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In Venezuela, four sheep fitted with rumen cannulas were fed the toxin-containing legumes <i>Leucaena leucocephala</i> (sun dried leaves and stems) and <i>Canavalia ensiformis</i> (grains). <i>L. leucocephala</i> did not have any apparent toxic effects on the animals, in spite of the presence of the toxic compounds 3,4 DHP and 2,3 DHP in the rumen. There were no significant effects on the rumen pH, concentrations of VFAs, microbial counts, rate of rice straw degradation or in the rumen outflow of liquids and solids. However, there was an increase in the concentration of ammonia in the rumen, and in the number of Gram negative rods isolated from the rumen of sheep when <i>L. leucocephala</i> was added to the diet. When <i>C. ensiformis</i> was supplemented the presence of canavanine in the rumen was confirmed. Sheep did not show signs of toxicity. There was no effect on rumen pH, microbial counts, degradation of rice straw or rates of outflow of liquids and solids from the rumen. There was a decrease in the rumen concentrations of valerate and ammonia and an increase in the numbers of Gram negative bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep as the dietary inclusion of <i>Canavalia</i> increased. Several pure cultures capable of mimosine, 2,4 DHP and (in fewer cases) 3,4 DHP wre isolated. One of them, a Gram variable spore-forming rod, presumably a new species of <i>Clostridium</i>, was characterised. The presence of degraders of mimosine and DHP in the rumen presumably accounted for the lack of toxicity of <i>L. leucocephala</i> in Venezuela. The effect of canavanine on the growth and products of fermentation of pure cultures was independent of the Gram staining reaction and the results of experiments using media containing either peptides and amino acids or free amino acids alone suggest that canavanine may have an effect on peptide hydrolysis.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Charles R. Stark / A study was carried out to determine the effect of replacing fish meal with either soybean meal or poultry by-product meal on broiler performance and total feed cost per kg of gain. A second study evaluated the effect of storage time and trace minerals on the stability of vitamins stored at high temperature and relative humidity and their subsequent effects on broiler performance, bone strength and ash. A third study consisting of two experiments was conducted to determine the effects of particle size, diet, method of analysis (laboratory, ground and unground) and feed form (mash and pellet) on the crude protein predictability of the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy while using standard calibrations installed with the instrument. In study 1, three dietary treatments, 1) SBM-FM diet, 2) SBM diet and 3) SBM-PBM diet, were allocated to 36 pens using a completely randomized design with 12 replicates per treatment. Replacing FM with SBM and PBM in broiler diets improved growth performance and reduced total feed cost per kg of gain. In study 2, seven experimental treatments, 1) 0 d VP, 2) 30 d VTMP, 3) 30 d VP, 4) 60 d VTMP, 5) 60 d VP, 6) 90 d VTMP and 7) 90 d VP, were stored for 0, 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively in an environmentally controlled chamber at 29.4°C and 75%. Samples of treatments were analyzed, and loss of vitamin activity was calculated after storage. Treatments were added to broiler diets to determine the effect of loss of vitamin activity on broiler performance. Dietary treatments were set up as randomized complete block design in four batteries. Storing vitamins with trace minerals for 90 days increased loss of vitamin activity as compared to when stored as vitamin premix. Loss of vitamin activity did not significantly affect overall broiler performance, bone strength and ash. In study 3, Exp. 1 was a 3 × 3 × 4 factorial with corn particles size (400, 600 and 800 μm), method of analysis (laboratory, unground and ground) and diet (SD, SFD, SFB and SB). Diets were formulated to contain 20% crude protein. Subsamples were ground through a 0.5 mm sieve. Crude protein contents of ground and unground samples were analyzed using the Foss DS2500 NIRS (Model Foss DS2500 Monochromator, Foss NIRSystems, Laurel, MD) and compared to laboratory results from wet chemistry analysis. Interaction (P≤0.05) was observed between diet and method and particle size and method, but similar (P≥0.05) crude protein was observed for particle size. Diets and particle sizes were significantly different (P≤0.05) as unground samples but no differences (P≥0.05) were observed when ground and analyzed using the NIRS or wet chemistry. Exp. 2 was a 3 ×2 factorial with method of analysis (laboratory, unground and ground) and feed form (mash and pellet). Diets were formulated to contain 20% crude protein and manufactured with 600 μm corn particle size. Portions of diets were pelleted using a pellet mill and cooled. Ground and unground mash and pellets were analyzed as in Exp. 1. Interaction was found (P≤0.05) between feed form and method of analysis. Feed form and method of analysis significantly (P≤0.05) affected crude protein prediction from the NIRS. Crude protein content of ground mash and pellets were similar (P≥0.05) to that of laboratory results. Generally, analyzing finished feed samples in the unground form with the NIRS while using standard calibrations yielded less accurate predictions for crude protein, but samples in the ground form yielded similar (P≥0.05) results when analyzed with either the NIRS or wet chemistry.

This study is a comparison of the growth of albino rats fed on a diet containing beef protein with the growth of albino rats fed on a diet containing peanuts as the source of protein.

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de teores de proteína bruta (PB) (14,5 vs 16%) e da fonte nitrogenada na dieta de vacas leiteiras em lactação sobre o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, produção e composição do leite e balanço de energia, utilizando cana-de-açúcar como volumoso. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas Holandesas com média de 235 dias em lactação, agrupadas em três quadrados latinos 4x4 contemporâneos, com período experimental de 21 dias, sendo 14 para adaptação às dietas e os 7 últimos para coletas. As vacas foram alimentadas &quot;ad libitum\' com rações isoenergéticas, com duas fontes nitrogenadas principais (farelo de soja e uréia) e dois teores de PB (14,5 e 16,0 %) na dieta: A) 16% PB e farelo de soja (FS) como fonte nitrogenada, com 65% de PDR; B) 14,5% PB e uréia (U) como fonte nitrogenada, com 70% de PDR; C) 16% PB U e 70% de PDR; D) 14,5% PB FS e 65% de PDR na MS. As amostras de leite para análise da composição foram coletadas do 14º ao 17º dia de cada período. As amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas com a utilização de sonda esofágica, três horas após a alimentação matinal. A digestibilidade foi determinada por meio de indicador interno FDAi. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre o consumo de MS (Kg/dia), de energia líquida de lactação (Mcal/dia), coeficiente de digestibilidade em porcentagem e consumo em porcentagem do peso vivo. Houve interação entre fonte nitrogenada e teor de PB da dieta sobre o pH e relação acetato propionato. Houve tendência (P=0,052) da fonte nitrogenada para PB (kg/dia), na qual as dietas com farelo de soja apresentaram maior valor, quando comparada as dietas com ureia. A gordura do leite foi maior (4,06%) nas dietas com fonte nitrogenada ureia , em relação a fonte nitrogenada FS com (3,5%). / The objective was to evaluate the effect of crude protein (CP) (14.5 vs. 16%) of the nitrogen source in the diet of lactating dairy cows on intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, rumen fermentation, production and milk composition, energy balance, using sugar cane as forrage. We used 12 Holstein cows averaging 235 days in milk, grouped in three 4x4 contemporary Latin squares, with experimental period of 21 days, 14 for diet adaptation and 7 for sample collections. The cows were fed with diets isoenergetic \"ad libitum\", with two major nitrogen sources (soybean meal and urea) and two CP levels (14.5 and 16.0%) in diet: A) 16% CP soybean meal (SBM) as a nitrogen source, with 65% RDP; B) 14.5% CP and urea (U) as a nitrogen source, with 70% RDP; C) 16% CP U and 70% RDP; D) 14.5% CP and 65% FS RDP in DM. The milk samples for composition analysis were collected from the 14th to the 17th day of each period. The rumen fluid samples were collected using an esophageal tube , three hours after the morning feeding. The digestibility was determined by means of an internal indicator iADF. There was no effect of diets on the DM intake (kg / day), net energy for lactation (Mcal / day), percentage of digestibility and intake in percentage of body weight. There was interaction between nitrogen source and content of CP on pH and the acetate propionate ratio. There was a trend (P = 0.052) of source of nitrogen for CP (kg / day) in which diets with soybean meal had a higher value when compared with urea diets. Milk fat was higher (4.06%) in diets with urea nitrogen source, the source nitrogen compared with soybeans meal (3.5%).

Orientador: Joaquim Mansano Garcia / Banca: César Roberto Esper / Banca: Simone Cristina Méo Niciura / Resumo: O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da substituição do SFB e do BSA pela OVA na PIV, por estudos nas etapas de maturação, fecundação e cultivo in vitro. Observamos que durante a etapa de maturação, a concentração 4mg/mL de OVA não afetou a maturação nuclear (82,66%) e a migração de grânulos corticais (GC) para a periferia dos oócitos (54,21%), sendo, portanto, utilizada nos experimentos subseqüentes. Foi observado que as fontes protéicas SFB, BSA, OVA, e BSA com OVA (BO) não afetaram (p>0,05) as taxas de maturação nuclear e migração de GC. Para a sigla dos tratamentos, as fontes protéicas foram identificadas pelas iniciais (SFB=S, BSA=B e OVA=O). Cada tratamento foi abreviado com a primeira letra referente à etapa de maturação, a segunda à fecundação, e a terceira ao cultivo. Quanto às taxas de formação de pronúcleo (PN) observamos que o grupo SO (76,67% de 2 PN) foi semelhante (p>0,05) ao grupo controle (82,95% de 2 PN). A etapa de CIV permitiu avaliar que os diferentes tratamentos foram semelhantes (p>0,05) quanto à taxa de clivagem. Entretanto, quanto à taxa de produção de blastocistos, o grupo OOO (26,0%) foi semelhante (p>0.05) aos grupos SOS (33,8%), BBB (35,8%), BOB (32%), e OBO (33%), mas foi inferior (p<0,05) aos grupos CONT (45%) e SBS (42,8%). Quanto à taxa de eclosão, o grupo OOO (20,4%), foi inferior (p<0,05) aos grupos CONT (46,2%), SBS (43,4%), SOS (38,4%), BBB (41,6%), e semelhante aos grupos BOB (28,2%) e OBO (25,4%). Concluímos que é possível produzir embriões bovinos na ausência de SFB e/ou BSA, com a fonte protéica OVA, embora tanto a quantidade como a qualidade dos blastocistos tenham se apresentado inferiores em relação àqueles produzidos na presença de SFB e/ou BSA. / Abstract: The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of FCS and BSA substitution for OVA on in vitro production of bovine embryos, studying in vitro maturation, fertilization, and development. For maturation, we observed that the concentration 4mg/mL of OVA didn't affect nuclear maturation (82.66%), and cortical granule (CG) migration (54.21%), which indicated its use in the subsequent experiments. It was observed that the protein sources FBS, BSA, OVA and BO didn't significantly affect (p>0.05) the rates of nuclear maturation and CG migration. For evaluation of pronucleus (PN) formation rates, we observed that the SO group (the first letter means the protein source for the maturation stage, the second for the fertilization, and the third for the development), (76.67% of 2 PN) was similar (p>0.05) to the control group (82.95% of 2 PN). However, two pronucleus formation rates in BB (56.98%), BO (39.02%), OB (37.36%) and OO (39.24%) were different (p<0.05) from the control group (82.95% of 2 PN). Different treatments (CONT, SBS, SOS, BBB, BOB, OOO, OBO) were similar (p>0.05) in cleavage rates. However, regarding to blastocyst production rates, the OOO group (26.0%) was similar (p>0.05) to the SOS group (33.8%), BBB (35.8%), BOB (32%), and OBO (33%) groups, but it was inferior (p <0.05) compared to the CONT (45%) and SBS (42.8%) groups. In relation to blastocyst hatching rate, the OOO group (20.4%) was inferior (p<0.05) when compared to the CONT (46.2%), SBS (43.4%), SOS (38.4%), BBB (41.6%) groups, and it was to BOB (28.2%) and OBO (25.4%) groups. We concluded that it’s possible to produce bovine embryos in the absence of FBS and/or BSA using ovalbumin (OVA) as the protein source, even though decreased quantity and quality rates of bovine blastocysts were observed. / Mestre

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de teores de proteína bruta (PB) (14,5 vs 16%) e da fonte nitrogenada na dieta de vacas leiteiras em lactação sobre o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, produção e composição do leite e balanço de energia, utilizando cana-de-açúcar como volumoso. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas Holandesas com média de 235 dias em lactação, agrupadas em três quadrados latinos 4x4 contemporâneos, com período experimental de 21 dias, sendo 14 para adaptação às dietas e os 7 últimos para coletas. As vacas foram alimentadas &quot;ad libitum\' com rações isoenergéticas, com duas fontes nitrogenadas principais (farelo de soja e uréia) e dois teores de PB (14,5 e 16,0 %) na dieta: A) 16% PB e farelo de soja (FS) como fonte nitrogenada, com 65% de PDR; B) 14,5% PB e uréia (U) como fonte nitrogenada, com 70% de PDR; C) 16% PB U e 70% de PDR; D) 14,5% PB FS e 65% de PDR na MS. As amostras de leite para análise da composição foram coletadas do 14º ao 17º dia de cada período. As amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas com a utilização de sonda esofágica, três horas após a alimentação matinal. A digestibilidade foi determinada por meio de indicador interno FDAi. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre o consumo de MS (Kg/dia), de energia líquida de lactação (Mcal/dia), coeficiente de digestibilidade em porcentagem e consumo em porcentagem do peso vivo. Houve interação entre fonte nitrogenada e teor de PB da dieta sobre o pH e relação acetato propionato. Houve tendência (P=0,052) da fonte nitrogenada para PB (kg/dia), na qual as dietas com farelo de soja apresentaram maior valor, quando comparada as dietas com ureia. A gordura do leite foi maior (4,06%) nas dietas com fonte nitrogenada ureia , em relação a fonte nitrogenada FS com (3,5%). / The objective was to evaluate the effect of crude protein (CP) (14.5 vs. 16%) of the nitrogen source in the diet of lactating dairy cows on intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, rumen fermentation, production and milk composition, energy balance, using sugar cane as forrage. We used 12 Holstein cows averaging 235 days in milk, grouped in three 4x4 contemporary Latin squares, with experimental period of 21 days, 14 for diet adaptation and 7 for sample collections. The cows were fed with diets isoenergetic \"ad libitum\", with two major nitrogen sources (soybean meal and urea) and two CP levels (14.5 and 16.0%) in diet: A) 16% CP soybean meal (SBM) as a nitrogen source, with 65% RDP; B) 14.5% CP and urea (U) as a nitrogen source, with 70% RDP; C) 16% CP U and 70% RDP; D) 14.5% CP and 65% FS RDP in DM. The milk samples for composition analysis were collected from the 14th to the 17th day of each period. The rumen fluid samples were collected using an esophageal tube , three hours after the morning feeding. The digestibility was determined by means of an internal indicator iADF. There was no effect of diets on the DM intake (kg / day), net energy for lactation (Mcal / day), percentage of digestibility and intake in percentage of body weight. There was interaction between nitrogen source and content of CP on pH and the acetate propionate ratio. There was a trend (P = 0.052) of source of nitrogen for CP (kg / day) in which diets with soybean meal had a higher value when compared with urea diets. Milk fat was higher (4.06%) in diets with urea nitrogen source, the source nitrogen compared with soybeans meal (3.5%).

A produção da farinha de penas hidrolisadas (FPH) está atrelada a produção de carne de frango. O processo da FPH é a hidrólise térmica, o que pode reduzir a disponibilidade de aminoácidos (aa) essências devido à alta temperatura e pressão que as penas são submetidas. O uso de micro-organismos (MIC) para hidrólise pode ser uma alternativa vantajosa por minimizar essas perdas. Foram conduzidos três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de degradação das penas por MIC, o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) das classes nutricionais e energia. Também avaliar as características fecais e urinárias em cães alimentados com dietas contendo FPH por micro-organismo Bacillus subtilis (FPHm) ou maneira convencional (FPHc) e a palatabilidade da FPHm. No experimento 1, foram realizadas hidrólises in vitro de penas, utilizando quatro cepas de MIC diferentes e blend enzimático, foram determinados o fator de degradação, o teor de proteína solúvel, a digestibilidade in vitro e aa livres. No experimento 2, determinou-se CDA das dietas experimentais com inclusão por cobertura de 10% de FPHm ou FPHc sobre a dieta basal e a influência nas características fecais e urinárias, além da observação da resistência dos Bacillus subtilis ao passar pelo trato gastrointestinal (TGI) No terceiro experimento, foi realizado teste de palatabilidade, utilizando o método “two-pan” com as mesmas dietas testadas no experimento 2. Os resultados do experimento 1 indicaram que os MIC utilizados tiveram capacidade de degradar as penas e de melhorar a solubilidade proteica quando as penas foram adicionadas em concentrações de 5 e 8%. No experimento 2, os CDA da matéria seca (MS), PB e energia foram menores para a dieta contendo 10% de FPHm (P < 0,05). Apesar de não haver diferença entre os tratamentos para densidade urinária, pH urinário e fecal e escore fecal (P > 0,05), os animais que consumiram dietas com FPHm produziram maior quantidade de fezes (MS) diárias (P < 0,05). Os valores de energia digestível para FPHm e FPHc foram 2.198 e 4.443 kcal/kg, respectivamente. Foi possível verificar maior presença de Bacillus sp. nas fezes dos cães que receberam FPHm, demonstrando que os MIC sobreviveram ao TGI. No experimento 3, a inclusão da FPHm melhorou significativamente a palatabilidade nas dietas para cães adultos (P < 0,05). / The production of hydrolyzed feather meal (FPH) is linked to the production of chicken meat. The process of FPH is thermal hydrolysis, which may reduce the availability of amino acids (aa) essences due to the high temperature and pressure that the feathers are subjected to. The use of microorganisms (MIC) for hydrolysis may be an advantageous alternative to minimize such losses. Three experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating feather degradability by MIC, the apparent digestibility coefficient (CDA) of the nutritional and energy classes, and to evaluate fecal and urinary traits in dogs fed diets containing FPH by microorganism Bacillus subtilis (FPHm) or conventional manner (FPHc) and the palatability of FPHm. In experiment 1, in vitro hydrolyses of feathers were performed, using four different MIC strains and enzymatic blend, and the degradation factor, soluble protein content, in vitro and free digestibility were determined. In Experiment 2, CDA was determined from the experimental diets with inclusion of 10% FPHm or FPHc on the basal diet and the influence on fecal and urinary traits, as well as the observation of Bacillus subtilis resistance when passing through the gastrointestinal tract (TGI) In the third experiment, a palatability test was performed using the two-pan method with the same diets tested in experiment 2. The results of experiment 1 indicated that the MICs used had the ability to degrade feathers and to improve protein solubility when the feathers were added in concentrations of 5 and 8%. In experiment 2, CDA of dry matter (DM), CP and energy were lower for the diet containing 10% FPHm (P <0.05). Although there was no difference between the treatments for urinary density, urinary and fecal pH and fecal score (P> 0.05), the animals that consumed diets with FPHm produced a greater amount of feces (P <0.05). The digestible energy values for FPHm and FPHc were 2,198 and 4,443 kcal / kg, respectively. It was possible to verify greater presence of Bacillus sp. in the faeces of the dogs that received FPHm, demonstrating that the MICs survived the TGI. In experiment 3, the inclusion of FPHm significantly improved palatability in diets for adult dogs (P <0.05)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study aimed to improve semipurified diets through the evaluation of different protein and glycidic sources as well as their combinations, taking into account performance and metabolism parameters. Three feeding were conducted which lasted 40 days trials in a water re-used system. In the first experiment different combinations of protein sources were evaluated: casein + fish meal, albumin + casein, fish meal + albumin, fish meal + casein + albumin and gelatin + casein. The fish which were submitted to the treatment casein + fish meal had higher weight, specific growth rate (SGR), daily weight (DWG), weight gain ratio (RWG), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), retention coefficient protein, protein deposition and body fat, and better feed conversion rate (FCR). The animals subjected to casein + fish meal showed lower hepatosomatic index than fish treated with gelatin + casein, and less abdominal fat index than those fed with fish meal + albumin. In the second experiment, different carbohydrate sources were tested: corn starch, fructose, maltodextrin and sucrose. The animals which were submitted to the maltodextrin treatment showed the highest activity of acid protease and chymotrypsin activity greater than those fed with fructose, and even higher trypsin activity than those treated with corn starch. The concentration of triglyceride in plasma was higher in animals submitted to the maltodextrin treatment than in those undergoing corn starch and sucrose. The fish in the corn starch treatment also exhibited the highest body protein deposition, higher retention coefficient protein than animals treated with sucrose and frutose, and lower composition and body fat deposition than animals fed with maltodextrin. In the third experiment examined, different combinations of protein sources and glycidic were tested: casein + corn starch, casein + fructose, fish meal + corn starch, fish meal + fructose and gelatin + casein + maltodextrin. The fish which were submitted to the treatment fish meal + corn starch showed higher weight than SGR, DWG and RWG. FCR better was also detected and there was larger FE and PER in the animals fed with fish meal + corn starch and fish meal + fructose. The highest deposition of protein and fat and the highest retention coefficient protein were found in fish treated with fish meal + corn starch. The concentration of circulating glucose was higher in fish submitted to fish meal + corn starch, and plasma levels of total protein and free amino acids were higher in the fed with fish meal + corn starch compared to fish fed fish meal + fructose and casein + fructose. The conclusion is that combinations of casein + fish meal + maltodextrin or fish meal + casein + corn starch or fish meal + corn starch can be used in studies on the nutritional requirements for jundiá juveniles, as they provide adequate metabolic dynamic efficiency and zootechnical for animals. / O trabalho teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar dietas semipurificadas através da avaliação de diferentes fontes proteicas e glicídicas, bem como, suas combinações, levando em consideração parâmetros de desempenho e metabolismo. Foram conduzidos para isto três experimentos com duração de 40 dias em sistema fechado de recirculação de água. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas diferentes combinações entre fontes proteicas: caseína + farinha de peixe, albumina + caseína, farinha de peixe + albumina, farinha de peixe + caseína + albumina e gelatina + caseína. Os peixes do tratamento caseína + farinha de peixe apresentaram maior peso, taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), ganho de peso diário (GPD), ganho de peso relativo (GPR), eficiência alimentar (EA), taxa de eficiência proteica (TEP), coeficiente de retenção proteica, deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, e melhor conversão alimentar aparente (CAA). Os animais submetidos à caseína + farinha de peixe exibiram menor índice hepatossomático que os peixes tratados com gelatina + caseína, e menor índice de gordura celomática que os peixes do tratamento farinha de peixe + albumina. No segundo experimento foram testadas diferentes fontes de carboidrato: amido de milho, frutose, maltodextrina e sacarose. Os animais do tratamento maltodextrina apresentaram a maior atividade de protease ácida, maior atividade de quimotripsina que aqueles alimentados com frutose, e ainda maior atividade de tripsina que os tratados com amido de milho. A concentração de triglicerídeo no plasma foi superior nos animais do tratamento maltodextrina do que nos submetidos a amido de milho e sacarose. Os peixes do tratamento amido de milho exibiram a maior deposição de proteína corporal, maior coeficiente de retenção proteica que os animais tratados com sacarose e frutose, e menor composição e deposição de gordura corporal que os animais alimentados com maltodextrina. No terceiro experimento foram examinadas diferentes combinações entre fontes proteicas e glicídicas: caseína + amido de milho, caseína + frutose, farinha de peixe + amido de milho, farinha de peixe + frutose e gelatina + caseína + maltodextrina. Os peixes submetidos à farinha de peixe + amido de milho exibiram maior peso, TCE, GPD e GPR. Também foi detectada melhor CAA e maior EA e TEP nos animais dos tratamentos farinha de peixe + amido de milho e farinha de peixe + frutose. As maiores deposições de proteína e gordura corporal e o maior coeficiente de retenção proteica foram constatadas nos peixes tratados com farinha de peixe + amido de milho. A concentração de glicose circulante foi maior nos peixes submetidos à farinha de peixe + amido de milho, e os níveis plasmáticos de proteínas totais e aminoácidos livres foram superiores nos animais alimentados com farinha de peixe + amido de milho em relação aos peixes dos tratamentos farinha de peixe + frutose e caseína + frutose. Conclui-se que as combinações de caseína + farinha de peixe + maltodextrina ou caseína + farinha de peixe + amido de milho ou ainda farinha de peixe + amido de milho proporcionam aos animais adequada dinâmica metabólica e eficiência zootécnica.

Resumo: Não disponível / Abstract: Not available / Orientador: Joaquim Mansano Garcia / Coorientador: Christina Ramires Ferreira / Banca: César Roberto Esper / Banca: Felipe Perecin / Banca: Karina Belotti Avelino / Banca: Paulo Henrique Franceschini / Doutor