Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att sammanställa och analysera existerande forskning kring anknytningsmönster mellan familjehemsplacerade barn och deras biologiska föräldrar samt dess konsekvenser för barnens psykiska hälsa. Studiens empiri utgick från tidigare publicerad forskning som analyserades med hjälp av anknytningsteorin och utvecklingspsykopatologin. Studiens huvudsakliga resultat visade att flera familjehemsplacerade barn saknar eller har en dålig kontakt med sina biologiska föräldrar. Många barn klarar sig dock bra som tonåringar och vuxna, något som kan förklaras med hjälp av olika skyddsfaktorer. De viktigaste slutsatserna visade att familjehemsplacerade barn har större risk för en negativ hälsoutveckling på grund av de separationer och ofta traumatiska händelser de gått igenom i sin uppväxt. En viktig slutsats är att en stabil och trygg skolmiljö, trygga anknytningar till de biologiska föräldrarna, familjehemsföräldrarna eller annan betydande vuxen, kan utgöra en skyddande effekt och minska risken för psykisk ohälsa. / The aim of this literature study was to compile and analyze excising research about attachment patterns between placed children and their biological parents and its impact on the child ́s mental health. The empirical data was based on previously published research that was analyzed using attachment theory and developmental psychopathology. The study’s main result showed that many foster children lack or have poor contact with their biological parents. However, many children manage well as adolescents and adults, which can be explained with the help ofprotective factors. The main conclusions showed that placed children have an increased risk of negative health development due to the separations and often traumatic events they have undergone in their upbringing. An important conclusion is that a stable and safe school environment, secure attachments to the biological parents, foster parents or another important adult, can be a protective effect and reduce the risk of mental health.

Thanks to the latest achievements in diagnostics, surgery and oncology, the overall perspective of colorectal cancer has changed significantly. There are no doubts that we deal with a complex disease, requiring multidisciplinary approach and assessment. Only this approach can enable patients to survive longer and maintain acceptable quality of there lives. Taking a long view over several decades, the steep rise in incidence of this malignancy was strongly alarming. It is partly a penalty for a prolongation of life expectance, since one of the risk factors is age. Knowing the way of life and dietary customs of our ancestors, one cannot deny that the change of lifestyle including dietary habits, as well as decrease of physical activity, obesity, stress, unsuitable thermal processing of food produced in bulk, consumption of immoderate amount of red meat, limited intake of raw vegetable and fruits, excessive intake of xenobiotics, such as medication or cosmetic products, excessive alcohol consumption, particularly beer, nicotinism, environmental pollutants, etc. contribute to the increase of this cancer incidence. All the above mentioned factors have led over the time to a formation and development of numerous so called civilization diseases, among which rates the colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite the...

This paper focuses on domestic violence. Theoretical part discusses the definition and theories on domestic violence, its most important models and forms. Other points of focus are risk factors, attachment and differentiation of self in the context of domestic violence. Consequences and interventions, including protective factors, are also mentioned. The empirical part uses qualitative methodology, consists of six semi-structured interviews with the victims of intimate partner violence. It is primarily focused on beginnings, history and endings of the relationships, including consequences and protective factors and other characteristics. It deals also with primary family and posttraumatic growth. To achieve its goals, it applies the principles of grounded theory. The results show few phenomena, which concern the victims of intimate partner violence. Key words: intimate partner violence, risk factors, consequences, intervention, protective factors

The purpose of this report is to investigate how the government through its measures of the problem with gang crime represent the problem. In other words, what is the problem of gang crime represented to be according to their action program by name “34-punktsprogrammet”. The study also examines whether these measures go hand in hand with what research believes can counteract criminal behavior in individuals. Among the questions at issue are 1. In what way is the problem of gang crime described and represented in the government's action program? 2. Is there a perspective that is left unproblematic in the category "crime prevention" in the government's action program? The study is based on theories about criminal policy, citizens' growing interest in these questions, and the research's answers that can counteract that individuals break the norms and commit crimes. The results of the study indicate that the government represents the problem of gang crime as an efficiency problem, a problem that is due to too lenient punishments, that citizens do not trust the state as their protector and a welfare problem. The study also shows what is left unproblematic in the program are early aspects of the youth's upbringing, for example diagnoses that affect the individual's schooling.

Children and adolescents’ have a right to safety, which should be provided in their home and schools as well as in their broader community. A safe environment helps to promote their well-being, both emotionally and physically. In South Africa, many communities are characterised by high levels of community violence. Adolescents, especially, are at high risk of exposure to community violence as they tend to spend more time in the community than in previous life stages. Research indicates that community violence can be experience in three different ways, either by victimisation, which is a direct form of exposure to community violence and by witnessing or hearing about community violence, which are both indirect forms of community violence. Being exposed to community violence in any way can cause adolescents to experience, emotional, social, academic and physical difficulties. Gestalt theory, which formed the theoretical framework for the study, thus emphasises the holistic impact of community violence on adolescents. In addition, community violence negatively affects families and the entire community. This study focussed on adolescents’ experience of community violence. For this purpose, data were collected from young adults who experienced community violence during their adolescent years. The goal of the study was to explore and describe young adults’ perceptions of community violence experienced during adolescence. A qualitative study was conducted to gain information on the perceptions of a sample of young adults of community violence that they were exposed to during their adolescent years. The research findings are intended to inform social work practice, therefore, applied research was applicable. The instrumental case study research design guided the research, and data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews based on an interview schedule. Purposive sampling was used to select participants that had experienced community violence during their adolescent years, and snowball sampling were used to recruit 14 participants in Cloetesville, Stellenbosch. The research findings showed that the participants were directly and indirectly exposed to high levels of community violence. The participants described how this exposure affected them as adolescents, amongst others their emotions, freedom of movement in the community, trust in others, their social interaction and schoolwork, which still had an effect on them as young adults. However, high levels of community violence also affected the entire community. From the research findings, it is concluded that community violence can have detrimental effects on adolescents that could influence their current and future well-being and functioning. Recommendations for practice include creating awareness in communities about the harmful effects of community violence, and implementing preventive and supportive services for individuals, families and communities to minimise the risk of exposure to community violence and mitigate the effects thereof. It is recommended that future research focus on the effects of community violence on persons from different age groups, for example children in middle childhood and the elderly, as well as on interventions that will empower individuals, families and communities to deal with community violence. Key concepts: Community violence Types of community violence Effects of community violence Risk and protective factors in community violence Exposure to community violence / Mini Dissertation (MSW (Play-based Intervention))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW (Play-based Intervention) / Unrestricted

Alcohol and drug use can damage health and cause different problems in the individual's life. To avoid these problems, it is important to investigate which factors are associated with alcohol and drug use. This study aims to shed light on which risk and protective factors can affect young people`s alcohol and drug use in Sweden. The authors of this study have chosen to do a literature study that includes 14 scientific articles from four different databases. Results show that individual factors such as mental illness and attitudes and social factors such as parents, friends and the school can significantly impact young people`s alcohol consumption and drug use. / Alkohol- och narkotikaanvändning kan skada hälsan och orsaka olika problem i individens liv. För att förebygga dessa problem är det viktigt att undersöka vilka faktorer som är förknippade med alkohol- och narkotikaanvändning. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa vilka risk- och skyddsfaktorer som kan inverka på ungdomars alkohol och narkotikaanvändning i Sverige. Författarna i denna studie har valt att göra en litteraturstudie som omfattar 14 vetenskapliga artiklar från fyra olika databaser. Resultatet visar på att individuella faktorer såsom psykisk ohälsa och attityder samt sociala faktorer såsom föräldrar, vänner och skolan kan ha en stor inverkan på ungdomars alkoholkonsumtion och narkotikabruk.

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate academy managers' perception and experience of which preventive organizational and environmental protective factors they think are important for the short- and long-term mental health of male elite-aspiring football players in Swedish elite football. Furthermore, the study intends to better understand how football clubs can work to facilitate different types of transitions in players' careers in Sweden. The study is based on a qualitative method, where six male academy managers, around the country, five from the Swedish top league and one from the second league were interviewed. The results indicate that key protective factors within a club are linked to the team coach, who, with a holistic view of individuals and the ability to create a sports environment, can promote an open and trusting climate that enhances mental health. Other protective factors include the availability of support resources, awareness among staff and players regarding risk factors, early interventions promoting mental health, and collaboration with others to strengthen the player and to facilitate career transitions. Based on the study's findings in relation to our theoretical frame works‘Psychological Safety’ and ‘The Holistic Athlete Career model’ as well asprevious research, the conclusion can be drawn that academy managerscan develop an educational plan based on a holistic view of individuals and a psychologically safe sports environment that permeates all levels of the football academy, as well as recruit coaches who are able to implement it. Additionally, academy managers are in a position to allocate resources in the best way to promote mental health and support young individuals during various career transitions while considering different stages of their lives.

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Refugee children and adolescents living in refugee camps are a vulnerable population, at high risk for developing mental health disorders, behavioural problems and experiencing violence or trauma. However, not all children exposed to these stressors of displacement show negative outcomes; several refugee children and adolescents show adaptive functioning and resilient outcomes. Given the rising number of refugee minors, it is increasingly important to examine and understand protective factors for resilience among minors living in refugee camps. This knowledge could be used to develop resilience-building programs. This systematic literature review sought to identify protective factors for resilience, and available programs in the refugee camps targeting the development of resilience. Six databases were used for the searching process; ten studies were identified meeting predefined selection criteria and quality standards. Based on bio-ecological theory and the model of “7 Crucial Cs of resilience”, numerous protective factors were identified on multiple levels, including personal resources, social support, education, and connection to culture and community. Findings of this review highlight the need for a multidimensional view of resilience; the use of the “7 Crucial Cs of resilience” showed that focusing only on individual sources of resilience is not sufficient as these individual resources emerge from higher levels and systems. Two intervention programs were identified showing a resilience-building approach. Based on these results, recommendations for interventions and programs in this context are discussed. Limitations and the need for future research on sources of resilience and resilience-building interventions are outlined. / Kinder und Jugendliche, die aus ihrer Heimat geflüchtet sind, und temporär in Flüchtlingscamps leben, sind besonders gefährdet, psychosoziale Dysfunktionen zu entwickeln sowie Gewalt oder andere traumatisierende Erlebnisse zu erfahren. Dennoch zeigt sich, dass nicht alle Kinder, die diesen Stressoren ausgesetzt sind, negative Auswirkungen auf ihre Entwicklung aufweisen; einige Kinder bleiben resilient und reagieren mit erfolgreichem Anpassungsverhalten. Die hohen Flüchtlingszahlen und die steigenden Zahlen minderjähriger Flüchtlinge verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit, Faktoren zu evaluieren und identifizieren, die zur Resilienz von Kindern, die in Flüchtlingslagern leben, beitragen. Es ist essenziell für Interventionsprogramme und Professionalisten, diese Schutzfaktoren zu erkennen, um Interventionen in Flüchtlingscamps durchzuführen, die auf eine Stärkung und Verbesserung der Resilienz von Kindern und Jugendlichen abzielen. Die vorliegende systemische Literaturarbeit evaluierte Schutzfaktoren, die positiv zur Resilienz von minderjährigen Flüchtlingen beitragen, sowie verfügbare Interventionsprogramme in Flüchtlingscamp, die präventiv auf Prozesse der Resilienzentwicklung einwirken. Sechs Datenbanken wurden ausführlich nach verfügbarer Literatur durchsucht; zehn Studien wurden schlussendlich ausgewählt, welche vordefinierten Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien entsprachen. Basierend auf ökosystemischer Theorie und dem „Modell der 7 essentiellen C für Resilienz“ wurden mehrere Schutzfaktoren in verschiedenen Systemen identifiziert. Persönliche Ressourcen des Kindes, soziale Unterstützung, Bildung, sowie kulturelle Faktoren und enge Verbindungen mit ethnischen Gemeinschaften zeigten sich als Schlüsselfaktoren für erfolgreiche Anpassung in diesem Kontext. Die Ergebnisse dieser Literaturarbeit betonen die Notwendigkeit einer multidimensionalen Sichtweise des Konzeptes Resilienz. Zwei Interventionsprogramme wurden gefunden, deren Ziel die Stärkung von Schutzfaktoren und Resilienz ist. Folglich werden Empfehlungen für Interventionen in Flüchtlingscamps diskutiert. Limitationen dieser systematischen Literaturarbeit und Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung werden debattiert.