Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has a demonstrated capacity to improve safety, mobility and accessibility for multiple types of road users. In India, where road safety is an ongoing problem, the national government has supported cities’ efforts to implement BRT as a cost-effective tool to improve urban travel. The case of Indore’s iBus attests to the cultural and institutional barriers that Indian cities may face in gaining public support for BRT. After a contentious implementation process, the High Court ruled to open the dedicated bus lane to private automobiles, resulting in drops in ridership and increases in accidents and travel delay. This study examines the competing, public narratives that framed the issues during and after project construction. Contested notions of the public interest, the cause of traffic problems, and community participation informed the basis for the arguments that culminated in the court ruling.

A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts by Dissertation to the School of Social Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / This dissertation is an investigation of the conditions that would bring about the legal enforcement of the right to access sufficient food in South Africa as premised on the Constitution. This is motivated by the fact that modern-society has seen a gradual increase in the occurrence of socio-economic rights being protected through the legal opportunity structure of countries, ultimately leading to public interest litigation. At present, the right to food is being violated in South Africa. Taking into account the ambit of the constitution and several international instruments that speak to its realisation and the fact that there has been litigation on other socio-economic rights, suggesting that tools for litigation are in place, it is perplexing that right to food litigation has not taken place. The research question of this paper is therefore: which factors and conditions would have to be present for there to arise public interest litigation on the right to food in South Africa? Due to the fact that literature on right to food litigation is almost non-existent, especially for the African context, this is an explorative case study. The dissertation utilises an analytical framework to study the prospect of litigation on the right to food becoming a reality. The study is largely theory-driven, relying on various sources of evidence: secondary literature, conducted-research and official state documents speaking to the countries right to food narrative. The analysis reveals that there are many barriers to right to food litigation in South Africa. These mainly have to do with the conditions that impact the manner in which right to food violations are understood by the poor and marginalised in society on one hand and the responsiveness of the courts to the voice of the marginalised and poor on the other. The dissertation concludes that the most crucial factors for right to food litigation in South Africa to arise are the need for more information and awareness around the right to food; improved legal assistance for the hungry and poor; more trust in the legal system amongst those at the bottom of the pyramid; the need for a stronger focus on litigation strategies by civil society and advocacy groups and the need for judges to be more innovative in carrying-out their duties. The conclusions of this study have relevance for those working actively for the promotion and realisation of the right to food in South Africa. / GR2017

Investment treaty arbitration has borrowed a number of elements from commercial arbitration, including confidentiality. The scope of confidentiality in investor-state arbitrations can make it hard for amicus curiaeto participate in the arbitral proceedings.    The rules regarding transparency in investor-state arbitration relates, among others, to access to information and documents, third-party participation and the publication of awards. Transparency in investor-state arbitrations is also related to changes in legislation that could affect the investor. Changes in legislation is a way of adapting to new circumstances as changes in government or an attempt to prevent health issues or fulfilling environmental goals in the interest of the public.   The possibility of amicus curiaeparticipation and submissions make it possible for the public to affect what information the tribunal have in cases where public interests are discussed. Tribunals have, when they have found that the public interest is not only general, decided to allow amicus curiaesubmissions even without the consent of the parties. They have allowed such submissions in cases where the amicus curiaecould enlighten the tribunal or provide additional information about the merits.     There is no binding case law in arbitration. Since the tribunal only have jurisdiction in the particular case, awards cannot be binding in other disputes. The lack of case law can lead to a lack of predictability for both investors and states. It has led to fewer changes in domestic regulation, the phenomenon is called the “chilling effect” and refers to states who make less changes (including changes in the interest of the public) in an attempt to avoid a violation of the FET standard.    Transparency, i.e. making the dispute public, including the party’s identities, documents and the award, can help providing predictability to investment-treaty arbitration. The outcome of the case is not binding as case law for future disputes but could provide both states and investors knowledge about how certain treaties and actions might be interpreted by a future tribunal.

O acesso ao conhecimento científico contribui para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e cultural da sociedade, sendo o jornalismo uma das formas usuais e imprescindíveis na divulgação desse conhecimento. Diante desta percepção, buscou-se, nesta pesquisa, identificar os parâmetros utilizados por diferentes veículos de comunicação de massa durante o processo de seleção das informações sobre ciências que serão ou não divulgadas à população. Foram entrevistados repórteres e editores que produzem notícias sobre ciências nos jornais Folha de S.Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo e nas revistas Superinteressante e Pesquisa FAPESP. Com base nos estudos sobre noticiabilidade do italiano Mauro Wolf (1999) e da brasileira Gislene Silva (2014), observou-se que a seleção das informações sobre ciências nesses veículos sofre várias influências. Podem interferir nesse processo de escolha a percepção pessoal dos jornalistas sobre o que é ou não é notícia e suas contingências (como divulgar um assunto antes da concorrência, o impacto e a polêmica da informação a ser noticiada, os interesses das fontes, dos proprietários dos veículos de comunicação e dos anunciantes, entre outros). Em tempos de internet e tecnologia digital, o jornalismo científico parece ganhar força nos meios eletrônicos, mas tem como desafio conquistar espaço nos veículos impressos, sobretudo nos jornais, e cumprir aquele que é seu principal objetivo: divulgar o que for de interesse público. / The access to scientific knowledge contributes to the socioeconomic and cultural development of society, and the journalism is one of the usual and indispensable forms to disseminate this knowledge. From this perception, this study to identify the parameters used by different mass medias during the process of choosing which information about science will be or will not be disclosed to the public. Reporters and editors who produce news about science for the newspapers Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo and for the magazines Superinteressante and Pesquisa FAPESP were interviewed. Based on studies of newsworthiness of the Italian Mauro Wolf (1999) and the Brazilian Gislene Silva (2014), it was observed that the selection of information sciences in this medias undergoes various influences. Can interfere with this process of choice the personal perception of the journalists about what is news or what is not news and its contingencies (such as to post a news before the competitor, the impact and the controversy of the information to be reported and the interests of the sources, owners of the media and advertisers, and other factors). In times of internet and digital technology, the science journalism seems to gain strength in the electronic media, but its challenges are getting space in the print media, especially in the newspapers, and fulfill that which is its main goal: reporting what is in the public interest.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:43:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosangelabujokas.pdf: 717955 bytes, checksum: e4ad9ba7e5db941b4fdd6ac49eb9457a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-16 / Policy councils were thought by the 1998 Federal Constitution as instruments of democratic administration of social policies. However, they have faced limits and objections to their performance. The obstacles are related to the lack of tradition of participation in the Brazilian society, as well as the authoritarianism in political relations and the manipulation of the participation. This research analysed the quality of the civil society s representation in the city councils of public health and social care of Ponta Grossa – PR, evaluating which is the worth of this experience in the public interest s construction and in the administration s democratization in these sectors. It was investigated, from the perspective of the public administrator and the counselors, the understanding of the conception of participation and the counselors function in the city administration, with the application of questionnaires, analysis of records and observation of meetings. The conclusions emphasize the importance of the city councils in the formation of political individuals. / Os conselhos de política foram previstos pela Constituição Federal de 1988 como instrumentos da gestão democrática das políticas sociais. No entanto, eles têm encontrado limites e dificuldades de atuação. Os obstáculos dizem respeito à falta de tradição participativa da sociedade brasileira, assim como ao autoritarismo nas relações políticas e à cooptação da participação. Este estudo analisou a qualidade da representação da sociedade civil nos conselhos de saúde e assistência social no município de Ponta Grossa – PR, avaliando qual o papel dessa experiência na construção do interesse público e da democratização da gestão nesses setores. Foi investigada, da perspectiva dos gestores públicos e dos conselheiros, a compreensão da concepção de participação e do papel dos conselhos na gestão municipal, através de aplicação de questionários, análise de atas e observação de reuniões. As conclusões destacam a importância dos conselhos na formação de sujeitos políticos.

This thesis examines how English law has, and has not, balanced celebrities’ legal expectations of informational and seclusional privacy against the press and media’s rights to inform and publish. Much of the litigation that developed the English laws of privacy has been celebrity-generated by those with the financial resources to seek out and utilize privacy regimes and remedies in ways not immediately available to ordinary members of the public. The media, generally, has had the resources to present the relevant counter-arguments. Privacy protection was initially afforded to celebrities by breach of confidence and copyright. While public interest and “fair dealing” defences developed within English law, there was no underlying or consistent practical element in legislative or judicial thinking to promote a balance between the competing interests of protection and interference. That practical element, the concept of proportionality, developed in the Convention case-law of the ECtHR in Strasbourg during the 1950s. It was not until the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) that English legislators and the UK judicial system began to reflect and apply its consequences. Arriving at proportionate results and decisions – particularly in the realms of privacy - requires both the engagement of the rights that are sought to be maintained as well as a careful balancing exercise of these rights both internally and vis-à-vis each other. Because celebrities, with their Article 8 concerns, and the media, with Article 10 arguments, seek for their causes to prevail, the ways in which legislation and litigation now resolves matters is by the “ultimate balancing test” of proportionality. Proportionality is the measure within this thesis that is constant from chapter to chapter, highlighting, respectively, where the application of proportionality and balance might have produced different results as regimes developed historically and where new developments were needed to accommodate its requirements when it was apparently absent.

Esta tese objetiva compreender os sentidos que jornalistas atribuem à noção de interesse público como princípio normativo do jornalismo e critério de noticiabilidade. Para isso, parto de uma perspectiva epistemológica construcionista (BERGER; LUCKMANN, 2009) acerca do jornalismo como instituição social e forma de conhecimento (TUCHMAN, 1983; GENRO FILHO, 1987; MEDITSCH, 2010), que se fundamenta nas noções de verdade e objetividade (CORNU, 1994; CHARAUDEAU, 2007), para abordar as finalidades democráticas da profissão no campo da comunicação pública (HABERMAS, 2003; ESTEVES, 2011) e, assim, delinear o escopo teórico no qual se inscreve a temática do interesse público. Utilizo como procedimento metodológico a entrevista de tipo qualitativo com jornalistas que atuam em organizações informativas de grupos de comunicação tradicionais e importantes no Brasil, na produção de conteúdos para os meios impresso e online (recorte deste estudo). Emprego a Análise de Discurso (PÊCHEUX, 1988; ORLANDI, 2009) para interpretar os relatos desses informantes e, a partir dessa interpretação, evidencio duas formações discursivas (FDs) no interior das quais a noção de interesse público produz sentidos no jornalismo: a FD iluminista-democrática, que apresenta como sentido nuclear a ideia de “apreensão e transmissão da verdade para o progresso social e o desenvolvimento da democracia”, e a FD econômico-mercadológica, que tem como sentido nuclear a ideia de “captura, satisfação e manutenção dos consumidores de notícia para a sobrevivência e o crescimento econômico-financeiro das organizações jornalísticas”. Nessa perspectiva, sustento que os sentidos de interesse público no jornalismo se atualizam em torno das noções de: relevância pública, esclarecimento, vigilância, espaço comum e preferência de consumo. Face às condições objetivas de produção da notícia e às transformações econômicas, tecnológicas e culturais que atualmente incidem sobre a instituição jornalística, afirmo que o interesse público constitui um valor de resistência da identidade profissional e de seu discurso de legitimação. / This doctoral thesis aims to understand the meanings that journalists ascribe to the notion of public interest as a normative principle of journalism and newsworthiness criterion. For this purpose, I start from a constructionist epistemological perspective (BERGER; LUCKMANN, 2009) on journalism as a social institution and form of knowledge (TUCHMAN, 1983; GENRO FILHO, 1987; MEDITSCH, 2010) that is based on the sense of truth and objectivity (CORNU, 1994; CHARAUDEAU, 2007) , to address the democratic aims of the profession in the field of public communication (HABERMAS, 2003; ESTEVES, 2011) and thus delineate the theoretical scope in which the subject of public interest is included. As methodological procedure I use the interview of qualitative type with journalists who work in informative organizations from traditional and important communication groups in Brazil, in the production of content for printed and online media (object of this study). I employ the Discourse Analysis (PÊCHEUX, 1988; ORLANDI, 2009) to interpret the reports of these informants, and from that analysis I demonstrate two discursive formations (DF) within which the notion of public interest produces sense in journalism: the enlightened-democratic DF, that presents as its nuclear sense the idea of "apprehension and transmission of truth for social progress and citizenship development", and the economic-marketing DF, that has as its nuclear sense the idea of "capture, satisfaction and maintenance of news consumers to the survival and economic-financial growth of journalistic organizations". In this perspective, I support that the senses of public interest in journalism are updated from the notions of public relevance, clarification, vigilance, common space and consumption preference. Given the objective conditions of news production and economic, technological and cultural transformations that happen to the journalistic institution, I claim that the public interest constitutes a value of resistance of the professional identity and its legitimating discourse.

O acesso ao conhecimento científico contribui para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e cultural da sociedade, sendo o jornalismo uma das formas usuais e imprescindíveis na divulgação desse conhecimento. Diante desta percepção, buscou-se, nesta pesquisa, identificar os parâmetros utilizados por diferentes veículos de comunicação de massa durante o processo de seleção das informações sobre ciências que serão ou não divulgadas à população. Foram entrevistados repórteres e editores que produzem notícias sobre ciências nos jornais Folha de S.Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo e nas revistas Superinteressante e Pesquisa FAPESP. Com base nos estudos sobre noticiabilidade do italiano Mauro Wolf (1999) e da brasileira Gislene Silva (2014), observou-se que a seleção das informações sobre ciências nesses veículos sofre várias influências. Podem interferir nesse processo de escolha a percepção pessoal dos jornalistas sobre o que é ou não é notícia e suas contingências (como divulgar um assunto antes da concorrência, o impacto e a polêmica da informação a ser noticiada, os interesses das fontes, dos proprietários dos veículos de comunicação e dos anunciantes, entre outros). Em tempos de internet e tecnologia digital, o jornalismo científico parece ganhar força nos meios eletrônicos, mas tem como desafio conquistar espaço nos veículos impressos, sobretudo nos jornais, e cumprir aquele que é seu principal objetivo: divulgar o que for de interesse público. / The access to scientific knowledge contributes to the socioeconomic and cultural development of society, and the journalism is one of the usual and indispensable forms to disseminate this knowledge. From this perception, this study to identify the parameters used by different mass medias during the process of choosing which information about science will be or will not be disclosed to the public. Reporters and editors who produce news about science for the newspapers Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo and for the magazines Superinteressante and Pesquisa FAPESP were interviewed. Based on studies of newsworthiness of the Italian Mauro Wolf (1999) and the Brazilian Gislene Silva (2014), it was observed that the selection of information sciences in this medias undergoes various influences. Can interfere with this process of choice the personal perception of the journalists about what is news or what is not news and its contingencies (such as to post a news before the competitor, the impact and the controversy of the information to be reported and the interests of the sources, owners of the media and advertisers, and other factors). In times of internet and digital technology, the science journalism seems to gain strength in the electronic media, but its challenges are getting space in the print media, especially in the newspapers, and fulfill that which is its main goal: reporting what is in the public interest.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaina Almeida Stedile.pdf: 4992602 bytes, checksum: d6d6ee976a97462a5782d096e5f2fbe6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-21 / Public Interest Architecture is a counter-hegemonic stream in contemporary Architecture that identifies the discipline as a social right and an important tool to improve the living conditions of thousands of people. The study assesses the possibility of maintaining the Architecture s commitment to the development and emancipation of humanity, by applying alternative methodologies to the usual practices. The first part of the paper investigates new approaches for building and structuring cities and new technological processes that can strengthen relationships within networks. It deals with the position of the public and the relation it developed with Architecture and Urbanism in the twentieth century. Furthermore, it presents an overview of the production process and its actors, involving the theoretical universe, exhibitions and publications. The second part examines in more detail the work of the following three groups chosen as the most representative, namely: Architecture for Humanity, Rural Studio and Usina-CTAH. Overall, the paper presents the concept of coexistence, describing the relationship of collective and collaborative networks together with new understandings in the field of contemporary architecture. / Arquitetura de Interesse Público é uma corrente contra-hegemônica na Arquitetura contemporânea que entende a disciplina como um direito social e uma importante ferramenta para melhorar as condições de vida de milhares de pessoas. Assim, esta pesquisa verifica a possibilidade da manutenção do compromisso da Arquitetura com o desenvolvimento e emancipação da humanidade diante do surgimento de metodologias alternativas às práticas usuais. A primeira parte do trabalho investiga as novas relações de produção da cidade e os novos processo tecnológicos que fortalecem as relações em redes; trata da questão do Público e como este se desenvolveu no campo da Arquitetura e Urbanismo no século XX, e por fim, apresenta um panorama sintético da produção, envolvendo o universo teórico, exposições, publicações e atores. A segunda parte do trabalho examina mais detalhadamente a produção dos três grupos escolhidos como os mais representativos desta corrente, quais sejam: Architecture for Humanity, Rural Studio e Usina- CTAH. O trabalho apresenta o conceito da Coexistência para descrever as relações de ordem coletivas e colaborativas dos novos entendimentos no campo da Arquitetura.

Les projets d’aménagement urbain provoquent de plus en plus d’inquiétudes et de mobilisations spontanées, qui créent des tensions sur les conditions de prise de décision. L’action publique se heurte à des résistances tant dans sa conception que sa réalisation. Et dans un contexte où la participation citoyenne à l’élaboration des projets tend à devenir un nouveau mode de gouvernance, les riverains ne veulent plus que leurs rôles se limitent aux simples « pourvoyeurs » des avis. S’appropriant l’espace public et les dispositifs participatifs, ils aspirent non seulement à l’expression de leurs opinions, mais aussi à une confrontation des expertises. C’est dans ce cadre-là que s’inscrit le projet de la ligne B du métro dans la métropole rennaise. Ayant appris l’hypothèse d’une insertion aérienne du métro entre les deux étangs dans leur quartier – les Longs Champs -, les riverains se sont mobilisés pour exprimer leur désaccord. Compte tenu de l’ampleur de cette mobilisation, le maître d’ouvrage décida d’organiser une « concertation spécifique » à l’issue de laquelle le projet métropolitain a été retenu aux dépens des projets « habitants » et « urbaniste ». Notre thèse a pour objectifs d’examiner les collectifs d’ habitants des Longs Champs pour essayer d’appréhender la rationalisation organisationnelle dans une action collective orientée vers un objectif commun; explorer les enjeux sociopolitiques et infocommunicationnels des dispositifs participatifs ; interroger les modes de production des savoirs profanes dans une perspective de confrontation des légitimités concernant l’élaboration et la mise en oeuvre d’un projet d’intérêt général. / Urban planning projects lead to more and more waves of public concern and spontaneous mobilization, which lead to tensions surrounding the way decisions are made. Public action sees its conception and implementation be faced with obstacles. And in a context where citizens’ participation in the development of projects seems to be new mode of governance, residents no longer want their role to be limited to that of a simple “opinions provider”. Using the public space and participatory tools, they expect to be able to express their opinion, and also for different surveys to be confronted. It is whiting this framework that Rennes’s B line is being examined. Having learnt of the possibility of there being an overground portion of the line between two ponds in the Longs Champs district, the residents gathered to voice their disagreement.Because of the scale of the mobilization, the project owner decided to organize a “specific consultation” after which the metropolitan project was adopted at the expense of “residential” and “urbanist” projects. The objectives of our thesis are to examine the residents’ groups, to try and grasp the organizational rationalization of collective action aiming towards a common goal; to explore the sociopolitical and communicational issues of participatory tools; to question the production methods of knowledges in the perspective of confroncting legitimate opinions regarding the elaboration and implementation of a project of general interest.