Alternative fuels like biomass have become really popular in the last decades as a substitute to fossil fuels. One of the most used technologies in Sweden for the obtention of the energy from the biomass is its direct combustion in a boiler. Bomhus Energi is a company with the purpose of creating steam and district heating for Billerudkorsnäs pulp and paper mill in Gävle and district heating for the city by operating a biomass BFB boiler. Despite being a quite new boiler, there are many sources of errors, losses and unnecessary costs. Between huge number of different losses that can happen in this kind of industrial boilers, the concern about internal leakages is not usually popular among plant designers and operators. This often leads to forget about them or not giving the importance that they could have.This study consists on, firstly, an analysis of different boiler equipment that have potential possibilities of internal leakages by mass and energy balances and by the tracking of possible mass losses. The second point of this thesis is to evaluate the cost of internal leakages that could have happen before, in order to be aware of how important they are. Additionally, measures are proposed in order to avoid or reduce the duration of the internal leakages, where the most common problem is the ignorance of their existence. This study focuses partially on the valve condition and maintenance. It is highly important to carry out valve maintenance procedures at least once per year during the general stop of the plant. Checking and verifying valve perfect conditions, can avoid a waste of a huge quantity of money just by replacing some internal elements that are possibly damaged due to the extreme working conditions. This small damages in valve can lead to a non-proper water tightening, which will be increasing its leakage over time. In the present paper, possible internal leakages through the valves belonging to the feedwater, steam drum, preheater and pressure vessel in general have been the principal aim. The key of this study was to take into account that biggest part of the draining system and valves that are supposed to be closed end in the Bottom blowdown tank. By then a deep study was done regarding this tank. The results show that there is a clear relationship between mass that is getting loss from feedwater tank and pressure vessel and the necessary cooling flow in the bottom blowdown tank. This means that if the cooling flow increases at the same rate as a possible leakage in mass and energy balance, there is an internal leakage somewhere in the system. The author proposes add an alarm to the DCS system in order to alert the plant operations of possible internal leakages. On the other hand, this paper also recommends to carry out a general valve maintenance per year and check which of them could be leaking, a general stop is the perfect time for carrying it out.In conclusion, the study finds that internal leakages can be even automatically detected if the system is provided with the necessary tools for it. The study concludes that internal leakages are not impossible to detect and their cost is non-negligible: the latest two internal leakages in the boiler, happened in the last two years, were from the feedwater draining system and from the steam drum heating loop with a total cost of 200,000 SEK (4240 SEK/day during 47 days) and 263,000 SEK (2120 SEK/day during 124 days) respectively. Additionally, days after the study, the plant general stop was carried out, finding that 12 valves were leaking due to internal damage. The cost of repairing the broken or damaged elements were almost negligible compared with the expected savings estimated in 2 Million SEK per year.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_mf_me_sjrp.pdf: 803181 bytes, checksum: c782a8189e48115bd988158ad9a3c6c7 (MD5) / A necessidade mundial por tecnologias não poluidoras ou “limpas” obtidas de fontes renováveis e uso racional da terra, a produção de insumos cada vez mais deverá ser baseada na biotecnologia com emprego de resíduos agroindustriais. A polpa cítrica obtida da laranja (Citrus sinensis) é um importante resíduo que somente no Estado de São Paulo se estima em 7,693x106 toneladas produzidas pelas indústrias cítricas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal o estudo da sacarificação biotecnológica e química da polpa cítrica. A produção de extrato bruto enzimático usando a polpa cítrica proveniente da indústria cítrica foi estudada para a produção de celulases e poligalacturonases por fermentação em processo de batelada simples com reciclo de células e caldo usando os fungos Trichoderma reesei e Aspergillus niger. O resíduo proveniente dessa fermentação foi avaliado quanto à proteína bruta incorporada durante a fermentação. A polpa cítrica se mostrou um substrato eficiente na produção enzimática. Neste trabalho a atividade de poligalacturonase atingiu o pico de produção de 8,05 UI/mL com 72 h. de cultivo em seu terceiro ciclo com 12% de polpa cítrica, usando como inoculante o A. niger. Já a produção de celulase ocorreu tanto com o A. niger quanto com o T. reesei, com picos de 0,57 e 0,72 FPU/mL respectivamente. Quanto ao enriquecimento proteico da polpa cítrica após o cultivo com A. niger e T. reesei houve uma elevação de 7,97% para 22,8% e 26,8% respectivamente, através do processo com reciclo da biomassa e caldo fermentativo. Um estudo comparativo de sacarificação da polpa cítrica por via ácida também foi feito com 0,1% de H2SO4 a 121ºC e 1 atm em diferentes tempos. Os melhores tempos foram de 60 e 120 min. com... / The global need for clean technologies, renewable, and efficient use of land, more and more production will be based on the use of biotechnology with agribusiness residues. The citrus pulp obtained from orange (Citrus sinensis) is an important residue that only in the State of São Paulo is estimated at 7.693 x 106 tonnes produced by the citrus industry. This study aimed the evaluation of the biotechnological and chemical saccharification of citrus pulp peel. The production of crude enzyme extract using citrus pulp from the citrus industry has been studied to produce cellulase and polygalacturonase by fermentation in a simple batch procedure with cell and broth recycle using the fungi Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger. The fermented residues were evaluated for the incorporated protein during fermentation. The citrus pulp proved to be an efficient substrate in enzyme production. In this work the results of polygalacturonase production peaked at 8.05 U/mL in 72 h. cultivation in its third cycle with 10% citrus pulp, using as inoculum A. niger. The production of cellulase occurred both with A. niger and T. reesei with, with peaks of 0.57 and 0.72 FPU/mL, respectively. As for the protein enrichment of citrus pulp after cultivation with A. niger and T. reesei there was an increase of 7.97% to 22.8% and 26.8%, respectively, through the process with recycling of biomass and fermented broth. A comparative study of the citrus pulp saccharification by acid was also done with 0.1% H2SO4 at 121 °C and 1 atm at different times. The best times were 60 and 120 min. with 43.8 grams of sugar and 42.1 respectively per 100 g of dried citrus pulp. This technique is fast and efficient, but the cost was not competitive when compared to the cost of sucrose from sugar cane. But the use of citrus pulp as a substrate for production... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 faria_fa_me_sjrp.pdf: 429706 bytes, checksum: 7b61ae3ccd98c41f064983d50ad2329e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O abacate (Persea americana Mill.) é uma fruta muito popular que destaca-se pela sua qualidade nutricional e composição em substâncias bioativas capazes de prevenir e controlar diversas doenças. Na literatura há ainda pouca informação reportada sobre processamento da polpa de abacate, seja para viabilizá-la para a extração e o refino do óleo, seja para seu consumo direto em diferentes formas de apresentação. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a secagem da polpa dos frutos de abacate da variedade Fortuna, como um pré-processamento para processos de extração e refino do óleo, assim como a desidratação osmótica dessa mesma polpa, como um processo mínimo para obtenção da fruta para consumo direto. A influência da temperatura e do branqueamento térmico sobre propriedades de sorção da polpa de abacate foi avaliada por meio das isotermas às temperaturas de 30ºC, 50ºC e 70ºC. Ensaios de secagem determinaram o efeito do branqueamento térmico e da temperatura sobre a cinética de secagem convectiva com ar aquecido a 50, 60 e 70°C. Ensaios de desidratação osmótica de fatias de abacate em solução de sacarose com adição de ácido cítrico foram conduzidos para determinação da cinética do processo e caracterização físico-química do produto. Os modelos matemáticos de BET, GAB, Halsey, Henderson, Peleg e Oswin foram ajustados aos dados experimentais de sorção de água obtidos para abacate fresco e branqueado. Todos os modelos testados apresentam ajustes satisfatórios, porém o modelo de GAB, com três parâmetros, e o de Peleg, com quatro, foram os que melhor descreveram as isotermas. Segundo a classificação de Brunauer, a forma das isotermas de dessorção do abacate fresco e branqueado determinadas a 30ºC, 50ºC e 70ºC, são do tipo III ou estão entre o tipo... / The avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a popular and it is very important fruit by its nutritional quality and composition in bioactive substances which are able to prevent and control several diseases. There is a lack of scientific researches on avocado pulp processing, both for pre-treatment to further extract and refine the oil and for minimum processing of ready-to-eat products. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the air-drying of the Fortuna avocado fruit as a pre-treatment for oil extraction and refining, as well as the osmotic dehydration, aiming to obtain a minimum processed product. The water sorption data of fresh and blanched avocado pulp were determined at 30ºC, 50ºC and 70ºC. The BET, GAB, Halsey, Henderson, Peleg and Oswin mathematical models were fitted to the equilibrium moisture experimental data. All the tested models presented satisfactory fitting, but the GAB model, with three parameters, and the Peleg, with four, were the ones which best described the isotherms. According to the Brunauer classification, the isotherm desorption form of fresh and blanched avocado determined at 30ºC, 50ºC and 70ºC was of type III or are of the type II and III (slightly sigmoidal). The drying kinetics was determined for 50, 60 and 70ºC temperatures, according to the moisture content reduction in relation to the time. Fresh and blanched samples show similar results. The net isosteric heat and entropy of sorption were calculated for fresh and blanched avocado, based on sorption isotherm fit by GAB model. The net isosteric heat of sorption, estimated by applying Claussius-Clapeyron equation, increased with moisture content decrease. The effective diffusivity (Def) was obtained by the use of the Fick diffusion theory which describes drying in the decreasing rate period. The model was fitted... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 597170 bytes, checksum: b5393c045719ef7bc2a909daf913b77a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-26 / The pursuit of competitiveness in the current scenario of the pulp industries is a major challenge for companies. Join the efficiency in the process of implementation of forests, silviculture, harvesting, wood logisticsand pulp cellulose logistics results in a complex matrix in industries with high production capacity. The combination of large areas of forests, modern and efficient plants, good capacity for movement of raw materials and the production and relentless pursuit of low operating costs are almost always divergent factors. Fit management teams to conduct detailed each process relating them to the specific characteristics of the regions in which they operate, thus defining the best ways to deal with obstacles studies. Accordingly, this study was undertaken, in order to identify concepts aimed at maintenance efficiency in modern industry, always directed to the new reality of the sector, which is the deployment of high capacity, far from large industrial centers factories. Additionally were raised core services applicable to this type of industry and examined the relationship of efficiency with this new reality. Finally we tried to study various processes considered relevant for new pulp and relate factors focused on maintenance of equipment and facilities, such that focal points can be identified with possible action taken facing the pursuit of efficiency. The analysis of these factors was taken by professionals with experience in manufacturing pulp, beyond the requirements of the search for literature review and empirical evidence for processing of proposals relations. The study confirmed the need for an efficient structure maintenance in factories and allowed us to identify the degree of importance of maintenance planning in maintenance efficiency in pulp mills. / A busca da competitividade no atual cenário das indústrias de celulose é um grande desafio para as empresas do setor. Associar a eficiência nos processos de implantação de florestas, silvicultura, colheita, logística de madeira, produção de celulose e logística de celulose resulta em uma matriz complexa no caso de indústrias com alta capacidade de produção. A combinação de grandes áreas de florestas, fábricas modernas e eficientes, boa capacidade para movimentação de matéria prima e da produção e a busca incansável pelo baixo custo operacional são fatores quase sempre divergentes. Cabe às equipes de gestão a realização de estudos detalhados de cada processo relacionando-os com as características específicas das regiões em que atuam, definindo, assim as melhores formas de tratar os obstáculos encontrados. Nesse sentido, foi conduzido este estudo, com objetivo de identificar conceitos voltados à eficiência da manutenção na indústria moderna, sempre direcionados à nova realidade do setor, que é a implantação de fábricas de alta capacidade, longe dos grandes centros industriais. Associado a isto foram levantados os principais serviços aplicáveis a este tipo de indústria e verificada a relação de eficiência com esta nova realidade. Por fim procurou-se estudar diversos processos considerados relevantes para nova indústria de celulose e relacionar fatores voltados à manutenção dos equipamentos e instalações, de tal forma que possam ser identificados pontos focais com possíveis tomadas de ação voltadas a busca de eficiência. A análise destes fatores foi feita por profissionais com experiência no setor industrial de celulose, além da busca por requisitos da revisão de literatura e de evidências empíricas para tratamento das relações propostas. O estudo confirmou a necessidade de uma estrutura eficiente de manutenção nas fábricas e permitiu identificar o grau de importância do planejamento da manutenção na eficiência da manutenção nas fábricas de celulose.

Submitted by Lorraine Perciliano de Faria (lorrainepfaria@gmail.com) on 2016-09-23T00:11:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 faria_lp_me_araca.pdf: 9564996 bytes, checksum: 7d650da8a1ba19bcb41f7762cfe24b29 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-26T18:40:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 faria_lp_me_araca.pdf: 9564996 bytes, checksum: 7d650da8a1ba19bcb41f7762cfe24b29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T18:40:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 faria_lp_me_araca.pdf: 9564996 bytes, checksum: 7d650da8a1ba19bcb41f7762cfe24b29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-22 / As alterações teciduais decorrentes da movimentação dentária induzida (MDI) são constantemente estudadas, pois não estão completamente estabelecidas na literatura. Porém a maioria dos estudos descreve as alterações que a MDI provoca no periodonto e poucos em relação às alterações pulpares. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as alterações pulpares após a movimentação dentária induzida com diferentes tipos de força. Ratos da linhagem Wistar foram submetidos à movimentação dentária dos primeiros molares superiores direitos com os seguintes tipos de força: força contínua (FC), força contínua interrompida (FCI) e força intermitente (FI), nos períodos de 5, 7 e 9 dias. Os incisivos superiores direitos foram submetidos à exodontia e reimplante imediato com o objetivo de induzir a anquilose para servirem de ancoragem. Foram instaladas molas de NiTi com liberação de 50cN de magnitude de força, sendo mantidas, desativadas ou removidas, em determinados períodos, para estabelecer os tipos de força sobre os molares. Os grupos foram avaliados histologicamente quanto ao padrão de celularidade, presença de alterações distróficas, hemodinâmicas e dentinárias. As alterações pulpares foram somente hemodinâmicas, como a presença de trombose, congestão vascular e hemorragias. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significantes entre os diferentes tipos de força sobre o tecido pulpar dos molares movimentados. Conclui-se que as alterações histológicas no tecido pulpar decorrentes da MDI, concentraram-se nos eventos hemodinâmicos, não progredindo para degenerações irreversíveis, independentemente do tipo de força empregada. / The tissue changes caused by induced tooth movement (ITM) are constantly studied, as they are not fully established in the literature. Most studies have described the reactions in the periodontium and few cases regarding pulp changes related. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pulp changes after ITM with different types of strength. Wistar rats were submitted to dental movement of the first molars rights with the following types of power: continuous force (CF), interrupted continuous force (ICF) and intermittent force (IF), in periods of 5, 7 and 9 days. The upper right incisors were subjected to extraction and reimplantation immediately with the aim of inducing ankylosis to serve as anchorage. NiTi springs were installed with release 50cN magnitude of force, being held, disabled or removed in certain periods, to establish the types of force on the molars. The groups were evaluated histologically as the pattern of cellularity, presence of dystrophic, hemodynamic and dentinal changes. Were found hemodynamic changes as the presence of thrombosis, vascular congestion and bleeding. There was no statistically significant difference between the different types of force on the pulp tissue damage. We conclude that the histological changes in the pulp tissue due was focused on hemodynamic events, not progressing to irreversible degeneration, regardless of the type of force used.

Submitted by FABRÍCIO JUNKI BLANCO KUMABE null (fabricio.kumabe@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-04T13:03:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabricio Kumabe_com ficha.pdf: 1115598 bytes, checksum: 196f145bae6a5843904962434297ec02 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO null (luizaromanetto@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-10T13:36:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kumare_fjb_me_bot.pdf: 1105585 bytes, checksum: a9695cfcf41b73428ec6772af141364a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-10T13:36:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kumare_fjb_me_bot.pdf: 1105585 bytes, checksum: a9695cfcf41b73428ec6772af141364a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as propriedades físicas, químicas e anatômicas do linter residual de algodão (linter reciclado Blue 40, Blue 30, e Alvejado 30), oriundo da indústria têxtil. Para à caracterização foram coletadas três amostras, onde se analisou teor de umidade, densidade aparente, teor de holocelulose, extrativos totais, lignina, número kappa e solubilidade em NaOH 1 e 5%, em água quente e água fria, teor de cinzas, e determinação das dimensões das fibras e relações entre as dimensões de fibras, todas as análises procederam de acordo com as normas da TAPPI. Na avaliação física da: umidade, as médias dos tratamentos não apresentaram diferença significativa. Para densidade aparente houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos Blue 30 e Blue 40. Já a avaliação do teor holocelulose os tratamentos foram diferentes, Blue 40 apresentou a maior média. Para avaliação do teor de extrativos foram encontrados valores de 6,40%, 5,02% e 3,05% para os tratamentos Blue 30, 40 e Alvejado 30, no qual o Blue 30 é estatisticamente diferente do Alvejado 30 e o Blue 40 semelhante a ambos, respectivamente. O teor de lignina do Blue 40 apresentou a menor média, seguido do tratamento Blue 30 e Alvejado. A porcentagem de cinzas no Blue 40 foi superior comparado aos outros tratamentos. Na avaliação da solubilidade em NaOH 1%, os tratamentos Blue 30 e Alvejado 30 apresentaram médias iguais, já o tratamento Blue 40 apresentou resultado inferior. A solubilidade em NaOH 5% os tratamentos Blue 30 e Blue 40 apresentaram médias iguais, diferentes do Alvejado 30. Os valores de solubilidade em água fria foram iguais para o Blue 40 e Alvejado 30 e superiores ao Blue 30. Os valores de solubilidade em água quente foram iguais para Blue 30 e Alvejado 30 e superiores ao Blue 40 (1,84%). Sendo assim conclui-se que a Blue 40 apresentou melhores características química, física e anatômica para produção de celulose. / This study aimed to determine the physical, chemical and anatomical residual cotton linters (linters Recycled Blue 40, Blue 30, and Targeted 30) from the textile industry. For the characterization Three samples were collected, which were analyzed moisture content, bulk density, holocellulose content, extractives, lignin, kappa number and solubility in NaOH 1 and 5% in hot water and cold water, ash content, and determination of fiber dimensions and relationships between the fiber dimensions, all analyzes conducted according to the standards of TAPPI. In the physical evaluation of: humidity, the treatment means no significant difference. For apparent density was no statistical difference between treatments Blue 30 and Blue 40. Since the assessment of the content holocelulose treatments were different, Blue 40 had the highest average. To evaluate the extractives content were found values of 6.40%, 5.02% and 3.05% for treatments Blue 30, 40 and Targeted 30, wherein Blue 30 is statistically different from Targeted 30, and Blue 40 similarly to both, respectively. The lignin content of the Blue 40 had the lowest average, followed by the treatment Blue 30 and Targeted. The percentage of ash in Blue 40 was higher compared to other treatments. In assessing the solubility of NaOH 1%, treatments Blue 30 and 30 Targeted had equal means, since the treatment Blue 40 showed lower results. The solubility in NaOH 5% and the Blue 30 Blue 40 treatments showed equal means, different Targeted 30. The solubility values were equal in cold water for Targeted Blue 40 and 30 and the upper Blue 30. The water-solubility figures hot were equal to 30 and Blue Targeted 30 and above the Blue 40 (1.84%). Therefore, it is concluded that Blue 40 showed better chemical characteristics, physical and anatomical for pulp production.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa / Resumo: Tem sido demonstrado que a susceptibilidade do complexo dentino-pulpar aos efeitos adversos do clareamento dental apresenta uma relação direta com a espessura de esmalte/dentina do substrato dental. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito estético e biológico de um gel clareador contendo 10% de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) aplicado por diferentes períodos sobre a superfície de discos simulando a espessura de incisivos inferiores (ICI) e pré-molares superiores (PMS). Discos de esmalte/dentina, provenientes de incisivos bovinos, com 2,3 e 4,0 mm de espessura foram adaptados a câmaras pulpares artificiais e distribuídos nos Grupos ICI e PMS, respectivamente. O gel clareador com 10% de H2O2 foi aplicado na superfície de esmalte por 3x15, 1x15 ou 1x5 minutos. Como controle positivo, um gel com 35% de H2O2 aplicado por 3x15 minutos (protocolo tradicional) foi empregado. Nenhum tratamento foi realizado na superfície de esmalte no grupo controle negativo. O meio de cultura em contato com a dentina imediatamente após o clareamento (extrato) foi coletado e aplicado por 1 hora sobre células pulpares humanas. A viabilidade e morfologia celular foram avaliados imediatamente após exposição aos extratos (T1), bem como 72 horas pós-tratamento (T2). O estresse oxidativo e a quantificação do H2O2 nos extratos também foram analisados em T1. A atividade de ALP (atividade de fosfatase alcalina) e deposição de nódulos de mineralização (NM) foram avaliados em períodos de 14... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The susceptibility of pulp-dentin complex to the adverse effects of tooth bleaching therapies has a direct relationship with the thickness of dental substrate. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the biologic and esthetic effect of a 10% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching gel applied for different periods onto enamel/dentin discs simulating the thickness of low incisors (LI) and upper pre-molars (PM). Enamel/dentin discs from bovine incisors measuring 2.3 and 4.0 mm were adapted to artificial pulp chambers and distributed into the IC Group (low incisors) and PM Group (upper premolars), respectively. The enamel surface was bleached with a 10% H2O2 gel for 3x15, 1x15 or 1x5 minutes. The 35% H2O2 gel applied for 3x15 minutes was used as positive control (traditional therapy) and no treatment was performed on negative control group. The culture medium immediately after bleaching (extract) was applied for 1 hour on human dental pulp cells. Cell viability and morphology were evaluated immediately after bleaching (T1) and 72 h thereafter (T2). Oxidative stress and the amount of H2O2 in culture medium were also quantified at T1. The ALP activity and mineralized nodule (MN) deposition were assessed 14 and 21 days after bleaching, respectively. The color change (ΔE) of enamel was analyzed throughout six bleaching sessions. Overall, the experimental protocols with the 10% H2O2 gel minimized significantly the negative effects of traditional therapy to cultured pulp cells. The ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2001. / Carbon-in-pulp technology is used extensively in the mining industry to recover metal cyanides from solution. Also this technology has found increasing application in the gold mining sector, replacing the less efficient zinc precipitation procedure. The extensive use of carbon in such processes have prompted many researchers to investigate the mechanism of metal cyanide adsorption. Not only has this provided many viable theories in the understanding of the mechanism, but has also led to an improved understanding of the effects of the various operating conditions on the ClP circuit. Also the modelling of this process has resulted in proposed rate equations of which the famous "kn" model is the most widely used in design. This is a single rate equation that could result in significant errors and hence a dual resistance model was developed. However this model is mathematically complex. Recently in an attempt to overcome the shortcomings of previous models, empirical calculations to accurately describe adsorption kinetics were developed at the Cape Technikon. These correlations were derived using batch experimental data. In this study the focus was on modeling the adsorption process on a continuous scale using a laboratory scale cascade system. This study utilized the fact that solution concentration is the main driving force for aurocyanide adsorption onto activated carbon and that carbon loading has an indirect effect on adsorption kinetics. The metal was ultimately tested against actual plant data and provided very accurate results.

Thesis (MTech(Chemical engineering))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2001 / Over the years the carbon-in-pulp technology has been refined to become the highly efficient process that is used in our present-day system of recovering dissolved gold from cyanide leached pulps. The efficiency of a CIP circuit mainly depends on the effectiveness ofthe adsorption section as it not only determines the amount of soluble gold lost in the residues, but also indirectly affects the function of the other processes in the plant. Research in this area has declined over the past few years as a result of a decrease in the gold price. It is now more than ever important to investigate the operating conditions ofthe adsorption process to ensure that a highly effective system is maintained.The adsorption of gold cyanide onto activated carbon is to a large extent dependent on maintaining operating conditions well above those of equilibrium. The Freundlich and the Langmuir isotherms have been used by many researchers to describe the equilibrium conditions of the adsorption process. The general practice in the carbonin- pulp technology is to use an isotherm for the prediction of a circuit's performance. As confidence has increased in the reliability of these predictions, it has become important to acquire knowledge of the equilibrium condition that is driving the process. Previous research findings have indicated that the equilibrium isotherm of gold cyanide adsorption onto activated carbon is influenced by changes in the adsorption conditions down the adsorption train. This equilibrium or isotherm shift may lead to errors in the prediction of gold adsorption rates, which results in the filct that the simulations of the performance of the CIP circuits are not reliable. In this study the aim was to investigate the combined influence of various operating conditions on the adsorption equilibrium

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2000 / Due to equilibrium constraints and the relatively slow kinetics of the cyanidation of gold ores, calcium or potassium cyanide is added to the leaching stage in excess to that required theoretically. This, in many situations, result in large concentrations of free cyanide present in the effluent streams from gold plants. In view of the toxicity of cyanide and the fact that cyanide is fatal in small dosages, authorities have been forced to tigl1ten up plant discharge regulations. Therefore, it is vital to remove cyanide from industrial effluent, not only to meet standard requirements, but also to recover the cyanide as a means of reducing chemical costs. The aim of this study is to recover, rather than destroy, free cyanide from effluent streams via a metal impregnated carbon-in-column configuration. The first part of the study focused on the mechanism of free cyanide recovery by metal impregnated carbon and the factors influencing the kinetics of the process in a batch reactor. The second part concentrates on the optimisation of such a process m a column configuration, and subsequently to recover the cyanide from the carbon. In the batch experiments it was found that impregnated metal carbon outperformed virgin carbon for free cyanide removal both from a kinetic and equilibrium point of view. Furthermore: the presence of other metal cyanides in solution with free cyanide has a negligible effect on the performance of the metal (silver) impregnated activated carbon to remove free cyanide. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs revealed distinct differences in appearance of metal impregnated carbons, which ultimately responds differently to the removal of free cyanide. Although the kinetics of adsorption in the column experiments was found to be slower when compared to that experienced in a batch reactor, preliminary results show that a column configuration could be suitable for a free cyanide recovery on a large scale. Furthemore, a sensitivity analysis using the kinetics of adsorption and equilibrium cyanide loading as criteria, has been conducted on the column configuration. In these studies the effects of different bed volumes, competitive adsorption with other species present, different flow rates, different column diameters and initial cyanide concentrations on the process have been evaluated. These results were plotted as break-through curves, and the mass transfer zone (MTZ) was determined. It was found that impregnation in an air atmosphere yields a product with a higher capacity than in a nitrogen atmosphere, compromising carbon through combustion. Under a nitrogen atmosphere a more robust product is formed. As can be expected, lower linear velocities and/or larger bed volumes as well as lower initial free cyanide concentrations improve the fraction of cyanide removed in a column configuration.