Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Cleyde Barreto Valotto.pdf: 528164 bytes, checksum: 4db4ca9a7a45641fc2cd83c8e861e824 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-25 / The dengue and yellow fever are caused by Flavivirus, and are an importants problems in public health in the range of tropical and subtropical world. There is only available vaccine for yellow fever. The transmission of both diseases to humans is by the bite of female Aedes aegypti. The vector control is done through the elimination of breeding potential, application of larvicides in collections of water for adults vectors space applications of insecticides. The problems arising from continuous use of chemical insecticides have been the emergence of resistant populations to these products and concern about the environmental damage caused by slow degradation. In search of alternatives for the vector control, studies are being developed with substances of botanical origin, with the aim to control the vectors and preserve the environment. The use of natural insecticides has some advantages when compared to synthetic because they are renewable and have rapid degradation. Moreover, its composition is quite complex, reducing the speed of emergence of resistance and be of low toxicity to mammals, birds and environment. This study presents the morphohistologic and ultrastructural changes of catechist tannin extracted from Magonia pubescens, and the Diterpene extracted from Copaifera reticulata on the larvae of A. aegypti with the objective to evidence the mechanisms of action of these substances. For light microscopy, the 3rd stage larvae were subjected to a solution of catechist tannin 37ppm and the diterpene 9ppm, where they remained for up to 24h. Larvae that reached lethargic state were collected and fixed in 4% in the paraformoldehyde buffer 0.1 M sodium cacodilate pH 7.2, included in resin and the slides stained with hematoxylineosin technique. For electron microscopy, larvae were subjected to the same concentrations of catechist tannin and diterpene, where they remained for 22 h. Larvae that reached lethargic state were collected and dissected and their gut fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde, 2% paraformoldehyde, 3% sucrose in sodium buffer cacodilate 0.1 M pH 7.2 and post fixed in osmium tetroxide at 1% in cacodilate sodium 0.1 M. After this they were contrasted with uranyl acetate 1%, dehydrated, embedded and polymerized. The ultra sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate 3% and lead citrate and were caracterized by eletron microscopy. The changes caused by catechist tannin observed by light 20 and electron microscopy were high vacuolation, absence of cytoplasmic limits, cellular aging, cell disruption, vesicular apical formation with release of cytoplasmic content, increase in intercellular spaces, detachment of cells from the basal lamina and structural change of microvilli. Changes by diterpene by light and electron microscopy were high cytoplasmic vacuolation, cells and nuclei hypertrophy, degeneration of the edge brush, vesicular apical formation with release of cytoplasmic contents of cells, stratification of the epithelium and folds in the peritrophic matrix. / A dengue e a febre amarela urbana são doenças causadas por Flavivirus, constituindo problemas de importância em saúde pública nas faixas tropical e subtropical do mundo. Há apenas vacina disponível para a febre amarela. A transmissão de ambas as doenças ao homem se faz pela picada da fêmea de Aedes aegypti. O controle do vetor é feito através da eliminação dos criadouros potenciais, aplicação de larvicidas em coleções de água e, para os adultos, aplicações espaciais de inseticidas. Os problemas originados do uso contínuo de inseticidas químicos foram o aparecimento de populações resistentes a esses produtos e a preocupação com os danos ambientais provocados pela degradação lenta destes produtos. Na busca de alternativas de controle ao vetor, estudos estão sendo desenvolvidos com substâncias de origem botânica, com o intuito de controlar os vetores e preservar o meio ambiente. A utilização dos inseticidas naturais tem algumas vantagens quando comparados aos sintéticos, por serem renováveis e de degradação rápida. Além disso, a sua composição é bastante complexa, diminuindo a velocidade do aparecimento de resistência e é de baixa toxicidade para mamíferos, aves e meio ambiente. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se as alterações morfohistológicas e ultraestruturais do tanino catéquico extraído da Magonia pubescens, e do Diterpeno extraído da Copaifera reticulata sobre as larvas de A. aegypti a fim de evidenciar os mecanismos de ação dessas substâncias. Para a microscopia de luz, larvas de 3° estádio foram submetidas a soluções a 37ppm de tanino catéquico e 9ppm do diterpeno, onde permaneceram por até 24h. As larvas que atingiram estado letárgico foram coletadas e fixadas em paraformaldeído a 4% em tampão cacodilato de sódio 0.1 M pH 7.2, incluídas em resina e as lâminas coradas pela técnica de Hematoxilina-eosina. Para a microscopia eletrônica, as larvas foram submetidas às mesmas concentrações do tanino catéquico e diterpeno, onde permaneceram por 22 h. As larvas que atingiram estado letárgico foram coletadas e dissecadas e seus tubos digestórios fixados em 2% glutaraldeído, 2% paraformaldeído, 3% sacarose em tampão cacodilato de sódio 0.1 M pH 7.2 e pós fixado em tetróxido de ósmio 1% em cacodilato de sódio 0.1M. Em seguida foram contrastados com acetato de uranila a 1%, desidratados, emblocados e polimerizados. Os cortes 18 ultrafinos foram contrastados com acetato de uranila 3% e citrato de chumbo, depois eletromicrografados. As alterações causadas pelo tanino catéquico observadas pela microscopia de luz e eletrônica foram a alta vacuolização, ausência dos limites citoplasmáticos, morte por autofagia, desorganização celular, formação vesicular apical com liberação de conteúdo citoplasmático, aumento do espaço intercelular, desprendimento de células da lâmina basal e mudança estrutural dos microvilos. As alterações pelo diterpeno, pela microscopia de luz e eletrônica foram alta vacuolização citoplasmática, hipertrofia celular e dos núcleos, degeneração do bordo em escova, formação vesicular apical com liberação de conteúdo citoplasmático das células, estratificação do epitélio e dobras na matriz peritrófica.

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-07-25T15:50:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Maiara.pdf: 2672391 bytes, checksum: dc66f1334066cfacd2ccc16772a88c08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-25T15:50:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Maiara.pdf: 2672391 bytes, checksum: dc66f1334066cfacd2ccc16772a88c08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / The biodiesel is an alternative to petrochemicals and derivatives because it is produced from renewable sources, as vegetable oils and animal fat, and reduces the level of pollutant emissions in the diesel. The investigation of alternative sources of triglycerides for biodiesel production has been extensively explored. In this work, seeds of 26 of different plant species (Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Celastraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae) of the semiarid region of the State of Bahia were collected and the oil extracted for studies as alternative source for the production of biodiesel. The present work selected the most promising plant species for the production of biodiesel, using the chromatography methods CG-MS and CG-FID to identify the fatty acids in the oils, followed by the physical-chemical characterization of the oils from the most promiing species: Syagrus coronata, Dilodendron bipinnatum, (mamoninha) and Magonia pubescens (timb?). Thus, acid index, saponification index, peroxide value, iodine index, and refractive index were determined. Because presents better physical-chemical characteristics, the oil of ?Timb?? was selected for the experiment about the best process conditions to produce ?Timb?? biodiesel in order to improve methyl esters production (% m/m). ?Timb?? biodiesel was produced by methanol route using alcohol/oil molar ratio 8:1, the concentration of catalyst was 0,5 wt%. The values determined for the physical-chemical parameters of the Timb? Methyl Biodiesel (BMT) are within the limits established by the National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels ? ANP, except for acid index, total glycerin and kinematic viscosity. / O biodiesel ? uma alternativa em rela??o ao petr?leo e seus derivados j? que ? obtido de fontes renov?veis, como ?leos vegetais e gorduras animais e reduz a emiss?o de compostos poluentes presentes no diesel. A investiga??o de fontes alternativas de triglicer?deos para a produ??o de biodiesel tem sido bastante explorada. Neste sentido, sementes de 26 esp?cies de plantas (Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Celastraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae) encontradas na regi?o semi?rida da Bahia foram coletadas e o ?leo extra?do para estudar quanto a sua viabilidade para uso em biodiesel. Foram selecionadas as esp?cies vegetais mais promissoras para a produ??o de biodiesel, utilizando os m?todos cromatogr?ficos CG-MS e CG-FID como ferramentas para identificar os ?cidos graxos presentes nos ?leos, seguido pela caracteriza??o f?sico-qu?mica dos ?leos das esp?cies consideradas mais promissoras Syagrus coronata, Dilodendron bipinnatum, a mamoninha e Magonia pubescens, o timb?, determinando ?ndice de acidez, ?ndice de saponifica??o, ?ndice de per?xido, ?ndice de iodo e ?ndice de refra??o. Por apresentar boas caracter?sticas f?sico-qu?micas, o ?leo de ?timb?? foi selecionado para a realiza??o de experimento sobre as melhores condi??es operacionais para produzir biodiesel, visando melhorar o rendimento de ?steres (%m/m). O biodiesel de timb? foi obtido por rota met?lica, utilizando rela??o molar ?lcool:?leo 8:1 e a concentra??o do catalisador foi de 0,5% em rela??o ? massa de ?leo. Os valores determinados para os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos do biodiesel met?lico de timb? (BMT) encontram-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela Ag?ncia Nacional de Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?vel (ANP), por?m o processo de transesterifica??o necessita de alguns ajustes para melhorar o ?ndice de acidez, glicerina total e viscosidade cinem?tica.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-27T15:03:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 josianemellodasilva.pdf: 3247422 bytes, checksum: 485b2562114e70ff7d059e0faa2e1b97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T15:49:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 josianemellodasilva.pdf: 3247422 bytes, checksum: 485b2562114e70ff7d059e0faa2e1b97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T15:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josianemellodasilva.pdf: 3247422 bytes, checksum: 485b2562114e70ff7d059e0faa2e1b97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A espécie arbórea e nativa Lacistema pubescens Mart. (Lacistemataceae) apresenta-se distribuída em vários estados brasileiros e é conhecida popularmente, conforme a região em que se encontra, como espeto-vermelho, canela-vermelha, sabonete e cafezinho. Esse trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico e as atividades citotóxicas frente a linhagens tumorais e não tumorais, leishmanicida e anti-inflamatória tópica da partição hexânica das folhas de L. pubescens. A partição em hexano (PHEX) foi submetida a um fracionamento cromatográfico e originou 17 frações (FH1 a FH17). Na avaliação da atividade citotóxica, as frações FH7, FH9, FH13 e FH16 foram as mais ativas para células tumorais. As frações FH7 e FH9F3 (obtida após fracionamento de FH9) tiveram o valor de CI50 determinado, sendo FH9F3 a fração que apresentou a maior resposta frente à linhagem HL60 e Jurkat. O fracionamento de PHEX foi também biomonitorado para a atividade leishmanicida. As frações obtidas da PHEX mais seletivas para as formas promastigotas foram FH7, FH9 e FH13. A PHEX e FH7 tiveram sua atividade antiamastigota determinada sobre L. amazonensis. Com relação à atividade anti-inflamatória observou-se que a PHEX, administrada topicamente, apresentou resultados significativos no modelo do edema de orelha induzido pelo óleo de cróton, fenol, histamina, ácido araquidônico e etil fenil propionato (EPP), em camundongos. Estes resultados foram confirmados através de análises histopatológicas e ensaio enzimático. Uma formulação farmacêutica com PHEX (proPHEX) foi eficaz em processo inflamatório crônico. Além disso, PHEX apresentou segurança para administração por via tópica, uma vez que não apresentou toxidade no modelo de irritação/corrosão dérmica, em ratos. A PHEX também não apresentou os efeitos adversos, quando comparada à dexametasona, nos modelos de atrofia cutânea e cicatrização de feridas. A atividade anti-inflamatória pode ser atribuída, ao menos em parte, às frações FH7 e FH9F3, as quais foram testadas no modelo do edema de orelha induzido pelo óleo de cróton e fenol. A fração FH7 é rica em fitol e FH9F3 é rica em sitosterol, as quais foram identificadas por métodos cromatográficos e espectrométricos. / Lacistema pubescens Mart. (Lacistemataceae), an arborea native species, is distributed in several Brazilian states and is popularly known as “espeto-vermelho, canela – vermelha, sabonete e cafezinho”. This work describes the phytochemical and cytotoxic studies against tumor cell lines, and anti-leishmanial and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaves of L. pubescens. The hexane partition (PHEX) was subjected to a chromatographic fractionation and originated 17 fractions (FH1 to FH17). Regarding to the cytotoxic activity, FH7, FH9 and FH16 fractions were more selective for tumor cells. The IC50 value was determined for FH7 and FH9F3 fractions (obtained after FH9 fractionation), and FH9F3 presented the highest response against HL60 and Jurkat cell lines. PHEX fractionation was also biomonitored for anti-leishmanial activity. The fractions FH7 and FH9 were the most selective for promastigotes. The antiamastigota activity against L. amazonensis was determined for PHEX and FH7. Regarding to the anti-inflammatory activity, it was observed that topical application of PHEX showed significant results in ear edema model induced by croton oil, phenol, histamine, arachidonic acid and ethyl phenylpropionate (EPP) in mice. These results were confirmed by histopathological analysis and enzymatic assay. A pharmaceutical formulation contained PHEX (proPHEX) was effective for chronic inflammatory process. Moreover, PHEX presented safety for topical administration, since it showed no toxicity in the irritation/corrosion model in rats. PHEX did not show the adverse effects observed for dexamethasone in cutaneous atrophy and wound healing models. The anti-inflammatory activity may be attributed, at least in part, to FH7 and FH9F3 fractions, which were tested on the ear edema induced by croton oil and phenol models. Sitosterol-rich fraction (FH9F3) and Phytol-rich fraction (FH7) were obtained from PHEX fractionation and were identified by spectroscopic methods.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-02T13:33:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 josianemellosdasilva.pdf: 1506702 bytes, checksum: 3a2c29162f7b397a1ea2e3562ccf7a81 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-13T13:09:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 josianemellosdasilva.pdf: 1506702 bytes, checksum: 3a2c29162f7b397a1ea2e3562ccf7a81 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-13T13:09:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josianemellosdasilva.pdf: 1506702 bytes, checksum: 3a2c29162f7b397a1ea2e3562ccf7a81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Lacistema pubescens Mart. (Lacistemataceae), espécie arbórea e nativa, apresenta-se distribuída em vários estados brasileiros e é conhecida popularmente, conforme a região em que se encontra como espeto-vermelho, canela-vermelha, sabonete e cafezinho. Esse trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico e atividade antioxidante, antimicrobiana, leishmanicida, antitumoral, antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória das folhas de L. pubescens. A atividade antioxidante foi analisada por quatro métodos diferentes e realizada com o extrato bruto metanólico (EBM) e partições em hexano (PHEX), em diclorometano (PDCM), em acetato de atila (PAcOEt) e hidrometanólica (PHM). Pelo método do DPPH, todas as amostras foram efetivas em inibir o radical, particularmente a PHM (CI50 1,8 μg/mL); pelo sistema β-caroteno / ácido linoleico a melhor resposta foi para a PHEX (CI50 22,71 μg/mL); no método do TBA, a amostra que melhor conseguiu inibir a lipoperoxidação foi a PHM e no método para avaliar o poder redutor das amostras, nenhuma amostra foi efetiva. A atividade antimicrobiana com determinação da CIM foi realizada com o EBM e partições diante das cepas Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae e Enterococcus faecali. A melhor resposta foi para as partições com valores de CIM de 125 μg/mL, a saber: PDCM para Enterococcus faecalis; PAcOEt bem como PHM para Enterobacter cloacae. A atividade leishmanicida foi verificada em formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis, L. major, L. braziliensis e L. chagasi. A PHEX foi a amostra que apresentou a CI50 mais significativa em comparação ao controle em três das quatro espécies testadas. Para a atividade antitumoral verificada pelo método do MTT, PHEX e PAcOEt foram ativas diante da linhagem HL60 e PDCM, diante da linhagem MCF-7, contudo todas os extratos mostraram-se resistentes para Jurkat. O potencial anti-inflamatório e antinociceptivo de L. pubescens foi investigado in vivo. Três modelos para dor, com mecanismos de modulação distintos, foram utilizados. No teste de contorções abdominais, EBM e todas as partições foram efetivas em suprimir a dor. No teste da formalina, na dor de origem central, PHEX e PDCM foram ativos e na dor inflamatória, mostraram-se ativos os EBM, PHEX e PDCM. No teste da retirada da cauda, as amostras analisadas não alteraram o período de latência. Para avaliar o potencial anti-inflamatório foi utilizado o modelo do edema de orelha. EBM e PHEX administrados oralmente, não foram capazes de diminuir a inflamação, contudo a PHEX administrada topicamente suprimiu o edema em 88%. Triterpenos, flavonoides e esteroides encontrados nas amostras parecem ser os responsáveis pelas atividades encontradas. / Lacistema pubescens Mart. (Lacistemataceae), an arborea native species, is distributed in several Brazilian states and known popularly as “espeto-vermelho, canela – vermelha, sabonete e cafezinho”. This work describes the phytochemical profile and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-leishmanial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the leaves of L. pubescens. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by four different methods and performed with the crude methanol extract (EBM) and the hexane (PHEX), dichloromethane (PDCM), ethyl acetate (PAcOEt) and hydromethanolic (PHM) partitions. By the DPPH method, all samples were effective in inhibiting the radical, particularly PHM (IC50 1.8 μg /ml), by the β-carotene/linoleic acid system, the best answer was shown for PHEX (IC50 22.71 μg/ml), by the TBA method, the sample that best managed to inhibit lipid peroxidation was the PHM and when evaluated for the reducing power, the samples showed no activity. The antimicrobial activity, used to determine the MIC was performed with the EBM and partitions on the strains Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Enterococcus faecalis. The best response was for the partitions with MIC values of 125 μg/mL, as follows: PDCM for Enterococcus faecalis; PAcoEt for PHM and Enterobacter cloacae. The leishmanicidal activity was observed in promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis, L. major, L. braziliensis and L. chagasi. PHEX was the sample that showed the most significant IC50 among the four species tested. For the antitumor activity observed by MTT method, PHEX and PAcOEt were active for HL60 and PDCM for MCF-7 tumor cell lines. On the other hand, all extracts were resistant to Jurkat. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of L. pubescens were investigated in vivo. Three models for pain, with different modulation mechanisms were used. In the writhing test, EBM and all partitions were effective in suppressing pain. In the formalin test, on central origin pain, PHEX and PDCM were active and on inflammatory pain, EBM, PHEX and PDCM were active. In the tail flick test, the samples did not alter the latency period. To assess the anti-inflammatory activity, the ear edema model was used. EBM and PHEX when administered orally were not capable to reduce inflammation, but PHEX, administered topically, suppressed the edema by 88%. Major compounds like triterpenes, flavonoids and sterols found in the samples could be responsible for the activities found for L. pubescens.

[pt] O bambu é um recurso natural, típico de regiões tropicais e subtropicais, cujas fibras vêm atraindo interesse para reforço de materiais compósitos, pelas suas excelentes propriedades mecânicas. Entretanto, como toda fibra vegetal, as fibras de bambu apresentam alto grau de higroscopicidade, inchando quando da presença de água, limitando seu uso devido à perda de durabilidade. Dessa forma, este trabalho visa estudar melhorias nas propriedades de flexão do bambu através do processo de hornificação por ciclos de molhagem e secagem, tratamento muito utilizado em polpas de madeira ou papel, que leva a reduções na capacidade de absorção e retenção de água das fibras, reduzindo seus poros e tornando sua estrutura mais enrijecida. Para isso foram investigados os efeitos de 3, 5 e 10 ciclos de molhagem e secagem sobre as propriedades físicas e comportamento mecânico (flexão e módulo de elasticidade) do bambu da espécie Moso (Phyllostachys pubescens). Com relação às propriedades físicas foram avaliadas as variações na capacidade de absorção e retenção de água do bambu ao longo dos ciclos, incluindo avaliação das variações dimensionais dos feixes vasculares ao final dos ciclos, realizada por meio de análise e processamento de imagens obtidas por microscópio estereoscópico. Ademais, o comportamento à flexão foi estudado por meio de ensaios de flexão a quatro pontos, avaliando possíveis melhorias na resistência à flexão, deflexão e módulo de elasticidade do bambu após os ciclos de molhagem e secagem, incluindo análise da influência do cisalhamento na flexão. As análises físicas demonstraram que com os ciclos ocorreu redução na capacidade de retenção de água do bambu, além de reduções na área superficial de seus feixes de fibras. Na flexão houve ganho de rigidez após os ciclos, chegando a aumentar em 70 por cento o módulo de elasticidade. / [en] Bamboo is a natural resource, typical of tropical and subtropical regions, whose fibers are attracting interest to reinforce composite materials, due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, like all plant fibers, bamboo fibers present a high degree of hygroscopicity, swelling when water is present, limiting its use due to loss of durability. Thus, this work aims to study improvements in the flexural properties of bamboo through the process of hornification by wetting and drying cycles, a treatment that is widely used in pulps of wood or paper, leading to reductions in the water absorption and retention capacity of the fibers, reducing its pores and making its structure stiffer. The effects of 3, 5 and 10 wetting and drying cycles on the physical properties and mechanical behavior (flexure and modulus of elasticity) of the Moso bamboo species (Phyllostachys pubescens) were investigated. Regarding the physical properties, the variations in the bamboo water absorption and retention capacity were evaluated along the cycles, including evaluation of the dimensional variations of the vascular bundles at the end of the cycles, performed by means of analysis and processing of images obtained by a stereoscopic microscope. In addition, the flexural behavior was studied by means of four-point flexural tests, evaluating possible improvements in flexural strength, deflection and modulus of elasticity of the bamboo after the wetting and drying cycles, including analysis of the influence of shear on flexion. The physical analyzes showed that with the cycles there was a reduction in the water retention capacity of bamboo, as well as reductions in the surface area of its fiber bundles. In flexion, there was a gain of stiffness after the cycles, increasing the modulus of elasticity by 70 per cent.

Treelines in high-mountain regions are constrained by heat deficiency, although the working mechanisms are still not entirely understood. Observational and paleoecological studies on treeline performance may contribute to increased understanding of the treeline phenomenon in general. The present thesis addresses elevational shifts of alpine treelines in the Swedish Scandes. By various analytical tools, the studies embrace widely different temporal scales. The concept treeline refers to the elevation (m a.s.l.) at a specific site of the upper individual tree of a certain tree species, at least 2 m tall. All the principal tree species in the Scandes are concerned, i.e. mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Paper I deals with regional treeline dynamics at more than 100 sites over the past 100 years. Concurrent with temperature rise by c. 1.4 °C over the same period, maximum treeline advances of all species amount to about 200 m. Thus, under ideal conditions, treelines respond in close equilibrium with air temperature evolution. However, over most parts of the landscape, treeline upshifts have been much smaller than 200 m, which relates to the combined action of geomorphology, wind, snow distribution and soil depth. After 1975, the birch has lost its role as the most rapidly advancing tree species, being superseded by pine and spruce. Paper II is a short-term (2005/2007-2010/2011) study of mountain birch treeline performance along a regional maritimity-continentality gradient. Upshift by 3.0 yr-1 in the maritime part of the gradient contrasts to retreat by 0.4 m yr-1 in the continental part. In the latter area, earlier and more complete melting of late-lying snow patches has seemingly progressed to a state when soil drought sets back the vigour of existing birches and precludes sexual regeneration and upslope advance of the treeline. In the maritime area, extensive and deep snow packs still exist above the treeline and constrain its position, although some release is taking place in the current warm climate. Paper III explores treeline change by phenotypic transformation of old-established stunted and prostrate spruce individuals (krummholz) growing high above the treeline and is based on analyses of radiocarbon-dated megafossils, preserved in the soil underneath clonal groups of spruce. Living spruce clones, which in some cases may date back to the early Holocene (9500 cal. yr BP), suggests that spruce immigrated from “cryptic” ice age refugia much closer to Scandinavia than conventionally thought. As the krummholz form presupposes open and windy habitats, it is inferred that permanently open spots prevailed in the high-mountain landscape even during periods when treelines in general were much higher than today. Paper IV reports radiocarbon dates of wood samples, retrieved from newly exposed glacier forefields at three main sites, located high above the modern treelines and embracing the entire Swedish Scandes. It appears that pine colonized early emerging nunataks already during the Late Glacial. Around 9600-9500 cal. yr BP a first massive wave of tree establishment, birch and pine, took place in “empty” glacier cirques. Both species grew 400-600 m above their present day treeline position and accordingly, the summer temperatures may have been 3.5 °C warmer than present (uncorrected for land uplift). During the entire interval 9600 to 4400 cal. yr BP, birch prospered 100-150 m above the uppermost pines. In response to Neoglacial cooling, treelines of both birch and pine descended until their final disappearance from the record 4400 and 5900 cal. yr BP, respectively. Thereafter, these habitats experienced increased snow accumulation and glacier inception. / Avhandlingen belyser förskjutningar i olika tidsskalor av den alpina trädgränsens läge i de svenska Skanderna. Trädgränsen definieras som den högsta nivån (m ö.h.) för minst 2 m höga individer av en viss art i en definierad del av en fjällsluttning. Avhandlingen består av fyra separata uppsatser, publicerade i olika välrenommerade vetenskapliga tidskrifter.  I Paper I analyseras förändringar av trädgränserna för fjällens vanligaste trädarter, fjällbjörk, gran och tall (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii, Picea abies och Pinus sylvestris) mellan 1915 och 2007. Undersökningen omfattar ett 8000 km2 stort, naturgeografiskt heterogent område, med mer än 100 lokaler. De maximala trädgränsförskjutningarna för samtliga trädarter uppgår till omkring 200 m. Resultaten motsvarar de trädgränsförskjutningar som teoretiskt kan förutsägas utifrån den temperaturhöjning med cirka 1,4 °C som skett under samma tidsperiod, förutsatt ideala förhållanden. För större delen av området råder emellertid andra, icke-ideala förhållanden, varför trädgränsernas uppflyttning i allmänhet blivit avsevärt mindre än 200 m. Den främsta anledningen till detta är lokala topoklimatiska begränsningar, d.v.s. kombinerade effekter av geomorfologi, vind, snöfördelning, jorddjup, etc., som i stora delar av det starkt brutna fjällandskapet mer eller mindre effektivt hindrar träden från att nå sina potentiellt högst belägna växtplatser betingade av temperaturen. Efter 1975 har björken förlorat sin roll som arten med den snabbast expanderande trädgränsen. I stället har tall och gran avancerat med större hastighet. Det innebär att även om klimatets uppvärmning fortsätter, så kommer det subalpina björkbältet att expandera i avsevärt mindre omfattning än vad som ofta förebådats. Möjligtvis kommer det att ersättas av tall. Paper II behandlar björkens trädgränsdynamik under perioden 2005/2007-2010/2011 längs en regional klimatgradient med avseende på maritimitet/kontientalitet. Trädgränsen har under den aktuella perioden avancerat 3,0 m/år i den maritimt präglade delen av gradienten, vilket kontrasterar signifikant mot en sänkning med 0,4 m/år i området med mer kontinentalt klimat. Skillnaderna diskuteras i termer av klimatförändringens varierande effekter på snötäckets utbredning och varaktighet och dess inverkan på markfuktigheten. En allt tidigare total utsmältning av snölegorna i de kontinentala områdena har av allt att döma resulterat i vattenbrist under sommaren. Torka medför reducerad vitalitet för existerande björkar och förhindrar både sexuell förökning och uppflyttning av trädgränsen. I de maritima delarna kvarligger alltjämt mycket snö under en stor del av sommaren. Trädgränsens position har därför kunnat bibehållas eller flyttas upp. Vissa omständigheter tyder på att trädgränsens stigning i högre grad har varit baserad på fröföryngring efter 1975, jämfört med perioden 1915-1975. Utgångspunkten för Paper III är erfarenheter från Paper I, som visar att trädgränsens uppflyttning för gran och björk huvudsakligen är resultatet av ökad höjdtillväxt av äldre, i vissa fall flertusenåriga, mer eller mindre buskformiga individer (krummholz), som vuxit på nivåer långt ovanför trädgränsen. Som ett svar på de senaste hundra årens varmare klimat har dessa antagit trädform, varigenom trädgränsen höjts. För en fördjupad förståelse av den här mekanismen har megafossil, d.v.s. grova vedrester bevarade i marken under gamla grankloner i trädgränsekotonen, 14C-daterats. Resultaten tyder på att granar i exponerad fjällmiljö kan uppnå i det närmaste ”evigt” liv genom sin förmåga till vegetativ förökning och möjligheten att växla mellan busk- och trädform i takt med klimatets växlingar. Vissa nu levande kloner existerade av allt att döma redan för 9500 år sedan. Den nu dokumenterat tidiga förekomsten av gran, bekräftar den på senare tid allt tydligare bilden av granen som en tidig invandrare till fjällkedjan. Möjligtvis har granen ”övervintrat” den senaste istiden närmare Skandinavien än vad som till helt nyligen varit den gängse uppfattningen. Paper IV behandlar en för Skandinavien ny metod för historisk trädgränsrekonstruktion. I uppsatsen analyseras 14C-dateringar av totalt 78 större veddelar (megafossil) som nyligen exponerats i anslutning till smältande glaciäris och ”perenna” snölegor i tre huvudområden, Helags-Sylarna, Tärna och Abisko, högt ovanför dagens trädgräns. Det framkommer att tall (Pinus sylvestris) koloniserade tidigt framsmälta nunatakker redan under senglacial tid. För omkring 9600-9500 år sedan inträffade en första massiv våg av björk- och talletablering i isfria glaciärnischer. Båda arterna växte 400-600 m ovanför sina nuvarande trädgränspositioner, i ett klimat som kan ha varit 3,5 °C varmare än idag. Under intervallet 9600 till 4400 BP uppträdde björken i ett 100-150 m brett bälte ovanför de översta tallarna. Som ett svar på klimatets successiva avkylning under senare delen av Holocen sänktes både björkens och tallens trädgränser i de aktuella miljöerna, till dess de för 4400 respektive 5900 år sedan helt försvann från lokaler där glaciärer och perenna snöfält började bildas. De analyserade trädresterna, som länge bevarats av glaciäris och perenn snö representerar en period med ett klimat långt varmare än under det senaste århundradet. Med denna analogi från det förflutna kan det därför antas att i en framtid där sommartemperaturerna rent hypotetiskt är 3,5 °C högre än i nutiden, skulle trädgränserna lokalt kunna flyttas upp med ungefär 600 m.

Dans le contexte européen actuel visant la réduction des risques et de l‘utilisation des pesticides, le développement d‘outils permettant d‘évaluer les impacts environnementaux est un objectif majeur. Cette thèse recouvre approche écotoxicologique et approche écologique sous forme d‘études de l‘échelle tissulaire à l‘échelle des populations. L‘espèce modèle est un prédateur généraliste, le forficule, et le site d‘étude les vergers de pommiers du Sud-est de la France. Les effets des pesticides ont été testés aussi bien en condition de laboratoire qu‘en conditions réelles (en vergers). Les études en laboratoire nous ont permis de caractériser et d‘étudier la localisation tissulaire des B-estérases (AChE et CbE) et d‘évaluer la capacité prédatrice chez Forficula auricularia après exposition, sur le puceron Dysaphis plantaginea. Les CbE sont plus sensibles que l‘AChE chez F. auricularia et les B-estérases des mâles sont toujours plus sensibles aux insecticides organophosphorés que celles des femelles. Ces résultats nous permettent de valider l‘utilisation des B-estérases comme biomarqueurs biochimiques chez F. auricularia. La capacité prédatrice de F. auricularia est diminuée par certains insecticides avec les mâles plus impactés que les femelles. Les mesures d‘activité des B-estérases ont corroboré les résultats validant le comportement de prédation comme un nouveau biomarqueur. A l‘échelle de l‘organisme, la reproduction et le développement des premiers stades larvaires ont été suivis grâce à un élevage mis en place à partir d‘insectes prélevés dans des vergers soumis à différentes pratiques phytosanitaires (agriculture biologique, raisonnée et conventionnelle). Le nombre d‘oeufs par ponte est réduit et la date de ponte retardée pour les forficules provenant des vergers à agriculture « conventionnelle ». Pour évaluer l‘effet des pesticides à l‘échelle des populations, l‘abondance et la diversité du forficule (F. auricularia et F. pubescens) ont été suivies en vergers en prenant également en compte des caractéristiques paysagères. L‘impact des pratiques phytosanitaires est plus important que celui des caractéristiques paysagères. L‘espèce F. pubescens est plus sensible que F. auricularia, avec la même différence de sensibilité entre sexes chez les deux espèces (mâles plus sensibles). Le forficule devient alors une espèce bioindicatrice pertinente de l‘utilisation des pesticides en verger de pommiers. Cette étude soulève le besoin de biomarqueurs complémentaires capables de mettre en évidence les modifications physiologiques et comportementales qui influencent les populations d‘auxiliaires et la régulation naturelle des ravageurs. / In the European context which aims at reducing risk and uses of pesticides, the development of tools to evaluate environmental impacts is a major focus. This thesis uses ecotoxicological and ecological approaches, from tissue level to population level. The model species is a generalist predator, the earwig, and the study site is apple orchards in Southeastern France. Pesticides expositions were tested both in laboratory or real conditions (in orchards). Lab studies allowed us to characterize and investigate the tissular distribution of B-esterases (AChE and CbE) of Forficula auricularia and to study its predatory behavior on the aphid Dysaphis plantaginea after exposure. CbE were more sensitive than AChE and males B-esterases were more sensitive than females ones to organophosphorus pesticides. The overall results allowed us to validate the use of B-esterases as biochemical biomarkers on F. auricularia. The predation behavior of F. auricularia was impacted by some insecticides with males more sensitive than females. The behavior results were supported by inhibition of biochemical biomarkers (B-esterases) validating predation behavior as a new biomarker. Taking into account the individual level, the reproduction and development of first larval stages were carried out thanks to a breeding set up with earwigs trapped in orchards conducted under different pest management (organic, integrated and conventional management). Eggs number by clutch was reduced and clutch date was delayed for earwigs trapped in orchards conducted under conventional agriculture. To assess the impact of pesticides on population level, the abundance and diversity of earwig (F. auricularia and F. pubescens) were carried out in different orchard management considering small-scale landscape parameters. Pesticide use had clearly much higher effects on earwig abundances and diversity than landscape characteristics. F. pubescens was more sensitive than F. auricularia, with the same sensitivity difference between sex on both species (males more sensitive) making earwigs a relevant bioindicator species of pesticides use in apple orchards. This study enhances the need of complementary biomarkers able to highlight physiological and behavioral modifications which influence natural enemy populations and the natural regulation of pests.

In response to the furniture industry’s growing demand for raw material, large volumes of juvenile silver birch and downy birch stems available from pre-commercial thinning operations in Sweden’s forests could offer solutions. However, such stems are not currently used on an industrial scale, and most research conducted on birch stems in general has neither focussed on young trees nor the potential use of the central stem part around the tree pith. The resulting lack of knowledge about the juvenile part of birch wood thus requires additional information about the material properties of birch, which could encourage its use for various purposes in the furniture and other industries. The initial literature review performed for this thesis has highlighted some properties of juvenile birch required for its use as a furniture material, as well as identified topics concerning the physical characteristics of juvenile birch about which knowledge is currently limited. Consequently, the objectives of this thesis were to explore some characteristics of juvenile birch—bark thickness, wood-to-bark bonding ratio after drying, variations in the density and width of growth rings, and anatomical growth response to fertilisation—in order to increase the knowledge. The material studied came from mixed birch and Norway spruce stands at two sites in southern Sweden, namely Asa and Toftaholm. The birch stems were naturally regenerated silver birch and downy birch, with breast height diameters between 30 and 83 mm. Fertilised and unfertilised silver birch trees were sampled at Toftaholm, whereas unfertilised stems of silver birch and downy birch were sampled at Asa. The characteristics of stems from the pith to bark (radial direction) and along the stem (longitudinal direction) were measured. The wood-to-bark bonding ratio on downy birch after drying was calculated as the percentage of the stem circumference with full contact between the wood and bark, while oven-dry density and basic wood density for silver birch were determined by using the water displacement method. The impact of ring width on wood density was statistically analysed, and an image analysis of the wood anatomy was conducted to elucidate their relationship. Amongst the results, bark thickness along the stem had the highest deviation in the section closest to the stump. Moreover, the wood-to-bark bonding ratio after drying measured for juvenile downy birch seemed to depend more on the stem’s diameter than the sampling height along the stem. Such results are relevant for processors seeking to estimate the volume of wood under the bark. The wood-to-bark bonding ratio was highest for diameters between 30 and 39 mm, and neither did that relationship correlate with the sampling height along the stem. Variation in wood density in the radial and longitudinal directions in juvenile silver birch suggested that such density negatively correlated with growth rate (ring width). That relationship held true for stems at each site and between the sites, irrespective of management or growing conditions. As expected, mean wood density was lower in fertilised trees than in unfertilised ones, and towards the bark, radial density increased more in trees that grew more slowly. At the same time, variation in longitudinal density in young silver birch trees was low. Quantitative wood anatomy studies confirmed that the fertilised juvenile birch had younger cambia, thinner cell walls, and fewer vessels per mm2 than unfertilised trees in the same diameter class. Overall, the knowledge generated in the study may facilitate the industrial use of juvenile birch stems and wood in interior and furniture applications. The role of wood anatomy in determining the mechanical performance of juvenile birch stems should be further examined, however, to possibly reveal new opportunities for the use of juvenile birch. / Det finns ett växande behov av råvaror till möbelindustrin. Stammar av juvenil vårtbjörk och glasbjörk finns tillgängliga i stora volymer från röjning i svenska skogar. För närvarande finns det inget storskaligt industriellt nyttjande av det virket. Bättre kunskap om dess virkesegenskaper kan öppna upp möjligheterna till olika användningsområden. Dock har en majoritet av den befintliga björkforskningen ofta exkluderat studier av innersta veden närmast kärnan, vilket resulterat i en låg kunskapsnivå om det juvenila virket. I den inledande litteraturstudien i denna uppsats belyses vilka krav som ställs på materialegenskaperna i möbelvirke. Vidare identifieras befintliga kunskapsluckor i fysiska och mekaniska egenskaper för juvenil björk. Målet med denna uppsats är därför att utforska några egenskaper, såsom barktjocklek, barkvidhäftning efter torkning, densitet och årsringsbreddsvariation samt hur gödsling kan påverka vedanatomin. Materialet kom från blandskogsbestånd med gran och björk i Asa och Toftaholm i Götaland. Björkarna var självföryngrad vårtbjörk och glasbjörk och stammarna hade en brösthöjdsdiameter mellan 30 och 83 mm. I Toftaholm var en del av beståndet gödslad respektive ogödslad vårtbjörk. Från Asa togs stammar av både vårtbjörk och glasbjörk. Virkesegenskaper och dess variationer i stammens radiella och longitudinella riktning studerades. Vidhäftningen av barken till veden efter torkning bedömdes procentuellt på omkretsen av ändträet. Relativ torrdensitet och rådensitet mättes. Påverkan av årsringsbredd på veddensitet analyserades statistiskt och vedanatomin studerades med mikroskop och bildanalys för en vidare förståelse av dess samband med gödsling. Resultaten gällande barktjocklekens variation visade att den nedre delen av stammen hade störst medelavvikelse. Dessa resultat kan vara relevant information för vidareförädling efter avbarkning. Barkens vidhäftning till veden efter torkning mättes på juvenil glasbjörk. Det visade ett visst samband med stamdiameter där den högsta vidhäftningen fanns på stammarna med en diameter mellan 30 och 39 mm. Sambandet var däremot inte korrelerat till stamhöjden där provet togs. Densitetsvariation i radiell och longitudinell riktning studerades för juvenil vårtbjörk. Densiteten hade en svag negativt korrelation till årsringsbredd. Detta samband sågs både inom bestånd och mellan bestånd med olika tillväxtförhållande samt skötsel. Medeldensiteten för virket var, som förväntat, lägre i de gödslade träden jämfört med de ogödslade. I den radiella riktningen  hade det senvuxna virket en högre faktor på densitetsökningen. Den longitudinella densitetsvariationen i unga vårtbjörkar var låg. Kvantitativa vedanatomistudier bekräftade att ungdomsveden i gödslad vårtbjörk hade en lägre kambiumålder, tunnare cellväggstjocklek och färre kärl jämfört med ogödslade träd med samma diameter, resultat som tidigare påvisats för mogen björk. Sammanfattningsvis kan resultaten från den här uppsatsen förbättra kunskapen och därmed underlätta för en industriell användning av juvenila björkstammar inom inredning och möbler. Dock bör vedanatomins påverkan på de mekaniska egenskaperna för juvenila björkstammar studeras vidare. Det kan möjliggöra nya användningsområden för juvenil björk.

Lic.-avh (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Submitted by Thais Fernanda Moreira (tf.moreira@unesp.br) on 2018-07-31T01:34:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 THAIS FERNANDA MOREIRA.pdf: 3642604 bytes, checksum: e3214ee8c9e902e7defb27b6313f349a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Irani Coito null (irani@fcfar.unesp.br) on 2018-08-01T17:16:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_tf_dr_arafcf_int.pdf: 3642604 bytes, checksum: e3214ee8c9e902e7defb27b6313f349a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T17:16:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_tf_dr_arafcf_int.pdf: 3642604 bytes, checksum: e3214ee8c9e902e7defb27b6313f349a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os produtos naturais apresentam imensa diversidade estrutural, característica útil para alcançar alvos moleculares específicos importantes para a terapia de diversas doenças, contribuindo assim para a ampliação do arsenal farmacológico. Como observado para o gênero Rhamnus, a espécie vegetal Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens, nativa no Brasil, pode apresentar um grande potencial químico e farmacológico; popularmente é conhecida como “fruto-de-pombo”, com poucos estudos relatando suas propriedades. Tem composição rica em compostos antraquinônicos, onde já foram identificados crisofanol, fisciona e emodina. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar o potencial antioxidante via estudo da capacidade de captura sobre espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, assim como a capacidade de indução de morte celular dos extratos, frações e antraquinonas isoladas de Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens (Rhamnaceae) em células tumorais de colo uterino com e sem o genoma do vírus HPV (SiHa e C33-A, respectivamente), e carcinoma oral de células escamosas (HSC-3). A antraquinona emodina apresentou a melhor capacidade de captura sobre as espécies NO• e O2 •- em relação as demais antraquinonas e extratos brutos. No ensaio de captura sobre o HOCl/OCl- todas as amostras foram efetivas, sendo os extratos brutos com melhor atividade, e dentre as antraquinonas, o crisofanol apresentou maior efetividade. Nenhuma amostra demonstrou capacidade na captura do H2O2. As antraquinonas emodina e fisciona demonstraram efeito citotóxico sobre as linhagens celulares SiHa, C33-A, HSC-3 e HaCaT, com morte celular mista (apoptose e necrose), a qual ocorre de maneira independente de caspases, constatada nos ensaios citomorfológico de exclusão por fluorocromos, anexina-V e avaliação da atividade de capsase-3. O crisofanol não apresentou citotoxicidade. Emodina, fisciona e o extrato bruto promoveram aumento do estresse oxidativo intracelular, uma vez que foi observado aumento de espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e aumento de danos ao DNA como observado nos ensaios de micronúcleo e cometa. As amostras foram capazes de promover supressão da via PI3K/AKT, diminuindo os níveis de fosforilação de AKT: a emodina apresenta melhor atividade e ação apenas sobre as linhagens tumorais SiHa, C33-A e HSC-3; fisciona e extrato bruto apresentaram este efeito sobre as linhagens HSC-3 (tumoral) e HaCaT (não tumoral). Estes dados sugerem que o mecanismo de indução de morte promovido pelas antraquinonas emodina e fisciona, assim como pelo extrato bruto de Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens, pode ser mediado pelo aumento do estresse oxidativo intracelular, danos ao DNA e também supressão da via PI3K/AKT, importante para a sobrevivência celular. / Natural products have immense structural diversity, useful feature to achieve specific molecular targets in cancer treatment, and thus contribute to the expansion of the therapeutic arsenal. As notorious for the Rhamnus genus, plant species Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens, native in Brazil may present a great chemical and pharmacological potential; It is popularly known as the Fruto-de-pombo, with few studies reporting its properties. This species has rich composition with anthraquinones, which have been identified: chrysophanol, physcion and emodin. The objectives of this study were to verify the capture capability of reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen, as well as cell death inducing ability of the extracts, fractions and isolated anthraquinones of Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens (Rhamnaceae) in cervical tumor cells with and without the genome of HPV virus (SiHa and C33-A, respectively), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3). The anthraquinone emodin showed the best capture capability of the species NO• and O2 •- compared with other anthraquinones and crude extracts. In the scavenge assay of HOCl / OCl- all samples were effective, and the crude extracts showed better activity and chrysophanol showed better effectiveness among anthraquinones. No samples demonstrated ability in capturing the H2O2. The anthraquinones emodin and physcion demonstrated cytotoxic effect on the cell lines SiHa, C33-A, HSC-3 and HaCaT with mixed cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), independent of caspases pathway, detected in cytomorphological test with fluorochromes exclusion, annexin-V and evaluation of capsase-3 activity. The chrysophanol was not cytotoxic in these assays. Emodin, physcion and the crude extract promoted increased intracellular oxidative stress, verified by thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay (TBARS), and an increase of DNA damage as observed in the micronucleus test. Further, these samples were capable of promoting the supression of PI3K/AKT, reducing levels of activation (phosphorylation) of AKT. In this parameter, emodin showed activity only on the tumor cell lines (SiHa, C33-A and HSC-3), on the other hand, physcion and crude extract showed this effect on HSC-3 and HaCaT cell lines. Therefore, the death induction mechanism promoted by emodin, physcion and crude extract of this plant species should be mediated by an increase of the intracellular oxidative stress, DNA damage, and suppression of the PI3K/AKT important for cell survival. / CAPES