abstract: Die-off of screwbean mesquite (Prosopis pubescens), a species native to the American Southwest, has been documented regionally within the last decade. Historical causes for episodic mortality of the more widely distributed velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) and honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) include water table declines and flood scour. Causes of the recent die-offs of P. pubescens have received little study. Numerous riparian restoration projects have been implemented regionally that include screwbean mesquite. Restoration propagules from foreign sources can introduce diseases, and low genetic diversity plantings may allow for disease irruptions. I asked: 1) Are die-offs associated with a particular age class, 2) Is die-off suggestive of a pathogen or related to specific environmental stressors, 3) Are mortality influences and outcomes the same between restoration and local populations, 4) Are particular land uses and management associated with die-off, and 5) Are populations rebounding or keeping pace with mortality? I documented the screwbean mesquite population status at rivers and wetlands in Arizona with varying levels of restoration. I used logistic regression and Pearson correlation analysis to explore mortality response to site factors and disease related variables. I compared mortality response and disease severity between local and restoration populations. Biotic damage surfaced as the most important factor in statistical analyses, suggesting that mortality was caused by a pathogen. Mortality was greatest for young size classes (3 to 14 cm), and biotic damage was higher for individuals at infrequently flooded areas. Strong differences were not found between local and restoration populations – however restoration populations were less stressed and had lower biotic damage. Novel urban and restored sites may provide refuge as site conditions at other locations deteriorate. A culmination of past water diversion, development and land use may be surfacing, rendering riparian species vulnerable to diseases and triggering such events as region-wide die-off. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Plant Biology 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2051.pdf: 3135905 bytes, checksum: 9f4e78dda9ae52697269fb774087ef22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-27 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Campomanesia pubescens (D.C.) O. Berg., found in Minas Gerais, Goias and the Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul, is a fruitful Myrtaceae whose gender has 25 species distributed from Mexico to Argentina and 15 of them natives of Brazil. Their seeds need of technical and scientific studies that could clarify their ecological characteristics, morphological and physiological, thus contributing to a better understanding. To this end, the objective of this study was to investigate aspects of the germination of seeds, seedlings, the emergence and the basic morphology of seeds of this species under different conditions in the laboratory and in a greenhouse. Their seeds have dimensions between 4.5 to 7.5 mm in length and 2.8 to 6.5 mm wide, the larvae infestation reached 8.92% of the fruits collected, the average number of seeds per fruit were extracted 6 And it was these seeds 38.45% and 61.55% empty seed floods. The water content found in its seeds was 53.5%, and in the curve of soaking, the protruding root occurred at 144 days, when the initial value was increased by 18.4% to mass on the mass of matter fresh start. It was observed that the final percentage and speed emergency seedlings was promoted significantly in substrates: coconut fiber / vermiculite (2:1) and vermiculite. In seedlings, the coconut fiber substrates / vermiculite (2:1), sand and vermiculite provided superior results to their lengths, as opposed to those that grew on the substrate of coconut fiber, which have significantly smaller lengths. Regarding the number of leaves per plant, there was no significant difference found between those who grew up in four different substrates. After 120 days of sowing, vermiculite, coconut fibre / vermiculite (2:1) and coconut fibre the percentage of 100% survival of seedlings as the substrate sand because his physical resistance offered to the emergence of seedlings, caused the loss of paracotilédones thus reducing the survival end to 90%. Looking at the mass of dry seedlings, roots, stems and leaves growing in coconut fiber substrates / vermiculite (2:1), vermiculite and sand had earned significantly higher in dry matter, with the weight of dry matter roots was higher against the portions of the air in all substrates studied: (0.12 g) greater weight of dry matter of roots, (0.02 grams) of the largest mass of stems and dry (0.03 g) greater weight of dry matter of leaves, consecutively, in seedlings that are developed in substrates vermiculite and sand. The germination (%) was significantly damaged at 40oC and water stress. When dried, fermented for 24 hours or for 4 days, 100% of the seed tested completely lost the ability germination. The results were as conductivity of the average value of 13.7 μ S.cm- 1.g-1 the rapid ageing significantly disrupted the proceedings of the seed germination. / Campomanesia pubescens (D.C.) O. Berg., encontrada em Minas Gerais, Goiás e do Espírito Santo até o Rio Grande do Sul, é uma Myrtaceae frutífera cujo gênero possui 25 espécies distribuídas do México à Argentina, sendo 15 delas nativas do Brasil. Suas sementes necessitam de estudos técnico-científicos que possam elucidar as suas características ecológicas, morfológicas e fisiológicas. Para tanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar os aspectos da germinação das sementes, da emergência das plântulas e da morfologia básica das sementes dessa espécie sob diferentes condições em laboratório e em casa de vegetação. As sementes medem entre 4,5 a 7,5 mm de comprimento e 2,8 a 6,5 mm de largura, a infestação por larvas atingiu 8,92% dos frutos coletados, o número médio de sementes extraídas por fruto foi 6, tendo-se nesses 38,45% sementes vazias e 61,55% sementes cheias. O teor de água encontrado das sementes foi 53,5% e, na curva de embebição, a protrusão radicular ocorreu aos 144 dias, quando o valor inicial foi acrescido em 18,4% de massa em relação à massa da matéria fresca inicial. Foi observado que a porcentagem final e a velocidade de emergência das plântulas foram promovidas significativamente nos substratos: fibra coco/vermiculita (2:1) e vermiculita. Nas mudas, os substratos fibra coco/vermiculita (2:1), areia e vermiculita proporcionaram resultados superiores para o seu comprimento, contrastando com aquelas que cresceram no substrato fibra de coco, que obtiveram significativamente comprimentos menores. Em relação ao número de folhas por planta, não houve diferença significativa encontrada entre as que cresceram nos quatro diferentes substratos. Após 120 dias de semeadura, os substratos vermiculita, fibra coco/vermiculita (2:1) e fibra de coco, apresentaram a porcentagem de 100% de sobrevivência das mudas. Já o substrato areia, devido sua resistência física oferecida à emergência das plântulas, ocasionou a perda dos paracotilédones, desse modo, reduzindo, a sobrevivência final para 90%. Analisando a massa da matéria seca das mudas, as raízes, os caules e as folhas crescendo nos substratos fibra coco/vermiculita (2:1), vermiculita e areia apresentaram ganhos significativamente maiores na massa de matéria seca, sendo que o peso da matéria seca das raízes foi maior em relação ao das porções aéreas em todos os substratos estudados: (0,12 g) maior massa da matéria seca das raízes, (0,02 g) maior massa da matéria seca dos caules e (0,03 g) maior massa da matéria seca das folhas, consecutivamente, em mudas que se desenvolviam nos substratos vermiculita e areia. A germinação (%) foi significativamente prejudicada em 40oC e em estresse hídrico. Quando secas, durante 24 horas ou fermentadas por 4 dias, 100% dessas sementes testadas perderam completamente a capacidade germinativa. Os resultados de condutividade tiveram como média o valor de 13,7 μS.cm-1.g-1e o envelhecimento acelerado prejudicou significativamente os processos germinativos dessas sementes.

The topic of this diploma thesis is Floricultural qualities evaluation of chosen Chilli peppers in the Southern Moravia conditions. This thesis deals with chilli pappus capsicum family. The first part of study involves historical chilli pappers origin and the sekond part focuses on evaluative floricultural values experimental and substances of chilli pappus. This thesis was elaborated in cooperation with World of chilli s.r.o.

Foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia de análise de extratos e partes de plantas medicinais, via espectrometria de massas (MS) com infusão direta de amostra, técnica analítica denominada fingerprinting ou \"impressão digital\" química. Essa abordagem, que envolve mínimo prepraro de amostra, foi aplicada visando detectar as condições e as épocas adequadas para cultivo e/ou coleta de produtos naturais, permitindo a obtenção de uma matéria-prima vegetal com princípios ativos e concentrações padronizadas, assim como auxiliar no reconhecimento e na compreensão das interações ecológicas do vegetal com seu ambiente. A metodologia analítica envolveu MS com fonte de ionização por electrospray (ESI) nos modos positivo e negativo e experimentos de fragmentação de íons de interesse (MS/MS) por inserção direta do extrato diluído e frações ativas de Maytenus ilicifolia, de extratos de Arrabidaea chica de diferentes acessos (origens geográficas), assim como óleos de Pterodon pubescens e as amêndoas e o pedúnculo de diferentes clones de Anacardium occidentale. A caracterização das amêndoas e pedúnculos de A. occidentale, assim como de seus respectivos clones por meio do perfil de seus constituintes químicos foi realizada com sucesso. Na extração da amêndoa empregando-se éter, foi possível caracterizar o perfil de triacilgliceróis (TAG) por ESI(+) e ácidos graxos livres por ESI(-). Na extração do suco do pedúnculo empregando-se isopropanol, foram detectados íons referentes aos ácidos anacárdicos por ESI(-). Foram avaliados os principais parâmetros que possibilitam a ionização por ESI, tais como voltagens do capilar, cone e do cone extrator, e a influência de cada um destes parâmetros no perfil obtido nos espectros de ESI(-) do suco. Para A. chica a metodologia mostrou-se eficiente na bioprospecção de antocianidinas e dentre os nove acessos analisados, foi possível indicar aquele que produziu maior quantidade de material corante em relação a biomassa. Também foram avaliadas metodologias de extração por tratamento enzimático, o qual ocasionou aumento da intensidade de agliconas, provavelmente devido à hidrólise das antocianinas. A ocorrência de hidrólise também foi observada na em diferentes metodologias de secagem das folhas, principalmente na secagem realizada ao sol com borrifação de água. Houve variação sazonal na produção de metabólitos secundários, como pudemos observar nos experimentos realizados com amostras coletadas de 2007 a 2009. Para M. ilicifolia, foi possível caracterizar uma série de compostos relacionados à atividade antiúlcera já conhecidos da literatura, como dulcitol, catequina e derivados e flavonóides glicosilados. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada ainda na avaliação do melhoramento agrícola de M. ilicifolia por comparação dos perfis dos compostos identificados. A metodologia desenvolvida para análise direta de P. pubescens mostrou-se eficiente na detecção e identificação de compostos bioativos, possibilitando a caracterização rápida e sem preparo de amostra do óleo da semente. Em conclusão, a técnica de fingerprinting MS permite de maneira rápida, informativa e com mínimo preparo que amostras, que produtos naturais sejam caracterizados e tenham sua qualidade monitorada. / A new analytical methodology for the analysis of medicinal plant parts and extracts via direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed. This analytical approach, named chemical fingerprinting, involves minimal sample preparation and was applied in this work with the aim to detect optimal culture conditions, culture periods and harvest times for obtaining raw natural products with highest active principle and concentrations, as well as to understand and recognizing ecological interactions between plant and its surrounding environment. The analytical methodology included MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive (+) and negative (-) modes, as well as fragmentation of ions of interest (MS/MS) experiments. The diluted extract and active fractions of Maytenus ilicifolia, extracts of Arrabidaea chica from diverse geographic origins (accesses), as well as the oil from Pterodon pubescens and nuts of various clones of Anacardium occidentale were introduced by direct injection. Characterization of nuts and stems from A. occidentale, as well as of its respective clones by their chemical constituents has been successfully performed. After ether extraction of nuts, it was possible to characterize the triacylglycerols (TAG) by ESI(+) and free fatty acids by ESI (-). After extraction of stem juice with isopropanol, diverse ions were identified as anacardic acids by ESI(-). Also, parameters influencing to the ionization process, such as capillary voltage, cone voltage and cone extraction voltage, have been evaluated for the stem juice at ESI(-). For A. chica, the proposed methodology has been proven to efficiently bioprospect the anthocyanins, and among the nine accesses evaluated, it has been possible to identify the one producing higher amounts of dying material proportionally to the biomass. We also evaluated the enzymatic treatment extraction methodology, which resulted in the increase of aglycones content, probably due to anthocyanins hydrolysis. The occurrence of hydrolysis has been also observed when leaves have been water-sprayed while drying in the sun. Seasonal influence on the production of secondary metabolite has been observed in the samples collected on the experiments performed from 2007 to 2009. For M. ilicifolia, it has been possible to characterize a series of compounds related to the anti ulcer activity and already reported in the literature, such as dulcitol, catechin and derivatives and flavonoid glycosides. The proposed methodology has been applied in the evaluation of genetic improvement of M. ilicifolia by comparing the identified compounds profiles. The developed methodology aimed at direct analyzing P. pubescens has successfully detected and identified bioactive compounds of the seed oil, allowing the fast characterization. In conclusion, the proposed MS fingerprinting methodology allows in an informative, straightforward and with minimal sample preparation the chemical characterization and quality control of natural products.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1706198 bytes, checksum: c4915bca3b40ed2428eea9f96a37d654 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Physalis ou golden berry, genus of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed throughout North and Northeast of Brazil. Known as Canapu, Camapum, Joá-de-capote, among other popular names, occurs spontaneous, needing studies on quality of fruits. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of the species Physalis angulata and P. pubescens harvested from six localities in the state of Paraíba, comparing with a commercial species (P. peruviana). Fruits without the calix were classified into five maturity stages: Completely Green (CG), Light Green (LG), Begining of Yellow Pigmentation (BY), Predominantly Yellow (PY), and Completely Yellow (CY). The evaluatins were: fresh mass (g), length (mm) diameter (mm), firmness (N), color, pH, soluble solids (SS%), Titratable Acidity (TA% citric acid), SS / TA ratio, Reducing Sugars and total soluble sugars (TSA, g.100g-1), ascorbic acid (AA, mg.100g-1), total carotenoids (μg.100g-1), total chlorophyll (mg.100g-1), yellow flavonoids (mg.100g-1), anthocyanins (mg.100g-1), Total Extractable Polyphenols (TEP mg 100g-1), and Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA g.gDPPH-1). It was applied a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (location x maturity stage), being for P. angulata in a 4x5 and for P. pubescens in a 2x4. For physical assessments, it was used 40 fruits, consisting of 40 repeplications and for the other evaluations it was used three replications, each one using a number of fruit corresponding to approximately 200 g without the floral calyces. Data were submitted to variance analysis and the means of the local (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, and L6) and maturity stages were compared by the Tukey test. A comparison of P. peruviana with the two species occurring in Paraíba was performed by Dunnett's test at 5% probability. The SS of P. angulata fruits from L2 and L4 were superior to those of commercial species. Only the AT of P. pubescens fruits from L6 was higher than the P. peruviana. The SS / TA ratio was higher than the commercial in fruits from all locations, except the L6, which may favor the consumption as fruits fresh. The AR content in fruits of P. angulata and P. pubescens were lower than the P. peruviana. The AST in fruits of P. angulata and P. pubescens differed from the P. peruviana (9.90 g.100g-1), except the fruits of P. angulata from L2 (9.40 g.100g-1). Fruits from L2 showed ascorbic acid close to the P. peruviana, being higher than those from other locations. Fruit with the highest content of total carotenoids, chlorophyll, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were of P. pubescens, from L6. This species also showed higher content of TEP than the fruits of P. angulata and P. peruviana and total antioxidant activity close to this last. Fruits of P. pubescens presented higher contents of bioactive compounds than those of P. angulata, excepted by ascorbic acid in fruits of the L2, which was higher than those from other locations and very close to the P. peruviana. Fruits of P. pubescens also showed higher antioxidant activity that of P. Angulata, being close to that of P. peruviana. / Physalis, gênero da família Solanaceae, é amplamente distribuído no Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Conhecido como canapu, camapum, joá-de-capote, ocorre de forma espontânea, sendo necessários estudos sobre a qualidade dos frutos. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de frutos das espécies Physalis angulata e P. pubescens colhidos de seis localidades do estado da Paraíba, comparando-os com uma espécie comercial (P. peruviana). Os frutos sem o cálice foram classificados em cinco estádios de maturação: Completamente Verde (CV), Parcialmente Verde (PV), Início de Pigmentação Amarela (IA), Predominante Amarela (PA) e Completamente Amarela (CA). As avaliações foram: massa fresca (g), comprimento e diâmetro (mm), firmeza (N), Cor, pH, Sólidos Solúveis (SS, %), Acidez Titulável (AT, % ácido cítrico), Relação SS/AT, Açúcares Redutores e Solúveis Totais (AST, g. 100g-1), Ácido Ascórbico (AA, mg.100g-1), carotenoides totais (μg.100g-1), clorofila total, flavonoides amarelos, antocianinas e Polifenóis Extraíveis Totais (PET, mg.100g-1) e Atividade Antioxidante Total (AAT, g.gDPPH-1). Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (localidade x estádio de maturação), sendo para P. angulata em 4x5 e para P. pubescens em 2x4. Para as avaliações físicas foram utilizados 40 frutos, consistindo em 40 repetições e para as físico-químicas, 3 repetições, com aproximadamente 200 g de frutos cada. Os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância e as médias dos locais (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 e L6) e dos estádios de maturação comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A comparação da P. peruviana com as espécies da Paraíba foi realizada pelo teste de Dunnett a 5% de probabilidade. Os SS dos frutos de P. angulata de L2 e L4 foram superiores aos da espécie comercial. Apenas a AT dos frutos de P. pubescens da L6 foi superior a da espécie comercial. A relação SS/AT foi superior a da comercial nos frutos de quase todas as localidades, com exceção de L6, o que pode favorecer o consumo fresco desses frutos. Os teores de AR em frutos de P. angulata e P. pubescens de todas as localidades foram inferiores ao da espécie comercial. Os teores de AST nos frutos de P. angulata e P. pubescens diferiram da espécie comercial (9,90 g.100g-1), com exceção dos frutos de P. angulata de L2 (9,40 g.100g-1). Os frutos colhidos de L2 apresentaram teor de ácido ascórbico próximo ao da espécie comercial, sendo superior aos das demais localidades. Os frutos com maiores teor de carotenoides totais, clorofila, flavonoides amarelos e antocianinas foram os de P. pubescens, na L6. Essa espécie também apresentou maior teor de PET do que os frutos de P. angulata e de P. peruviana e também atividade antioxidante total próxima a da comercial. Frutos de P. pubescens apresentam maior conteúdo de compostos bioativos do que os de P. angulata, com exceção do teor de ácido ascórbico nos frutos da L2, que foi superior aos das demais localidades e muito próximo ao da espécie comercial. Os frutos de P. pubescens também apresentaram atividade antioxidante superior a dos frutos de P. angulata sendo próxima a de P. peruviana.

Foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia de análise de extratos e partes de plantas medicinais, via espectrometria de massas (MS) com infusão direta de amostra, técnica analítica denominada fingerprinting ou \"impressão digital\" química. Essa abordagem, que envolve mínimo prepraro de amostra, foi aplicada visando detectar as condições e as épocas adequadas para cultivo e/ou coleta de produtos naturais, permitindo a obtenção de uma matéria-prima vegetal com princípios ativos e concentrações padronizadas, assim como auxiliar no reconhecimento e na compreensão das interações ecológicas do vegetal com seu ambiente. A metodologia analítica envolveu MS com fonte de ionização por electrospray (ESI) nos modos positivo e negativo e experimentos de fragmentação de íons de interesse (MS/MS) por inserção direta do extrato diluído e frações ativas de Maytenus ilicifolia, de extratos de Arrabidaea chica de diferentes acessos (origens geográficas), assim como óleos de Pterodon pubescens e as amêndoas e o pedúnculo de diferentes clones de Anacardium occidentale. A caracterização das amêndoas e pedúnculos de A. occidentale, assim como de seus respectivos clones por meio do perfil de seus constituintes químicos foi realizada com sucesso. Na extração da amêndoa empregando-se éter, foi possível caracterizar o perfil de triacilgliceróis (TAG) por ESI(+) e ácidos graxos livres por ESI(-). Na extração do suco do pedúnculo empregando-se isopropanol, foram detectados íons referentes aos ácidos anacárdicos por ESI(-). Foram avaliados os principais parâmetros que possibilitam a ionização por ESI, tais como voltagens do capilar, cone e do cone extrator, e a influência de cada um destes parâmetros no perfil obtido nos espectros de ESI(-) do suco. Para A. chica a metodologia mostrou-se eficiente na bioprospecção de antocianidinas e dentre os nove acessos analisados, foi possível indicar aquele que produziu maior quantidade de material corante em relação a biomassa. Também foram avaliadas metodologias de extração por tratamento enzimático, o qual ocasionou aumento da intensidade de agliconas, provavelmente devido à hidrólise das antocianinas. A ocorrência de hidrólise também foi observada na em diferentes metodologias de secagem das folhas, principalmente na secagem realizada ao sol com borrifação de água. Houve variação sazonal na produção de metabólitos secundários, como pudemos observar nos experimentos realizados com amostras coletadas de 2007 a 2009. Para M. ilicifolia, foi possível caracterizar uma série de compostos relacionados à atividade antiúlcera já conhecidos da literatura, como dulcitol, catequina e derivados e flavonóides glicosilados. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada ainda na avaliação do melhoramento agrícola de M. ilicifolia por comparação dos perfis dos compostos identificados. A metodologia desenvolvida para análise direta de P. pubescens mostrou-se eficiente na detecção e identificação de compostos bioativos, possibilitando a caracterização rápida e sem preparo de amostra do óleo da semente. Em conclusão, a técnica de fingerprinting MS permite de maneira rápida, informativa e com mínimo preparo que amostras, que produtos naturais sejam caracterizados e tenham sua qualidade monitorada. / A new analytical methodology for the analysis of medicinal plant parts and extracts via direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed. This analytical approach, named chemical fingerprinting, involves minimal sample preparation and was applied in this work with the aim to detect optimal culture conditions, culture periods and harvest times for obtaining raw natural products with highest active principle and concentrations, as well as to understand and recognizing ecological interactions between plant and its surrounding environment. The analytical methodology included MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive (+) and negative (-) modes, as well as fragmentation of ions of interest (MS/MS) experiments. The diluted extract and active fractions of Maytenus ilicifolia, extracts of Arrabidaea chica from diverse geographic origins (accesses), as well as the oil from Pterodon pubescens and nuts of various clones of Anacardium occidentale were introduced by direct injection. Characterization of nuts and stems from A. occidentale, as well as of its respective clones by their chemical constituents has been successfully performed. After ether extraction of nuts, it was possible to characterize the triacylglycerols (TAG) by ESI(+) and free fatty acids by ESI (-). After extraction of stem juice with isopropanol, diverse ions were identified as anacardic acids by ESI(-). Also, parameters influencing to the ionization process, such as capillary voltage, cone voltage and cone extraction voltage, have been evaluated for the stem juice at ESI(-). For A. chica, the proposed methodology has been proven to efficiently bioprospect the anthocyanins, and among the nine accesses evaluated, it has been possible to identify the one producing higher amounts of dying material proportionally to the biomass. We also evaluated the enzymatic treatment extraction methodology, which resulted in the increase of aglycones content, probably due to anthocyanins hydrolysis. The occurrence of hydrolysis has been also observed when leaves have been water-sprayed while drying in the sun. Seasonal influence on the production of secondary metabolite has been observed in the samples collected on the experiments performed from 2007 to 2009. For M. ilicifolia, it has been possible to characterize a series of compounds related to the anti ulcer activity and already reported in the literature, such as dulcitol, catechin and derivatives and flavonoid glycosides. The proposed methodology has been applied in the evaluation of genetic improvement of M. ilicifolia by comparing the identified compounds profiles. The developed methodology aimed at direct analyzing P. pubescens has successfully detected and identified bioactive compounds of the seed oil, allowing the fast characterization. In conclusion, the proposed MS fingerprinting methodology allows in an informative, straightforward and with minimal sample preparation the chemical characterization and quality control of natural products.

Lors de ce travail de thèse nous avons adopté une approche fonctionnelle de la dynamique forestière méditerranéenne. L'objectif principal est de comprendre comment les réponses fonctionnelles à la disponibilité de la lumière et aux interactions biotiques vont conditionner la régénération des trois principales espèces impliquées dans cette dynamique : Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens. Une première expérimentation en pots a été menée en conditions contrôlées afin de déterminer progressivement : les différences de stratégies d'acclimations à l'ombre du pin d'Alep et du chêne pubescent, les compromis fonctionnels et les limites ontogéniques et nutritionnelles de ces stratégies, et l'impact de l'allélopathie et de la compétition sur cette réponse à l'ombre. Une expérimentation de terrain a ensuite permis de créer un gradient d'éclaircie dans une pinède de pin d'Alep, pour comprendre les principaux effets positifs et négatifs de la canopée sur les facteurs abiotiques et le développement du chêne pubescent et du chêne vert à différentes échelles de temps. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le pin d'Alep présente une stratégie d'évitement de l'ombre par une forte réponse plastique qui implique des compromis fonctionnels, des coûts nutritionnels élevés, et un temps d'expression limité. Cette stratégie présente un désavantage dans le cas d'une régénération sous canopée. A l'inverse, le chêne pubescent montre une stratégie plus conservatrice grâce à une réponse plastique à l'ombre limitée, mais une forte sensibilité aux interactions plantes-plantes. En conditions naturelles, le chêne pubescent et le chêne vert en régénération présentent des réponses différentes au gradient d'éclaircie de la canopée, le chêne pubescent montrant cette fois ci une moins forte tolérance à l'ombre. Cette thèse permet de mettre en évidence les liens entre limites fonctionnelles de la plasticité phénotypique, tolérance à l'ombre, et réussite d'installation sous couvert forestier. / During this work we studied the Mediterranean forest dynamic through a functional approach. Our main goal consisted to know how functional responses to light availability and biotic interactions determine the regeneration of three main species involved in this dynamic : Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens.A nursery experiment was set up to determine specific shade acclimatation strategies of the Aleppo pine and the Downy oak, functional tradeoffs and nutritional and ontogenetic limits of these stratgies, and the competitive and allélopathic impact on the shade induced response.Then a field experiment was set up to make a light gradient in an Aleppo pins pinewood in order to know the main positive and negative canopy effects on abiotic factors and oak seedlings development at different scales of time. Results showed that Aleppo pine exhibits a shade avoiding strategy through a strong plastic response involving functional tradeoffs, high nutritional costs, and time-limited expression. This strategy is considered as maladaptive in case of regeneration under unovercome forest canopy. Reversly, the downy oak shows a more conservative strategy through a limited plastic response to shade but a strong vulnerability to plant-plant interactions. In field conditions, Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex seedlings showed different responses to the canopy cover, with a fewer shade tolerance in Quercus pubescens. This work help to highlight relationships between functional limits of phenotypic plasticity, shade tolerance, and regenerative success in Aleppo pine understory.

Alpine and arctic tree line expansion depends on the establishment of tree seedlings above the current tree line, which is expected to occur with climate warming. However, tree lines often fail to respond to higher temperatures. Other environmental factors are therefore likely important for tree seedling establishment. Above the tree line, establishing seedlings encounter existing vegetation such as bryophytes, which often dominate in arctic and alpine tundra. Bryophytes modify their environment in various ways and may mediate climate change effects on establishing tree seedlings, and with that tree line expansion. The aim of this thesis was to understand if and how the environment, in particular bryophytes, mediates the impact of climate change on tree seedling establishment at the alpine and arctic tree line. This was explored by reviewing literature on tree seedling establishment at alpine and arctic tree lines globally. In addition, tree seedling survival and growth of Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris were assessed experimentally. Here, individuals were planted into mono-specific mats of different bryophytes species and exposed to warming and different precipitation regimes. The literature review revealed that besides from temperature, tree seedling establishment is affected by a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors including water, snow, nutrients, light, disturbance and surrounding vegetation. Furthermore the review revealed that for example vegetation can change tree seedling responses to climate change. The experiments showed that especially tree seedling survival was adversely affected by the presence of bryophytes and that the impacts of bryophytes were larger than those of the climate treatments. Seedling growth, on the other hand, was not hampered by the presence of bryophytes, which is in line with earlier findings that seedling survival, growth and seed germination do not respond similarly to changes in environmental conditions. Moreover, we found several indications that vegetation above the tree line, including bryophytes, mediated tree seedling responses to warming and precipitation or snow cover. This thesis shows that temperature alone should not be used to predict future tree seedling establishment above the alpine and arctic tree line and that extrapolations from climate envelope models could strongly over or under estimate tree line responses to warming. This underlines the value of multi-factorial studies for understanding the interplay between warming and other environmental factors and their effects on tree seedling establishment across current tree lines.

Alpine and arctic tree line expansion depends on the establishment of tree seedlings above the current tree line, which is expected to occur with climate warming. However, tree lines often fail to respond to higher temperatures. Other environmental factors are therefore likely important for tree seedling establishment. Above the tree line, establishing seedlings encounter existing vegetation such as bryophytes, which often dominate in arctic and alpine tundra. Bryophytes modify their environment in various ways and may mediate climate change effects on establishing tree seedlings, and with that tree line expansion. The aim of this thesis was to understand if and how the environment, in particular bryophytes, mediates the impact of climate change on tree seedling establishment at the alpine and arctic tree line. This was explored by reviewing literature on tree seedling establishment at alpine and arctic tree lines globally. In addition, tree seedling survival and growth of Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris were assessed experimentally. Here, individuals were planted into mono-specific mats of different bryophytes species and exposed to warming and different precipitation regimes. The literature review revealed that besides from temperature, tree seedling establishment is affected by a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors including water, snow, nutrients, light, disturbance and surrounding vegetation. Furthermore the review revealed that for example vegetation can change tree seedling responses to climate change. The experiments showed that especially tree seedling survival was adversely affected by the presence of bryophytes and that the impacts of bryophytes were larger than those of the climate treatments. Seedling growth, on the other hand, was not hampered by the presence of bryophytes, which is in line with earlier findings that seedling survival, growth and seed germination do not respond similarly to changes in environmental conditions. Moreover, we found several indications that vegetation above the tree line, including bryophytes, mediated tree seedling responses to warming and precipitation or snow cover. This thesis shows that temperature alone should not be used to predict future tree seedling establishment above the alpine and arctic tree line and that extrapolations from climate envelope models could strongly over or under estimate tree line responses to warming. This underlines the value of multi-factorial studies for understanding the interplay between warming and other environmental factors and their effects on tree seedling establishment across current tree lines.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.