O olhar para uma população específica, crianças/adolescentes, em uso/abuso de álcool e outras substâncias psicoativas foi o enredo desse trabalho. Partiu-se a priori da investigação de 38 casos de adolescentes que deram entrada no Pronto Atendimento Municipal (PAM) e foi-se construindo o caminho percorrido pela amostra dentro das possibilidades de atendimento em Taquaritinga-SP, este município do interior paulista pertencente à regional de Araraquara que tem como estrutura uma rede de serviços de saúde mental especializados: um ambulatório infantil (ASMi) e um centro de atenção psicossocial infantil (CAPSi). Identificou-se que não se tratava de uma questão simples, mas complexa com muitas facetas, vindo em direção às perspectivas de Morin que confrontam teorias e idéias sem preconceitos. Esse trabalho usa o estudo exploratório descritivo de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa e teve por objetivo identificar o percurso de crianças/adolescentes usuários de álcool e outras substâncias psicoativas, além de verificar se o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial infantil (CAPSi) do município se faria presente como estratégia de tratamento prevista no Plano Emergencial de Ampliação do Acesso ao Tratamento e Prevenção de Álcool e outras Drogas (PEAD 2009-2011). A análise resultante desse estudo revelou que os serviços prestam acolhimento a população adscrita por várias portas de entrada, mesmo não tendo um programa para tratamento. Mostra também que o trabalho tem a necessidade de ser realizado em conjunto, ser articulado em rede e que sua concretização é um desafio. Com a inexistência de respostas prontas, alerta-se para a necessidade da busca de novas reflexões e construções a respeito do tratamento de crianças/adolescentes usuários de substâncias psicoativas. / The look for a specific population, children/adolescents, in the use/abuse of alcohol and other psychoactive substances was the scenario of this work. The starting point was the investigation of 38 cases of adolescents who were admitted to the Municipal Emergency Care (PAM) and has been built the road traveled by the sample within the possibilities of service in Taquaritinga-SP, this city in the interior belonging to regional Araraquara which has as structure network of specialist mental health services: a childhood ambulatory (ASMi) and a psychosocial care center for children (CAPSi). It was found that this was not a simple matter, but with many complex facets, coming towards the Morin´s prospects which confront theories and ideas without prejudice. This work uses the descriptive exploratory study of quantitative and qualitative approach and aimed to identify the route of children/adolescents who use alcohol and other psychoactive substances, besides to checking if the Psychosocial Care Center child (CAPSi) of the city would be present as treatment strategy referred on the Emergency Plan for Expansion of Access to Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol and other Drugs (PEAD 2009-2011). The resulting analysis of this study revealed that the hosting services are provided to enrolled population by various ports of entry, while not having a program for treatment. It also shows that the work has needed to be done together, to be articulated in the network and that its implementation is a challenge. With the lack of ready answers, it is cautioned to the need to search for new ideas and constructions concerning the treatment of children/ adolescents users of psychoactive substances.

In this study we explore the present discourses on drugs and drug consumption in Colombia, a country known for its drugs, and foremost its cocaine production. Interviewing and analyzing the statements according to discourse theory made by the professional key actors in the country, the study asserts that three discourses are present in the Colombian context, namely the public health discourse, the deprivation discourse and the pleasure discourse. These discourses, it is demonstrated, view the consumer of psychoactive substances from different perspectives and relate consumption to different causes, consequences and solutions. While the public health discourse is closely connected to viewing the consumer as a sick person, and describes consumption mainly as addiction, the deprivation discourse rather speaks of the consumer as a marginalised person consuming to escape a harsh reality. According to the third perspective, the pleasure discourse, it is focal that the consumption is related to socialising and recreation. In the course of the exploration of this context and its discourses, attention is paid to the fact that the discourses are many times described as being in opposition to one another although the respondents commonly refer to different social classes while describing the consumer and that each discourse this way is related to certain groups in society. This study presents different Colombian perspectives on drug consumption, a so far scarcely researched area in the otherwise so scrutinized drug issue, viewed from a social work perspective.

Many human pharmaceuticals have limited biodegradability and can end up in the aquatic environment. The effects of these pharmaceuticals on aquatic organisms is not fully understood. Ropinirole is a drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease. Ropinirole is a dopamine agonist that targets the dopaminergic system that many diverse organisms share. In this study, threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were used to investigate the effect of ropinirole on wild animals. Wild captured sticklebacks were exposed to ropinirole, ropinirole and fluoxetine, or untreated control. The fish were sacrificed at two different time points to study the effects on gene expression after long and short- time exposure of the drug. Gene expression of two dopamine receptor genes (drd2 and drd1b) and one adrenergic receptor gene (adrd2a) is studied in this project. The fish brains were dissected, total mRNA isolated and translated to cDNA, and finally qPCR was done. The expression of drd2 and adrd2a genes did not differ across the treatment groups or time. Drd1b showed higher expression at long term of exposure relative to short time exposure to ropinirole, but no other differences were observed between treatment groups. Collectively, my results show that ropinirole, or ropinirole together with fluoxetine did not interact with the adrenergic receptor or the dopamine 2-receptor. Exposure to ropinirole longer time can upregulate genes, as seem for the gene drd1b.  Overall, these results show that pharmaceuticals in the environment can affect gene expression on other animals than the targeted humans.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal compreender como o consumo de psicofármacos se legitimou como uma tecnologia de si no interior do dispositivo de medicalização. Concluímos que esta é uma tecnologia que incide sobre os corpos por estar acoplada aos modos de subjetivação contemporâneos. A análise aqui apresentada trata do contexto social de Boa Vista das Missões, um pequeno município do Rio Grande do Sul. Realizamos uma pesquisa de campo com seis meses de duração e entrevistamos uma amostra representativa de 400 pessoas. A análise dos relatos e das informações construídas buscou dar visibilidade aos enunciados presentes nas formações discursivas que definem e explicam o consumo de psicofármacos por 53% dos 400 pesquisados. Utilizamos a perspectiva genealógica de Michel Foucault para refletir sobre este campo de pesquisa e problematizar a produção de modos de vida marcados por formas de controle individualizantes e totalizantes ao mesmo tempo. Neste sentido, partimos do histórico da inserção dos psicofármacos em nossa cultura para entender as dimensões que ocupam neste contexto. A análise pode identificar as redes enunciativas no interior do dispositivo de medicalização que fundamentam uma apresentação do biopoder que se sustenta no tripé “dependência, assistencialismo, individualismo” / The main goal of this research was to comprehend how the consuming of psychoactive prescribed drugs was legitimated as a technology of the self inside the medicalization device (dispositf). We concluded that this technology has its incidence on the body because it is attached to contemporary modes of subjectification. The analysis presented here refers to Boa Vista das Missões, a small town in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul state. We conducted a six months field research and interviewed a sample of 400 inhabitants. The accomplished speech and data analysis intended to give visibly to the discursive formations’ statements that explain and sustain the consuming of prescribed psychoactive drugs by 53% of 400 researched We used Michel Foucault’s genealogical perspective to guide our understanding of the research field and to problematize the production of lifestyles characterized by individualized and totalized forms of control. As a stating point we described the history of the introduction of psychoactive drugs in our culture in order to understand the dimension of the consuming in this specific context. The analysis identified statements arragements in the interior of the medicalization device (dispositif) that found a form of biopower sustained in the tripe “dependence – assistancialism – individualism”.

A molecular receptor for mephedrone, an amphetamine-like NPS, was developed using host-guest chemistry and pharmacophoric design. The in-field detection of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is an area that has garnered considerable attention in the last few years. With the continuously expanding number of NPS on the market, traditional detection mechanisms lack the selectivity needed. In this project a new methodology has been developed for the design of host molecules for use in in-field detection, based on biomimetic design. To understand what a sensory molecular needs to be selective against, GC-MS and HPLC analysis were employed to identify and quantify thirteen aminoindane internet samples. It was found that the composition of internet samples varies greatly in terms of concentration of active ingredient, with a range of 17-95 % w/w of active ingredient identified. It was also found that caffeine was the most common cutting agent with a range of 27.7-30.2 % w/w identified. This highlights the need for both selectivity and sensitivity in detection mechanisms. Using the principles of biomimetic design, a methodology for the treatment of protein-ligand interactions was developed. Protein-ligand binding data collected from the Protein Databank was analysed for mephedrone related structures and common cutting agents, identified through aminoindane internet sample analysis and literature sources. From this work a three-point pharmacophoric model was developed, upon which two host molecules were considered, macrocyclic calixarenes and acyclic anthraquinones. Both contained the three binding interactions deduced from the pharmacophore design; two p-stacking interactions and one hydrogen bond acceptor. The final host molecule taken forward for testing was 1,8-dibenzylthiourea anthracene (Probe 1). The binding affinity of Probe 1 to mephedrone was tested using 1H-NMR. An estimated association constant of 104 M-1 was calculated, with a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Along with ESI-MS and DFT calculations, it was found that mephedrone binds to Probe 1 in a concerted fashion with a three-point binding geometry, with two hydrogen bonds and one p-stacking interaction. A modest optical response using fluorescence spectroscopy was also observed between mephedrone and Probe 1 at high molar concentrations. A more pronounced response was observed upon addition of high molar concentrations of flephedrone. 1H-NMR showed that Probe 1 selectively bound mephedrone over methamphetamine as well as the four most common cutting agents identified from literature: lidocaine, caffeine, paracetamol and benzocaine, which have been shown to cause false positives in previous studies. Probe 1 showed significant selectivity for the β-ketoamine arrangement. This is supported by the systematic analysis of mephedrone, methamphetamine, mephedrone precursor and flephedrone. This is the first time this has been achieved using host-guest chemistry. A protocol was developed to successfully detect mephedrone via Probe 1 using NMR spectroscopy in a simulated street sample containing two of the most common cutting agents, benzocaine and caffeine. To further aid future design of small host molecules a methodology for the in silico analysis of small molecule host-guest binding using metadynamics was explored. Solvent interactions with the host and guest molecules were observed, highlighting the importance of solvent choice in binding studies. Metadynamics shows potential to be used in further work for improving the approach in which host molecules are designed in future.

O olhar para uma população específica, crianças/adolescentes, em uso/abuso de álcool e outras substâncias psicoativas foi o enredo desse trabalho. Partiu-se a priori da investigação de 38 casos de adolescentes que deram entrada no Pronto Atendimento Municipal (PAM) e foi-se construindo o caminho percorrido pela amostra dentro das possibilidades de atendimento em Taquaritinga-SP, este município do interior paulista pertencente à regional de Araraquara que tem como estrutura uma rede de serviços de saúde mental especializados: um ambulatório infantil (ASMi) e um centro de atenção psicossocial infantil (CAPSi). Identificou-se que não se tratava de uma questão simples, mas complexa com muitas facetas, vindo em direção às perspectivas de Morin que confrontam teorias e idéias sem preconceitos. Esse trabalho usa o estudo exploratório descritivo de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa e teve por objetivo identificar o percurso de crianças/adolescentes usuários de álcool e outras substâncias psicoativas, além de verificar se o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial infantil (CAPSi) do município se faria presente como estratégia de tratamento prevista no Plano Emergencial de Ampliação do Acesso ao Tratamento e Prevenção de Álcool e outras Drogas (PEAD 2009-2011). A análise resultante desse estudo revelou que os serviços prestam acolhimento a população adscrita por várias portas de entrada, mesmo não tendo um programa para tratamento. Mostra também que o trabalho tem a necessidade de ser realizado em conjunto, ser articulado em rede e que sua concretização é um desafio. Com a inexistência de respostas prontas, alerta-se para a necessidade da busca de novas reflexões e construções a respeito do tratamento de crianças/adolescentes usuários de substâncias psicoativas. / The look for a specific population, children/adolescents, in the use/abuse of alcohol and other psychoactive substances was the scenario of this work. The starting point was the investigation of 38 cases of adolescents who were admitted to the Municipal Emergency Care (PAM) and has been built the road traveled by the sample within the possibilities of service in Taquaritinga-SP, this city in the interior belonging to regional Araraquara which has as structure network of specialist mental health services: a childhood ambulatory (ASMi) and a psychosocial care center for children (CAPSi). It was found that this was not a simple matter, but with many complex facets, coming towards the Morin´s prospects which confront theories and ideas without prejudice. This work uses the descriptive exploratory study of quantitative and qualitative approach and aimed to identify the route of children/adolescents who use alcohol and other psychoactive substances, besides to checking if the Psychosocial Care Center child (CAPSi) of the city would be present as treatment strategy referred on the Emergency Plan for Expansion of Access to Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol and other Drugs (PEAD 2009-2011). The resulting analysis of this study revealed that the hosting services are provided to enrolled population by various ports of entry, while not having a program for treatment. It also shows that the work has needed to be done together, to be articulated in the network and that its implementation is a challenge. With the lack of ready answers, it is cautioned to the need to search for new ideas and constructions concerning the treatment of children/ adolescents users of psychoactive substances.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rossi_lcc_me_botfm.pdf: 652525 bytes, checksum: 58fb6a36bda9dcecf2a492a6e9a858d8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O uso de substâncias psicoativas sempre esteve presente na história da humanidade, porém, devido ao crescente e precoce consumo transformou-se em problema mundial de Saúde Pública, gerando em todas as partes do mundo importantes questões sociais e de saúde, exigindo medidas de enfrentamento que implicam, entre outras, não só a identificação da prevalência, mas também o aprofundamento compreensivo das experiências dos atores envolvidos no processo. Entre estes fatores considerou-se, neste estudo, o papel dos professores, no acompanhamento destas crianças em ambiente escolar, entendendo a escola como um espaço em que criança e adolescentes permanecem diariamente e por longos períodos construindo e desenvolvendo, entre outras coisas, suas normas de comportamento e convivência sociais. O estudo foi realizado com 32 professores de três escolas públicas estaduais da cidade de Penápolis, SP, lotados em duas escolas periféricas e uma central, objetivando: compreender a interação do professor da rede pública com aluno usuário de substâncias psicoativas e desenvolver modelo teórico representativo desta experiência. Pesquisa conduzida nos padrões da Declaração de Helsinque, aprovada pela comissão de ética UNESP-Araçatuba. Referencial teórico Interacionismo Simbólico. Referencial metodológico Grounded Theory. Técnica de coleta de dados grupos focais. Foram identificados três fenômenos: Identificando os alunos usuários de substâncias psicoativas: ouve rumores; percebe manifestações relativas ao uso; observa o aluno assumindo condição de usuário, pondera sobre fatores protetores e indutores ao uso. Sentindose impotente perante os desafios do uso de substâncias pelos alunos: o professor tenta ajudar o aluno, agindo como conselheiro e comunicando o problema á direção, que chama a família visando compreender a problemática. Entretanto, se depara com... / To understand the interaction of public-school teachers with students who use psychoactive substances and to develop a representative theoretical model. A study conducted according to the standards stated in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of UNESP-Araçatuba. Theoretical framework: Symbolic Interactionism. Methodological framework: Grounded Theory. Data collection technique: focal groups. Three phenomena were identified: Identifying students who use drugs: hear rumors; perceives manifestations related to the use; observe students assuming the condition of users and ponder about protective and use-inducing factors. Feeling powerless in face of the challenges found: teachers attempt to help students by acting as counselors and communicating the problem to the school principal, who calls student’s families with the purpose to understand their problematic conditions. However, they find unstructured families, inefficient Guardianship Councils, lack of preparation to approach the topic and lack of public policies. Teachers remain silent to preserve themselves from the world of drugs: The connection with criminality and violence leads to stigma and prejudice which pursue schools, students and their families, causing teachers to remain silent in order to preserve themselves from the world of drugs. Core category: Silencing in order to protect oneself from a threatening context in face of the fragility in rescuing public school students in interaction with psychoactive substances. Conclusions: Teachers identify signs of use and abuse as well as risk and protection factors for substance use. They should participate in preventive actions together with relatives, health care professionals and government institutions aiming at children’s and adolescents’ integral health in the school environment. Coping actions for damage reduction in the school environment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal compreender como o consumo de psicofármacos se legitimou como uma tecnologia de si no interior do dispositivo de medicalização. Concluímos que esta é uma tecnologia que incide sobre os corpos por estar acoplada aos modos de subjetivação contemporâneos. A análise aqui apresentada trata do contexto social de Boa Vista das Missões, um pequeno município do Rio Grande do Sul. Realizamos uma pesquisa de campo com seis meses de duração e entrevistamos uma amostra representativa de 400 pessoas. A análise dos relatos e das informações construídas buscou dar visibilidade aos enunciados presentes nas formações discursivas que definem e explicam o consumo de psicofármacos por 53% dos 400 pesquisados. Utilizamos a perspectiva genealógica de Michel Foucault para refletir sobre este campo de pesquisa e problematizar a produção de modos de vida marcados por formas de controle individualizantes e totalizantes ao mesmo tempo. Neste sentido, partimos do histórico da inserção dos psicofármacos em nossa cultura para entender as dimensões que ocupam neste contexto. A análise pode identificar as redes enunciativas no interior do dispositivo de medicalização que fundamentam uma apresentação do biopoder que se sustenta no tripé “dependência, assistencialismo, individualismo” / The main goal of this research was to comprehend how the consuming of psychoactive prescribed drugs was legitimated as a technology of the self inside the medicalization device (dispositf). We concluded that this technology has its incidence on the body because it is attached to contemporary modes of subjectification. The analysis presented here refers to Boa Vista das Missões, a small town in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul state. We conducted a six months field research and interviewed a sample of 400 inhabitants. The accomplished speech and data analysis intended to give visibly to the discursive formations’ statements that explain and sustain the consuming of prescribed psychoactive drugs by 53% of 400 researched We used Michel Foucault’s genealogical perspective to guide our understanding of the research field and to problematize the production of lifestyles characterized by individualized and totalized forms of control. As a stating point we described the history of the introduction of psychoactive drugs in our culture in order to understand the dimension of the consuming in this specific context. The analysis identified statements arragements in the interior of the medicalization device (dispositif) that found a form of biopower sustained in the tripe “dependence – assistancialism – individualism”.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal compreender como o consumo de psicofármacos se legitimou como uma tecnologia de si no interior do dispositivo de medicalização. Concluímos que esta é uma tecnologia que incide sobre os corpos por estar acoplada aos modos de subjetivação contemporâneos. A análise aqui apresentada trata do contexto social de Boa Vista das Missões, um pequeno município do Rio Grande do Sul. Realizamos uma pesquisa de campo com seis meses de duração e entrevistamos uma amostra representativa de 400 pessoas. A análise dos relatos e das informações construídas buscou dar visibilidade aos enunciados presentes nas formações discursivas que definem e explicam o consumo de psicofármacos por 53% dos 400 pesquisados. Utilizamos a perspectiva genealógica de Michel Foucault para refletir sobre este campo de pesquisa e problematizar a produção de modos de vida marcados por formas de controle individualizantes e totalizantes ao mesmo tempo. Neste sentido, partimos do histórico da inserção dos psicofármacos em nossa cultura para entender as dimensões que ocupam neste contexto. A análise pode identificar as redes enunciativas no interior do dispositivo de medicalização que fundamentam uma apresentação do biopoder que se sustenta no tripé “dependência, assistencialismo, individualismo” / The main goal of this research was to comprehend how the consuming of psychoactive prescribed drugs was legitimated as a technology of the self inside the medicalization device (dispositf). We concluded that this technology has its incidence on the body because it is attached to contemporary modes of subjectification. The analysis presented here refers to Boa Vista das Missões, a small town in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul state. We conducted a six months field research and interviewed a sample of 400 inhabitants. The accomplished speech and data analysis intended to give visibly to the discursive formations’ statements that explain and sustain the consuming of prescribed psychoactive drugs by 53% of 400 researched We used Michel Foucault’s genealogical perspective to guide our understanding of the research field and to problematize the production of lifestyles characterized by individualized and totalized forms of control. As a stating point we described the history of the introduction of psychoactive drugs in our culture in order to understand the dimension of the consuming in this specific context. The analysis identified statements arragements in the interior of the medicalization device (dispositif) that found a form of biopower sustained in the tripe “dependence – assistancialism – individualism”.

In the new era of drug abuse, the proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS), commonly referred to as designer drugs or legal highs, has been a global concern. These substances are produced to circumvent current legislation for controlled substances with minor modifications in their chemical structure. Although many efforts have been made previously, the characterization of such substances are still challenging because of (1) the continual emergence of newly identified substances, (2) the lack of a universal screening test for NPS that are structurally similar to each other, and (3) the complex and time-consuming chromatographic techniques currently used. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel analytical methods that can be readily adapted by forensic laboratories to overcome these challenges. In this dissertation, various analytical techniques have been evaluated for qualitative analysis of these emerging NPS. For rapid screening purposes, a commercial ion mobility spectrometry with a 63Ni ion source (63Ni-IMS) and also direct analysis in real time coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (DART-QTOF-MS) were investigated first. The results showed that rapid detection by 63Ni-IMS and identification by DART-QTOF-MS can be achieved with sub-nanogram detection capability and high speed total analysis time less than two minutes. In recent developments of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography (GC) has been coupled to state-of-the-art mass spectrometers, including triple quadrupole (MS/MS) and quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF). It was revealed that the application of GC-MS/MS and GC-QTOF facilitates the unambiguous identification of emerging NPS with a chemical ionization (CI) source. In addition, constitutional isomers of NPS were differentiated with the capabilities of product ion scan and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. Finally, the coupling of IMS with a mass spectrometer (IMS-MS) was investigated as an alternative confirmatory technique. With the development of an optimal solvent system in the electrospray ionization (ESI) process, the rapid analysis and identification of synthetic cathinone was successfully achieved less than five minutes. As a proof-of-concept, seized drugs samples provided by a local forensic laboratory were analyzed using these developed methods by various analytical techniques. The results from these seized samples are also presented in this evaluation.