprehensive way to examine the relationship among multiple risk and protective factors within the "caregiver-in-environment" context. Using a secondary dataset, the best fit predictive model of caregiver depression included a mix of sociodemographic characteristics, primary objective and subjective stressors, and mediating variables. Two protective factors, social support and the fulfillment of spiritual needs lessened the effects of caregiver depression among the most vulnerable caregivers. Findings from this study help to bridge the gap between theory and social work practice. The stress process model of caregiving is a well-tested theoretical model, which can be utilized to guide social workers in developing comprehensive assessment measures and interventions that target specific aspects and sources of stress within the EOL caregiving experience.

The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics associated with resilient school leaders. Principals juggle multiple responsibilities and work under increasingly stressful conditions. Despite recent role changes, added job responsibilities, and increased accountability, some principals remain remarkably resilient while working in a tumultuous environment. Using Henderson and Milstein's (2003) definition, principal resiliency was described as "the capacity to spring back, rebound, successfully adapt in the face of adversity, and develop social, academic, and vocational competence despite exposure to severe stress or simply to the stress that is inherent in today's world" (p. 7). This empirical study tested the theory that principals with higher levels of job satisfaction and work commitment would also likely have higher levels of resilience. This study also investigated whether years of experience, school location, school poverty rate, school level, principal salary, and student enrollment shared a significant relationship with principal resilience. This study used a questionnaire to measure participants' levels of resiliency, job satisfaction, and work commitment. The survey consisted of three research-based, established psychometric tools: 1) the abbreviated Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10) (Connor & Davidson, 2003); 2) Brayfield-Rothe Job Satisfaction Index (JSI) (Brayfield & Rothe, 1951); and 3) Three-Component Model (TCM) of commitment (Meyer & Allen, 1991). An analysis of 627 surveys completed by public school principals from the state of Florida revealed that years of experience, school location, school poverty rate, school level, principal salary, and student enrollment shared no significant relationship with principal resilience. However, results from this empirical study indicated that there was a significant relationship between job satisfaction and resiliency for principals as well as a significant relationship between affective work commitment and resiliency.

The purpose of this study was to explore the role of peers in women's lived experiences in their bodies from childhood to young adulthood. The present study used a qualitative life history methodology to delineate the range of peer processes, both adverse and protective, that affect women's connection to their bodies over time, as well as the meaning women make of these processes, and their internalized reactions to peer influences across a developmental trajectory. In-depth interviews were conducted among fourteen women between the ages of 25 and 35, representing diverse social and cultural backgrounds, as well as current and past eating and body image problems. Women participated in open-ended interviews, using a series of guided questions about their experiences with peers that affected their lived experiences in their bodies, from childhood through to adulthood. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes using a grounded theory methodology. Two interrelated models emerged from the data that clarified ways in which relationships with peers shaped interviewed women's lived experiences in their bodies over time. The Peer Processes Related to Dominant and Alternative Norms, Ideals and Expectations Model addresses peer processes related to the promotion of dominant and alternative norms, ideals and expectations regarding appearance and ways of inhabiting the body as girls and women. The Implications of Peer Processes on Social Power and Acceptance model delineates the ways in which widely sanctioned norms, ideals and expectations pertaining to participants' bodies and appearances, are expressed and internalized through concerns for peer status, power, belonging and acceptance. The research has both clinical and research implications, shedding important light on the ways in which peers enhance, maintain and disrupt girls' and women's connection to their bodies over time.

Adolescence is marked with significant changes in how girls feel and act within their bodies, and is considered a special risk period for body image disruptions. Cross sectional quantitative research within this area suggests that parents represent an important contextual and developmental contributor to body image. The present study aimed to address gaps in previous research by investigating parental influences, including both protective and risk factors, on girls’ embodied experiences through utilizing a prospective qualitative design with a diverse sample of twelve girls, ages 9-18, interviewed annually over four years. Results revealed the presence of both protective and risk factors related to embodiment experiences within the parental relationships, including aspects of relational qualities, self-care, evaluative gaze and social location. Results are discussed in relation to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory and to previous research. The implications for future research are also discussed.

The purpose of this study was to explore the role of peers in women's lived experiences in their bodies from childhood to young adulthood. The present study used a qualitative life history methodology to delineate the range of peer processes, both adverse and protective, that affect women's connection to their bodies over time, as well as the meaning women make of these processes, and their internalized reactions to peer influences across a developmental trajectory. In-depth interviews were conducted among fourteen women between the ages of 25 and 35, representing diverse social and cultural backgrounds, as well as current and past eating and body image problems. Women participated in open-ended interviews, using a series of guided questions about their experiences with peers that affected their lived experiences in their bodies, from childhood through to adulthood. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes using a grounded theory methodology. Two interrelated models emerged from the data that clarified ways in which relationships with peers shaped interviewed women's lived experiences in their bodies over time. The Peer Processes Related to Dominant and Alternative Norms, Ideals and Expectations Model addresses peer processes related to the promotion of dominant and alternative norms, ideals and expectations regarding appearance and ways of inhabiting the body as girls and women. The Implications of Peer Processes on Social Power and Acceptance model delineates the ways in which widely sanctioned norms, ideals and expectations pertaining to participants' bodies and appearances, are expressed and internalized through concerns for peer status, power, belonging and acceptance. The research has both clinical and research implications, shedding important light on the ways in which peers enhance, maintain and disrupt girls' and women's connection to their bodies over time.

<p>Using the literature on Baumrind&rsquo / s theory of Parenting Styles and how perceptions of these are associated to adolescent at-risk behaviour, this study set out to examine whether any parenting style increased or decreased adolescent substance use. The central aim of this study was to examine the association between perceived parenting styles and adolescent substance use. To further this, 239 grade 10 and 11 adolescent participants were drawn from 3 schools in Mitchell&rsquo / s Plain, a suburb in the Western Cape (with permission granted from the Education Department). This particular suburb was chosen due to the high rates of substance use and substance related crime within the area. A quantitative research design was implemented within this study. The participants were required to complete the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT), a questionnaire aimed at measuring drug use, and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), aimed at measuring perceived parenting styles and a Biographical Questionnaire to provide additional information. Informed consent was obtained and the confidentiality of the schools and participants were protected. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, a data analysis programme available at the University of the Western Cape. Results show that substance use reduction was significantly related to a perceived authoritative parenting style. However, no significant relationships could be found between perceived permissive and authoritarian parenting style. Significant difference was found in the results obtained for male and female adolescents, with males generally appearing to use more substances. It can be concluded that perceived authoritative parenting styles have an important role to play in the prevention of adolescent substance abuse</p>

<p>This study, located within the systems theory framework, recognises that resilience is multidimensional and multi determined and can be understood as the product of connections with, and between multiple systemic levels over time, and further understands that risks factors are seen as influences that occur at the individual, family, community and societal level. The quantitative study used a secondary analysis survey of data and utilised a sample of 281 students from UWC - 90 male and 190 female. In drawing from the literature the study examined the relationship between gender, Socioeconomic status (SES) and exposure to violence and resilience. Results of the factorial MANOVA indicate a statistically significant association between low SES and exposure to violence (p &lt / 0.05 = 0.036). There were no statistically significant results for the associations between gender and exposure to violence and resilience, as well as the association between SES and resilience. These results were contrary to what was predicted. The results of the present study suggest that in the South African context, both males and females have managed to find ways of coping when faced with adversity as well as being able to draw from their protective influences. It is also possible that the selected variables (gender and SES) may only be significant in relation to other variables. The limitations of the study were also discussed, and recommendations for future research were put forward.</p>