À travers les parcours, les expériences et les projets migratoires de migrants ouest-africains rencontrés à Nouadhibou en Mauritanie, cette thèse aborde les problématiques relatives à la construction des mobilités entre aspirations individuelles et réglementations nationales et internationales. Des récits de vie de migrants et des biographies migratoires permettent de reconstruire les parcours complexes des migrants arrivés à Nouadhibou et de comprendre que les expériences et les projets migratoires sont des constructions complexes, hybrides et labiles. La perspective de l'acteur, les analyses interactionnistes et le point de vue de l'autonomie sont replacés dans le contexte de l'évolution générale des politiques migratoires vers plus de restriction. Cette confrontation entre plusieurs cadres et plusieurs échelles de l'analyse des phénomènes migratoires permet de remettre en question la notion de transit dans sa dimension performative. Cette thèse entend replacer les expériences des migrants ouest-africains en Mauritanie dans une réalité plus « ancrée », plus « incarnée », s'approchant ainsi d'une réflexion sur les inégalités liée à la mondialisation. / Between 2005 and 2007, few thousands of African migrants left the West African Coast of Mauritania, particularly from the small harbour town of Nouadhibou and accosted the Canary Islands. Nowadays, as migration politics tend towards more and more restrictions, Nouadhibou has soon become the center of an unexpected attention from media and European institutions. Nonetheless, immigration exists in Nouadhibou since the early XXth century, it is still today an attractive place for labour migration and migrants coming to Nouadhibou don’t only leave to the Canary Islands. Considering that migrants are forced to stay in a place that is not their final destination, International institutions and States called this phenomenon « transit migration ». Our aim is to shed the light on the blurred and politicized concept of transit. Questioning closely the notions of itineraries, experiences and projects led us to deepen our understanding of mobility in the context of a restrictive legal and policy framework. Long-term field and ethnographic methods such as narrative biography and life histories allow us to consider the experience of mobility as a threshold. Finally we try to understand the impact of blurred motilities on the local society in Nouadhibou, a way of examining globalization dynamics impacts in local places.

1 Abstract This diploma thesis' aim was to find out what are the security measures countering radicalization and extremism in Bosnia-Herzegovina and whether there is any room for improvement. Firstly, the thesis analysed several official documents related to the security of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the relevant reports of the international community, in order to review the concrete security measures and compared them with security measures, which are in effect in other European countries. This allowed the author to draw specific security recommendation for Bosnia-Herzegovina based on the best-practices from abroad. Secondly, this thesis provides the opinions of three experts on Bosnia-Herzegovina and its internal situation. The experts assessed the security situation in the country, identified the areas of security which shall be enhanced and proposed concrete measures, which could elevate the security situation in the country. This thesis's main assumption was that the security measures currently in effect are insufficient and that there is much room for improvement. The analysis of the documents showed that there are many specific security measures, in terms of fighting radicalisation of youth, online radicalisation or religious extremism, which are used abroad, that could be implemented to...

With over 19,200 asylum seekers living on its premises, the Moria refugee camp is operating way over its capacity of 3000 residents. Due to the uncontrolled, rapid growth of the camp, the existing sanitation infrastructure has fallen into disrepair under excessive usage. While the old toilets and showers are breaking down and lacking maintenance, creating new facilities has been slow, resulting in hundreds of people sharing one latrine. In this thesis, I analyze whether Moria‟s sanitation services meet the Sphere minimum standards and propose improvements based on the sustainable settlements framework. I argue that Moria is midst a protracted crisis. This means that in addition to meeting the minimum standards, the camp needs sustainable settlement planning for the many years it still has ahead of it. As a method, I use integrative literature review. The thesis finds that Moria cannot meet any of the Sphere standards as people live in a degrading, dangerous and unhealthy environment. Women and disabled people face additional challenges when using the few latrines, which are far away and have long queues. There is a risk of SGBV for vulnerable groups. Wastewater from Moria used to pollute a local stream until the sewage system was connected to a waste-processing plant in 2019, which is the only positive aspect that was found in the literature. However, broken pipes still create significant problems inside the camp. Seeing that waste is a problem on the tightly-packed camp, it is important that when new toilets are built they process excreta safely while saving space. I have introduced sustainable sanitation solutions that turn excreta into soil improver and energy. These toilets have long life-spans and are optimized to save space. They solve the problem of pollution and ideally, enhance the independence of their users, as excreta is turned into safe-to-handle products. To ensure that the users accept the new technologies, their engagement in the planning of the services is essential.

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This paper represents the root causes of Hazaras persecution in Afghanistan through ethno-religious and psycho-cultural approaches, using Protracted Social Conflicts (PSC) and Relative Deprivation (RD) frameworks. The Hazara community has been subject to persecution in variety of ways including assassinations, physical torture, enslavement, forced displacement, kidnapping, and target attacks by both state and non-state actors. This study explored multifrontal causes consisting international connection, structural inequalities, communal cleavages, access to economy and power, and interpersonal and ingroup values contributed to Hazaras persecution in Afghanistan. This study argues that the excessive persecution and discrimination against Hazara community was founded, particularly by Abdul Rahman in 1890s which shaped the ethno-religious and psycho-cultural approaches of Hazaras afterward. The ethno-religious and psycho-cultural approaches led the common thinking against Hazaras in the form of wrong identification, wrong myths, false consciousness, and ill-definition of Hazaras as monolithic Shi’as who have consistently been labelled as “Kafirs,” unbeliever, and decedents of Genghis Khan. The persecution of Hazaras can be studied through the lens of PSC, manifests the longstanding inter-state and intra-state conflicts, and RD depicts comparison of disadvantagedness of an individual or a group with other individuals and groups.

By taking the recognition of persons as rights-holders in the framework of international human rights into account, this study directs its attention to women in protracted refugee situations, restricted to stay in camps also when their human rights are at risk due to various forms of violence. The question in focus is the following: To what extent may there be a risk that women in a refugee camp context, distinguished by a protracted refugee situation, do not become visible as rights-holders and entrusted to act with regard to international human rights and the problem of violence against women, especially domestic violence? The research process has taken the form of a continuous dialogue with the material for the study, a dialogue directing attention to material from an established international human rights system on one hand and material dealing with a local refugee camp context on the other. The study finds its entry-point primarily in the context of the international human rights treaty the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), including the work of the CEDAW Committee as a treaty body, and also the international mandate of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. Due to the presence of a variety of justice mechanisms in the camps, certain aspects of a local customary law tradition are also addressed. The existence of an unlocked legal door for women to take actions in family law matters, or in cases of gender-based violence is something not to take for granted. The hindrances could lie deep in the legal system practiced. It could be an issue of not being entrusted by the structure of the system to act in person, as woman, with a legal capacity and by own right before the law. The study underlines the importance of sharpened awareness and analysis of the presence of a complex legal context and a variety of customary law traditions in the camps. It appears from the study that for women in a refugee camp to be able to act as rights-holders and claim human rights as laid down in human rights conventions, the issue of visibility is not only a matter of training in presenting facts on the ground in front of local authorities. To be visible in addressing the problem of gender-based violence and gaps in protection of human rights in a refugee camp context is first and foremost an issue for women to be recognized the right to act in legal matters. It is an issue of having the freedom of expression and to be recognized the social and legal status to act in their own capacity in front of the local legal structures, including the local customary law context, and to address international human rights monitoring mechanisms, such as the CEDAW Committee or the Special Rapporteur.

The aim of this paper is to examine if the two latest Peace Plans in the Palestine-Israeli con-flict observes the sources of the conflict and presents measures in the purpose of solving them. The point of departure is William Azar’s theory of protracted social conflict (PSC). According to Azar, the internal sources of a PSC lies in three clusters of variables: the com-munal content of a society, the deprivation of human needs as an underlying source of PSC, and the role of the state in the deprivation or satisfaction of human needs. The study is de-signed as a multiple-case study where the units of analysis are the Roadmap to Peace and the Geneva Initiative. An analyze instrument, based on operationalization of Azar’s three clusters of internal sources of a PSC, is developed and used to analyze the Roadmap to peace and the Geneva Initiative. The conclusions are that the two Peace Plans observes and present meas-ures to solve the communal content of the conflict, but both Peace Plans are unsatisfactory in presenting measures aiming to solve problems related to the role of the state and human needs. Especially the acceptance need within the state is missing in the contents of the Peace Plans.

L'association entre le tabac et le cancer du poumon ou entre l'exposition professionnelle à l'amiante et le mésothéliome pleural ont largement été étudiées. Cependant, comme pour de nombreuses autres relations expositions prolongées-cancer, le rôle de l'intensité d'exposition tout au long de la vie a été peu étudié. La prise en compte de la variation de l'intensité au cours de la vie et de son effet dépendant du temps dans les analyses statistiques des données cas-témoins pose en effet quelques défis méthodologiques. Les objectifs de la thèse étaient 1) d'étudier l'effet dépendant du temps de l'intensité d'exposition au cours de la vie sur le risque de cancer et 2) d'identifier les profils de trajectoires d'intensité d'exposition sur la vie entière et comparer les risques de cancer associés. Pour répondre à ces deux objectifs, nous avons utilisé un indice cumulé d'exposition pondéré flexible déjà existant et nous avons développé un nouveau modèle conjoint à classes latentes, pour analyser les données de deux études cas-témoins françaises sur le mésothéliome pleural et le cancer du poumon. Les résultats montrent la contribution importante de l'intensité de la consommation de tabac récente pour le cancer du poumon et des expositions professionnelles anciennes à l'amiante pour les deux cancers. Ils confirment l'importance de considérer l'aspect temporel des expositions pour évaluer l'association avec le risque de cancer et illustrent l'intérêt des approches statistiques considérées. / The association between smoking and lung cancer or between occupational exposure to asbestos and pleural mesothelioma have been extensively investigated. Nevertheless, as for many protracted exposures-cancer relationships, the role of exposure intensity over lifetime has been rarely addressed. Accounting for individual variation of intensity over lifetime and investigating time-dependent effect in the statistical analysis of case-control data indeed raise several methodological issues. The thesis objectives were 1) to study the time-dependent effect of exposure intensity over lifetime on the risk of cancer and 2) to identify lifetime profiles of exposure intensities and to compare their associated risks of cancer. To address these objectives, we used an existing flexible weighted cumulative index of exposure and we developed a new joint latent class mixed model, to analyze the data from two French case-control studies on lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma. The results show the important contribution of recent smoking intensity for lung cancer and distant intensity of exposure to asbestos for both cancers. They confirm the importance of the timing of exposure in the association with the risk of cancer and illustrate the relevance of the proposed statistical approaches.

Text in English / This study analyses the application of a community based intervention, the Care Group (CG) model, in relief work in Somalia and South Sudan. On the basis of expert interviews and a variety of documents it was researched whether the CG model is applicable to the context mentioned or if adaptations would be necessary. An increase in prolonged crises challenges humanitarian action to adapt relief work to longer-term interventions. The concept of combining the strengths of development cooperation and humanitarian action - Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development - is looked at in this study. Furthermore, for example, the asset-based community development approach, humanitarian work and characteristics of a protracted crisis were explored as the theoretical back-ground. The findings and the conclusion of this research may provide inputs for other humanitarian NGOs that are working in chronic conflict situations and being confronted with the need to introduce a long-term method for Behaviour Change Communication. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)