O presente trabalho tem como objeto a visualidade e a materialidade do livro didático pro- duzido pela Companhia Editora Nacional desde o início de suas atividades, em 1926, após sua fundação por Monteiro Lobato e Octalles Marcondes Ferreira, até 1980, quando foi incorporada a um grupo editorial que possuía estrutura própria de produção dos livros. Durante três décadas, a Nacional foi a maior editora do país e seus livros estiveram presentes na formação intelectual e de gosto de diversas gerações de brasileiros, produzindo memória individual e coletiva e integrando a cultura material e visual do país em sua época. Assim, o amplo levantamento produzido por esta pesquisa de memória gráfica, de cunho panorâmico e exploratório, pretende contribuir para integrar o livro didático, pouco estudado por ter uso temporal restrito e não possuir valor literário e científico, ao rol dos artefatos gráficos merecedores de atenção dos estudos de cultura material e de história do design brasileiro. Utilizando como critério exclusivo as características materiais e visuais das obras, o trabalho identificou seis momentos diferenciados na produção de design da editora, abordando em cada um deles possíveis nexos entre sua materialidade e visualidade e os principais fatores ou contextos nelas atuantes: a educação (estrutura de ensino, abordagens peda- gógicas e cultura escolar), a produção (tecnologia e práticas de trabalho) e as linguagens visuais e gráficas circulantes em cada época. A direção geral identificada nesse percurso foi de um mo- mento inicial caracterizado por extrema sobriedade e formalidade de capas exclusivamente tipo- gráficas e soluções padronizadas de composição e diagramação nos miolos até um momento final caracterizado por capas ilustradas ou fotográficas e soluções mais particularizadas e com forte presença de elementos pictóricos nos miolos. A par do desenvolvimento das tecnologias gráficas para a reprodução das imagens, o percurso mostra a própria trajetória das relações da cultura es- colar com as demais esferas da vida social no aspecto da visualidade, indo de um momento inicial de maior isolamento e retração a influências externas à cultura escolar até um momento de maior flexibilidade e permeabilidade a elas, particularmente à influência dos meios de comunicação de massas, com a valorização da imagem que os caracteriza. / The focus of this investigation was the visuality and materiality of school textbooks produced in Brazil by the Companhia Editora Nacional from its inception in 1926 by writer Monteiro Lobato and Octalles Mar- condes Ferreira to 1980, when the enterprise was incorporated into a publishing group operating under a proprietary publishing approach. For three decades, Nacional was the country\'s largest publisher, and its titles became integral to the intellectual training of, as well as to the development of book appreciation among, a number of Brazilian generations, while helping to build both individual and collective memory and integrate Brazil\'s material and visual culture during the period. As part of this panoramic, exploratory investigation of editorial graphic memory, an extensive survey was conducted willing to push the inclusion of school textbooks--to date poorly studied, given their limited useful lifespan and lack of first-hand liter- ary or scientific value--into a roster of graphic artifacts insufficiently addressed in investigations of Bra- zilian design history and material culture. Drawing exclusively on the material and visual characteristics of the books, six periods were identified in the design production at Nacional. For each period, the study addressed possible connections between, on the one hand, materiality and visuality and, on the other, the principal factors or contexts influencing the material and visual character of textbooks--namely, education (educational structure, pedagogical approaches, and school culture), production (technology and work practices), and the visual and typographic languages available at the time. A general trajectory was identified in this evolution, spanning from an initial point in time, characterized by the stark simplicity and formality of all-type covers and standardized textblock typography and layout, to a final period, character- ized by handmade or photography-based artwork and more individualized solutions, with a strong pres- ence of pictorial elements in the textblock. In addition to the growing refinement of graphic technologies for image reproduction, the trajectory reveals an evolution of the relationships established between school culture and other spheres of social life in terms of visuality, extending from an initial point in time, marked by a more pronounced isolation from and avoidance of influences foreign to the school culture, to a period of more evident flexibility and permeability to these influences, particularly those conveyed by mass media, with their intrinsic valuing of images.

The subject of this dissertation is the publishing of poetry in Sweden 1976–1995. The purpose is to examine the position of poetry in the Swedish book market and in the literary process. It is an empirical and statistical study based primarily on an inventory of the published works. The study shows that the publication of Swedish poetry collections in 1976–1995 consisted of 3 848 titles (new works only), which was more than ever before. Publication was consistent over the period, partly due to the allocation of the literature grant introduced by the Swedish government in 1975, but also to the technical development which made it possible for small and private publishers to release collections of poetry at a lower cost. The main publishers were the general publishing houses of Bonniers, Norstedts and Wahlström & Widstrand, but more than a third of the collections were published by vanity press and self publishers. Publication was strongly concentrated to the capital area. Regardless of the size of the publisher, poetry collections were printed in small numbers and generally sold poorly. Along with the technical development offset-printed books replaced duplicated publications, and more books were hardbound. The publishing houses made bigger efforts than ever before to publish female poets. The number increased over the period, but the men were still in a clear majority by 1995. The women were also largely responsible for rejuvenating the body of authors. The number of debutants was relatively constant during the period. The results in this dissertation indicate a hierarchic order among the publishing houses that determine the conditions for the authors and their works. This is verified through analyses of coverage in the national and regional daily papers, as well as three analyses of the authorships of Yngve Aldhagen, Else-Britt Kjellqvist and Bruno K. Öijer. The dissertation concludes that poetry exists on the publishing lists mainly for symbolical reasons; to publish poetry gives cultural capital to the publishers.

Elsa Fougt (1744–1826), a woman entrepreneur, was one of the leading figures in the late eighteenth-century Swedish book trade. Her main enterprise was the printing house Kongl. Tryckeriet (the Royal Printing House), which was responsible for printing and publishing the official documents of the Swedish realm. Besides her office as Royal Printer, she also ran a publishing house, two bookshops and a type foundry, as well as being the editor of the Swedish newspaper Stockholms Weckoblad. The dissertation analyzes Fougt's different enterprises and her position in the book trade between 1780 and 1810, from the perspectives of sociology of literature and gender history. It consists of five independent articles, preceded by an introductory chapter which summarizes the articles and discusses their main findings. The first two articles explore the office of the Royal Printer during the whole eighteenth century, while the third article concerns Elsa Fougt’s position as Royal Printer. The fourth article is a study of Fougt's publishing house, and the fifth and final article focuses on her international bookshop, where, among other things, she sold clandestine books imported from the STN in Switzerland. Fougt's successful career was made possible by a number of favourable circumstances, the most important being her family background and network. Her father Peter Momma held the office of Royal Printer, and Elsa Fougt and her husband Henric inherited his position when he died. When Henric passed away in 1782, Elsa – as a widow – was legally allowed to take up the office of Royal Printer independently. The fact that Elsa Fougt was a woman does not seem to have particularly affected her role as Royal Printer. In comparison with her predecessors, her position as Royal Printer appears to have been rather strong. She was a shrewd businesswoman who successfully negotiated with the authorities for higher financial compensation. Her office was obviously of greater importance than her gender. Being both a publisher, a printer, and a bookseller, Fougt handled most of the functions of the book trade, although she distinguished between these different functions. Furthermore, rather than just being an intermediary of books, she also took part in the creation of them, for example by initiating texts and editing manuscripts. In the book trade of her time, Fougt can be seen as both a traditionalist – holding the inherited office of Royal Printer – and an innovator, representing a more modern literary system with increased specialization.

O presente trabalho tem como objeto a visualidade e a materialidade do livro didático pro- duzido pela Companhia Editora Nacional desde o início de suas atividades, em 1926, após sua fundação por Monteiro Lobato e Octalles Marcondes Ferreira, até 1980, quando foi incorporada a um grupo editorial que possuía estrutura própria de produção dos livros. Durante três décadas, a Nacional foi a maior editora do país e seus livros estiveram presentes na formação intelectual e de gosto de diversas gerações de brasileiros, produzindo memória individual e coletiva e integrando a cultura material e visual do país em sua época. Assim, o amplo levantamento produzido por esta pesquisa de memória gráfica, de cunho panorâmico e exploratório, pretende contribuir para integrar o livro didático, pouco estudado por ter uso temporal restrito e não possuir valor literário e científico, ao rol dos artefatos gráficos merecedores de atenção dos estudos de cultura material e de história do design brasileiro. Utilizando como critério exclusivo as características materiais e visuais das obras, o trabalho identificou seis momentos diferenciados na produção de design da editora, abordando em cada um deles possíveis nexos entre sua materialidade e visualidade e os principais fatores ou contextos nelas atuantes: a educação (estrutura de ensino, abordagens peda- gógicas e cultura escolar), a produção (tecnologia e práticas de trabalho) e as linguagens visuais e gráficas circulantes em cada época. A direção geral identificada nesse percurso foi de um mo- mento inicial caracterizado por extrema sobriedade e formalidade de capas exclusivamente tipo- gráficas e soluções padronizadas de composição e diagramação nos miolos até um momento final caracterizado por capas ilustradas ou fotográficas e soluções mais particularizadas e com forte presença de elementos pictóricos nos miolos. A par do desenvolvimento das tecnologias gráficas para a reprodução das imagens, o percurso mostra a própria trajetória das relações da cultura es- colar com as demais esferas da vida social no aspecto da visualidade, indo de um momento inicial de maior isolamento e retração a influências externas à cultura escolar até um momento de maior flexibilidade e permeabilidade a elas, particularmente à influência dos meios de comunicação de massas, com a valorização da imagem que os caracteriza. / The focus of this investigation was the visuality and materiality of school textbooks produced in Brazil by the Companhia Editora Nacional from its inception in 1926 by writer Monteiro Lobato and Octalles Mar- condes Ferreira to 1980, when the enterprise was incorporated into a publishing group operating under a proprietary publishing approach. For three decades, Nacional was the country\'s largest publisher, and its titles became integral to the intellectual training of, as well as to the development of book appreciation among, a number of Brazilian generations, while helping to build both individual and collective memory and integrate Brazil\'s material and visual culture during the period. As part of this panoramic, exploratory investigation of editorial graphic memory, an extensive survey was conducted willing to push the inclusion of school textbooks--to date poorly studied, given their limited useful lifespan and lack of first-hand liter- ary or scientific value--into a roster of graphic artifacts insufficiently addressed in investigations of Bra- zilian design history and material culture. Drawing exclusively on the material and visual characteristics of the books, six periods were identified in the design production at Nacional. For each period, the study addressed possible connections between, on the one hand, materiality and visuality and, on the other, the principal factors or contexts influencing the material and visual character of textbooks--namely, education (educational structure, pedagogical approaches, and school culture), production (technology and work practices), and the visual and typographic languages available at the time. A general trajectory was identified in this evolution, spanning from an initial point in time, characterized by the stark simplicity and formality of all-type covers and standardized textblock typography and layout, to a final period, character- ized by handmade or photography-based artwork and more individualized solutions, with a strong pres- ence of pictorial elements in the textblock. In addition to the growing refinement of graphic technologies for image reproduction, the trajectory reveals an evolution of the relationships established between school culture and other spheres of social life in terms of visuality, extending from an initial point in time, marked by a more pronounced isolation from and avoidance of influences foreign to the school culture, to a period of more evident flexibility and permeability to these influences, particularly those conveyed by mass media, with their intrinsic valuing of images.

Até o final da década de 1960, o livro escolar brasileiro era em sua maioria produzido dentro dos padrões técnicos e visuais da indústria livreira tradicional em relação estreita e participando do que se conhece como cultura escolar, em que a linguagem visual como modo de conhecimento e construção de significados não era devidamente reconhecida e valorizada. Com raras exceções, a visualidade do livro didático não tinha como referência a produção gráfica de melhor qualidade que aparecia em livros de literatura e outras mídias e não era produto de método projetual mais rigoroso e qualificado. Na década de 1970, com a expansão da indústria cultural e dos meios audiovisuais e o surgimento de novas referências de gosto particularmente para a juventude, a visualidade do livro didático praticada ficou ainda mais distante de seu público. As editoras existentes e as novas que surgiram com a expansão do ensino em todos os níveis, mesmo quando percebiam as mudanças de gosto ocorridas, ou não davam importância para esse fato, ou não sabiam como atualizar as linguagens de sua produção, ambos os aspectos sendo decorrentes da pouca cultura visual de seus dirigentes e do não reconhecimento do modo visual como expressão válida de conhecimento e do design como recurso para despertar o interesse pelo aprendizado e ferramenta de promoção de vendas. Será a editora Ática, por seu projeto editorial de inserção na produção de cultura mais ampla e de resposta às demandas decorrentes da vida política e cultural do momento vivido pelo país, que trará para o livro didático as mesmas preocupações com visualidade que precisava ter com seus produtos destinados ao público mais amplo. Assim, a editora promove uma profissionalização na produção visual, com a contratação de designers e ilustradores experimentados em outras mídias impressas, estas já bastante profissionalizadas na produção de linguagens que atingiam diversos públicos. A importância dada às capas, como meio de sedução para obter adoção entre os professores e adesão entre os estudantes, pela identificação com o universo visual desses segmentos, vai gerar uma renovação sem precedentes na visualidade do livro escolar e vai impulsionar editoras concorrentes a fazê-lo. As soluções gráficas originais de Ary Normanha, com a participação de Mário Cafiero, vão oferecer ao público a experiência com os significados criados pela linguagem visual em diálogo com o modo verbal, como atividade própria de uma cultura e de um aprendizado integrais. A par da ampliação da cultura imagética e das referências de gosto, as capas documentadas e analisadas mostram um momento em que o design do livro didático se equiparou ao melhor design encontrado em outros veículos da cultura no Brasil. / Until the end of the 1960s, Brazilian schoolbooks were in its majority produced according to the technical and visual standards of the traditional publishing industry, in close relation to what is known as school culture, by which the visual language as a way of acquiring knowledge and creating meanings was not duly recognized and valued. With a few exceptions, the visual presentation of schoolbooks had no compare with better quality graphics that turned up in literature books and other media. Moreover, it was not the result of a more rigorous and qualified, thoughtful design. In the 70s, with the expansion of cultural industry and audiovisual media and the emergence of new taste trends particularly among the youth, the visual image of schoolbooks drifted apart from its public even more. The existing publishing houses and the ones founded during the spreading of education in all levels would either dismiss this fact or not know how to update the language of their books even if they have noticed that changes in taste had occurred. These issues were due to the scarce graphical knowledge of the publishers and their non-recognition of the visual aspect as a valid expression of knowledge and of the design as a means for arousing the interest in learning and as a sales promotion tool. Amongst the biggest publishing houses in Brazil, Ática was the one that treated textbooks with the same graphic concerns it has had for its products aimed to a broader public, once it had embarked on the project of participating in the wider cultural production, responding to the demands of cultural and political scenes in that particular period the country was living in. Thus, Ática promoted the professionalization of graphic design in the schoolbook area by hiring designers and illustrators experienced in other media that were already developing languages that reached a diverse public. Considered as a way to conquer teachers and its students through their identification with its visual image, the book cover gained a significance that would generate an unseen renewal in the graphic design of schoolbooks and impelled Áticas competitors to do the same. The original graphical solutions introduced by Ary Normanha, with the collaboration of Mário Cafiero, would make the public experience meanings provided by the dialogues between visual language and verbal language, an outcome of a more comprehensive culture and learning. Besides their enhanced appeal and the cultural imagery they bring about, the book covers registered and analyzed herein show a moment when the design of the schoolbooks was of the same quality as the design found in other cultural media in Brazil.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The subject of this dissertation is the introduction and reception of science fiction literature in Sweden 1950–1968. Apart from considerations on science fiction as a genre and market category, and a brief survey of science fiction published in Sweden before the year 1950, the dissertation scrutinizes the Swedish publishers’ attempts at introducing both domestic and translated science fiction, the reception of the genre in Swedish literary criticism, the magazines Häpna! (1954–1966) and Galaxy (1958–1960), and the foundation of a Swedish science fiction fan culture. Science fiction was established as a category on the Swedish book market in the early 1950s, with several attempts to launch single works or whole series of mainly translated fiction. Between 1952 and 1968, roughly 30 publishing firms published over 160 books marketed as science fiction, with an apex in the late 1950s. Few publishers were successful, however, and most of the series were discontinued within just a few years of their inception. Meanwhile, in Swedish literary criticism, science fiction was increasingly perceived as a deficient form of commercial entertainment. A few of the exceptions were Harry Martinson (1904–1978), with his space epic Aniara (1956), and the translated author Ray Bradbury (b. 1920), who came to be considered as surpassing the boundaries of the genre. With the magazine Häpna!, a Swedish science fiction fan culture was contrived, with fans forming clubs, arranging conventions, disseminating fanzines, and, eventually, starting their own publishing firms and magazines. In the Swedish literary system, science fiction became a semi-separate literary circuit of production, distribution and consumption, and, concurrently, a growing autonomous subfield of cultural production, with its own forms of specific symbolic capital, doxa, and instances of consecration.

Yun Wai Foo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / CONTENTS --- p.1 / TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.2 / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.3 / Problem of Culture in the Cultural Revolution --- p.3 / History of Print and Read in the Cultural Revolution： A Social Prelude to Maoism --- p.14 / Chapter II. --- HEGEMONY AND BOOK PRINTING IN COMMUNIST CHINA --- p.26 / Ideological Determination and Book Industry --- p.26 / Book Printing in the Cultural Revolution --- p.32 / Chapter III. --- SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PRC --- p.44 / Knowledge in the PRC --- p.44 / Inefficacy of cultural reproduction in the cultural revolution --- p.52 / Chapter IV --- HISTORY OF READING IN THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION --- p.74 / Collective Memory and the Cultural Revolution --- p.74 / Chinese Reading Myth： Simply Read Marx ？ --- p.81 / What People Read ？ Alternative Reading in Communist China …… --- p.97 / How People Read? The Way and War to Knowledge --- p.115 / Construction of Intellectual Network in the Cultural Revolution --- p.122 / Chapter V --- CONCLUSION --- p.134 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.139

Bien que la globalisation culturelle laisse supposer qu'il soit possible de produire et de recevoir de façon égalitaire des informations partout dans le monde, les cartes du savoir sont en réalité caractérisées par un déséquilibre énorme. Le projet analyse ce phénomène en s’appuyant sur l‘exemple du transfert trilatéral de la littérature académique africaine en France et en Allemagne depuis les années cinquantes. D’une part, le but principal de ce projet est de relever la quasi totalité des livres et recueils universitaires en sciences sociales et humaines rédigés par des intellectuels africains et publiés dans des maisons d’édition allemandes et françaises. D’autre part, l’analyse des résultats quantitatives est basée sur une approche macro-perspective en s’appuyant sur les études qualitatives sur le sujet préexistantes. L’analyse quantitative et la classification des résultats ainsi que leur interprétation permettent actuellement d’obtenir des connaissances étonnantes, non seulement sur des continuités et discontinuités dans la publication de la littérature universitaire en provenance d’Afrique sur une période d‘environ soixante ans, mais également sur les profils géographiques, thématiques et temporels des maisons d’édition ainsi que sur leurs préférences personnelles, éditoriales et linguistiques. Grâce à la collection de données, le filtrage, le traitement ultérieur et la visualisation, nous pouvons alors comprendre quelle « Afrique scientifique » a finalement été transmise et importée, pour la période définie (1950-2012), à ces deux marchés du livre. Cette approche permet d’envisager de nouvelles hypothèses et interprétations pour l’analyse de la circulation du savoir africain, à l’instar des publications en sciences sociales et humaines. Une approche établie pour la recherche sur le franchissement culturel des frontières constitue le concept de transfert culturel. Pour ce travail, le concept fournit des approches théoriques et pratiques essentielles. En combinant différentes méthodes pour lesquelles les « digital humanities » ont été de plus en plus souvent sollicitées, l’approche méthodologique va vers une reconstruction complète du transfert, en utilisant aussi bien les analyses quantitatives que qualitatives. / Even though international interconnectedness and globalization evoke the idea of being able to produce and receive knowledge equally all over the world, the maps of knowledge are unevenly distributed on a global scale. My dissertation project analyses this phenomenon by examining the trilateral, multidimensional transfer of African academic literature to Germany and France since the 1950s.The research interest of this project is to determine and organize the entire spectrum of publications from the social sciences and the humanities written by African authors and published in German and French publishing houses. The quantitative analysis on a macro level is based on already existing qualitative studies in the field. The quantitative analysis and the classification of the results give valuable knowledge about continuities and discontinuities in the publication of African academic literature over the span of six decades (1950-2012). The research further examines and elaborates upon geographical, thematic, and temporal profiles of the publishing houses as well as their personal, editorial, and linguistic preferences. By means of collecting, filtering, processing, and visualizing the data, it is possible to find out what kind of “academic Africa” has finally reached the two national book markets. This approach helps to identify new hypotheses and interpretations concerning the circulation of African knowledge in general through the specific example of academic literature from the social sciences and the humanities. Providing important theoretical and practical approaches for this project, the concept of cultural transfers is an established approach for analysing cultural border crossings between countries and regions. The methodological approach combines different methods and, for the data processing, includes examples from the digital humanities to realize an all-embracing reconstruction of the entire transfer process in both a quantitative and qualitative sense.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished