O objetivo desde estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de remoção de smear layer e a influência da resistência de união de cimentos de silicato de cálcio de um novo inserto ultrassônico para agitação do irrigante em preparos retrógrados. Metodologia Foram selecionados 112 caninos unirradiculados, que foram formatados e obturados de forma convencional com a subsequente ressecção apical. Seguidamente, foram conformados 4 grupos de avaliação, ultra-som/solução salina; convencional/solução salina; ultra-som/EDTA17% e convencional/EDTA17%. Para analisar a remoção do smear layer, 72 espécimes foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=18), e retroprepararados utilizando uma ponta ultrassônica. Os espécimes foram clivados, obtendo-se dois segmentos iguais (mesial e distal). Os segmentos retrocavitários foram observados através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), a partir de três regiões representativas a 250x, obtendo-se imagens correspondentes à pré-irrigação. Posteriormente, foram executados os protocolos de irrigação e novamente obtidas imagens representativas da pós-irrigação. Para o teste de push-out, 40 dentes alocados em 4 grupos (n=10) foram empregados, conforme os diferentes protocolos de irrigação previamente mencionados. Os espécimes foram retrobturados e a obtenção dos corpos-de-prova realizada a partir de um novo seccionamento apical de 2mm±0.1 de cada espécime. A resistência de união foi determinada por meio de uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos e o tipo de falha foi determinado por meio de MEV. Os dados foram comparados por meio dos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn para a remoção de smear layer e ANOVA e Tukey no teste de push-out. Resultados O grupo ultrassom/EDTA17% removeu significativamente uma maior quantidade do smear layer, observando-se uma maior porcentagem de túbulos dentinários abertos em comparação com os outros grupos (P < 0.05). Na resistência de união, o grupo ultrasom/ EDTA17% mostrou os maiores valores na resistência de união (6.42±0.69) seguido pelos grupos convencional/EDTA17%, ultra-som/solução salina e convencional/solução salina respectivamente (P < 0.05). O padrão de falha adesivo foi o mais predominante, enquanto que no grupo ultrassom/EDTA17% foi preponderantemente mista (8/10). Conclusões O novo inserto ultrassônico para ativação do irrigante promoveu uma maior remoção de smear layer além de favorecer maior resistência de união do material retrobturador às paredes dentinárias em preparos retrógrados, principalmente se associado ao EDTA17%. / To evaluate the smear layer removal capacity and its influence on the bond strength of a calcium silicate-based cement of a new ultrasonic tip for irrigant agitation in rootend cavity preparations. Methods: One hundred and twelve maxillary and mandibular canines were chemomechanically instrumented, root filled and the root apexes resected. Specimens were randomly distributed into 4 experimental groups: ultrasonic/saline solution; conventional/ saline solution; ultrasonic/EDTA 17% and conventional/EDTA solution 17%. The analysis of the smear layer removal employed seventy-four specimens divided into 4 groups (n=18), and the retrograde cavities were prepared using an ultrasonic tip. Next, the specimens were split longitudinally and obtained two halves (mesial and distal). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine and score the internal surfaces for dentinal tubule opening before and after to perform the irrigation protocols. Images were taken at three representative areas with a magnification of 250x. The push-out test employed forty specimens allocated in four groups (n=10), according to the different irrigation protocols previously described. The specimens were retrofilled, sectioned perpendicularly and obtained apical slices at 2mm±0.1 from the apex. Each disc/dentin/retrofilling material was placed in a testing machine for the bond strength measurement and the failure mode was observed by SEM. The smear layer removal data were analysed and compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn. Push-out data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey\'s test. Results The ultrasonic/EDTA 17% group removed the smear later more effectively, and showed the best tubule opening condition than the others three groups. (P < 0.05). Ultrasonic/EDTA 17% group demonstrated the highest mean bond strength values (6.42±0.69) compared with conventional/EDTA, ultrasonic/saline solution and conventional/saline solution, respectively (P < 0.05). Most failure modes were predominantly adhesive (55%), whereas in the ultrasonic/EDTA 17% group was mixed (80%). Conclusion The new ultrasonic tip for irrigant agitation showed higher percentage of smear layer removal and improved the push-out bond strength of the retrograde root filling to the root-end dentine surfaces, mainly when associated to EDTA 17%.

In the autumn of 2015 one of the largest waves of refugees ever occurred in Europe. Sweden was the country that received the second highest number of refugees, which led to significant changes in Swedish refugee policy as an effort to reduce the number. This highlighted an issue; Has Sweden become less attractive as a country to immigrate to? The thesis analyses whether Sweden has potentially become less attractive as a country to seek refuge in after the implementation of the stricter refugee policy in 2015. This case study uses a theory-consuming research design and a qualitative content analysis as a method. The analytical model used in the study is the push and pull model, as this model in connection with the empirical material deals with how Sweden's changed refugee policy influences the Swedish pull factors. This qualitative study shows that the changes in the refugee policy does not affect the incentive structure much as only two pull factors, social rights and political stability, are affected by the changes in refugee policy.

本研究旨在探討影響國際學生流動的拉力因素構面，並找出台灣大學院校對大陸學生的主要拉力因素為何，以做為未來政策制定和大學院校招生之參考。經過文獻探討之後發現國際學生流動的拉力因素有八個構面，分別是學校機構、留學政策、國際競爭力、地理環境、經濟、社會文化、家庭與體制因素。研究方法的部分，利用專家問卷進行問卷試題的適切性評估，再使用因素分析與信度分析法，確立問卷各因素構面試題並取得良好的信度，並利用網路問卷調查法進行正式問卷施測，共計386位填答者，有效填答有286位。研究分析使用描述性統計、獨立樣本t考驗和單因子變異數分析，來探討我國大學院校對於大陸學生的拉力因素排序情形與不同背景變項間的差異程度。根據分析結果，歸納出本研究之結論如下： 一、留學政策的制定是台灣吸引陸生的最主要拉力。 二、台灣的文化與大學特色是吸引陸生的重要拉力。 三、男性在留學政策因素上認同度高。 四、商業管理的學生在留學政策因素上的認同度較農業及醫藥學的學生高。 五、有來台經驗的學生在學校機構與體制因素上的認同度較高。 六、經濟因素會因學生是本科生或研究生而有所差異。 最後，根據本研究之結論，對於台灣大學院校、教育行政主管機關和未來研究提出建議，以制定相關招生策略、政策規定或是未來研究方向。 / The purpose of this study is to explore the dimension of the pull factors of international student mobility, and discover the main pull factors of Taiwan higher educational institutes, in order to make proper future policies and strategies for recruiting students from mainland China. Through literature review, this study finds that there are eight dimensions of pull factors which are dimension of educational institutes, dimension of study-abroad policy, dimension of international competitiveness, dimension of environment, dimension of economics, dimension of socio-culture, dimension of family, and dimension of national system. As for research methods, using expert questionnaire, factor analysis and reliability analysis to ensure all questions are well-stated and get good degree of reliability, and then using web-based questionnaire to do the survey. In this study, there are 386 respondents, and 286 of them are valid. By means of descriptive statistics, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA, the order of the pull factor and the differences between every background variables are found. According to the results, the main conclusions are as follows: 1.The making of study-abroad policy is the main pull factor of Taiwan for students from mainland China. 2.The characteristics of Taiwanese culture and universities are important pull factors. 3.Male shows higher degree of agreement in the dimension of study-abroad policy factors. 4.Students of business and management show higher degree of agreement in the dimension of study-abroad policy factors than students of agriculture and medical science. 5.Students who have experiences in Taiwan show higher degree of agreement in the dimension of educational institutes and national system factors. 6.Undergraduate students and graduate students show different degree of agreement in the dimension of economics factors. In the end, based on the conclusion of this study, some suggestions had been proposed to Taiwan educational institutes, educational administration authority and future research, in order to make appropriate policies, strategies, or research direction.

In mobile and wireless networks, data broadcasting for popular data items enables the efficient utilization of the limited wireless bandwidth. However, efficient data scheduling schemes are needed to fully exploit the benefits of data broadcasting. Towards this goal, several broadcast scheduling policies have been proposed. These existing schemes have mostly focused on either minimizing response time, or drop rate, when requests are associated with hard deadlines. The inherent inaccuracy of hard deadlines in a dynamic mobile environment motivated us to use Service Level Agreements (SLAs) where a user specifies the utility of data as a function of its arrival time. Moreover, SLAs provide the mobile user with an already familiar quality of service specification from wired environments. Hence, in this dissertation, we propose SAAB, an SLA-aware adaptive data broadcast scheduling policy for maximizing the system utility under SLA-based performance measures. To achieve this goal, SAAB considers both the characteristics of disseminated data objects as well as the SLAs associated with them. Additionally, SAAB automatically adjusts to the system workload conditions which enables it to constantly outperform existing broadcast scheduling policies.

In mobile and wireless networks, data broadcasting for popular data items enables the efficient utilization of the limited wireless bandwidth. However, efficient data scheduling schemes are needed to fully exploit the benefits of data broadcasting. Towards this goal, several broadcast scheduling policies have been proposed. These existing schemes have mostly focused on either minimizing response time, or drop rate, when requests are associated with hard deadlines. The inherent inaccuracy of hard deadlines in a dynamic mobile environment motivated us to use Service Level Agreements (SLAs) where a user specifies the utility of data as a function of its arrival time. Moreover, SLAs provide the mobile user with an already familiar quality of service specification from wired environments. Hence, in this dissertation, we propose SAAB, an SLA-aware adaptive data broadcast scheduling policy for maximizing the system utility under SLA-based performance measures. To achieve this goal, SAAB considers both the characteristics of disseminated data objects as well as the SLAs associated with them. Additionally, SAAB automatically adjusts to the system workload conditions which enables it to constantly outperform existing broadcast scheduling policies.

Switched mode power supplies (SMPS) are being extensively used in most power conversion processes. The analysis, design and modeling processes of hard-switched converters are mature, where the switching frequency was limited to a few 10's of kHz. The present direction of evolution m SMPS is towards higher efficiency and higher power density. These twin objectives demand high switching frequency and low overall losses. Soft switching results in practically zero switching losses and extends the switching frequency to 100's of kHz and beyond. This thesis presents novel variants of push-pull and half-bridge DC-DC converters with soft switching properties. The proposed topology uses two additional switches and two diodes. The additional switches introduce freewheeling intervals m the circuit and enable loss-less switching. Switch stress, control and small signal model are similar to hard-switched PWM converter. Synchronous rectifiers are used in the ZVS push-pull converter to achieve high efficiency. It is interesting to see that the drives for the synchronous rectifier device are practically the same as the additional switches. The contributions made in this thesis are 1) Idealized analysis and design methodology for the proposed converters. 2) Validation of the design through circuit simulation as well as prototypes - a 300kHz, 200W push-pull converter and a 300kHz, 640W half-bridge converter. 3) Closed loop control design for desired bandwidth and accuracy Verification of loop gain through network analyzer instrumental for the same The loop gain bandwidth achieved is about 30kHz for the push-pull converter and 20kHz for half-bridge converter. An appendix has been devoted to explain the use of network analyzer. Characterization of coil, transformer and capacitor are explained in detail. Measurement techniques for measuring the small signal parameters of power supply are also explained in the appendix.

Immer kürzer werdende Innovationszyklen lassen vor allem das strategische Zeitfenster für Innovationen schmaler werden. Ein ganzheitliches Time-to-Market Management (TtMM) gewinnt daher zunehmend an unternehmerischer Bedeutung. Das TtMM hat die zeitliche Optimierung des Innovationsprozesses zum Ziel. Sämtliche marktorientierten Innovationen eines Unternehmens sollen von der Idee bis hin zu ihrer Markteinführung zeitlich so geplant werden, dass sie innerhalb ihres strategischen Zeitfensters bzw. zu einem ökonomisch lohnenswerten Zeitpunkt am Markt eingeführt werden. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Darlegung einer ganzheitlichen, mit den Erfordernissen der Praxis korrespondierenden TtMM-Konzeption. Zur Erreichung dieses Ziels wird ein zweigeteilter Ansatz verfolgt. In einem ersten Schritt werden die in der Praxis auftretenden Problembereiche bzw. Anforderungen an ein ganzheitliches TtMM analysiert. In einem zweiten Schritt werden Methoden identifiziert, die den in der Praxis aufgedeckten Anforderungen gerecht werden.

In this work, the material distribution, structure of fiber orientation and fiber attrition in sandwich and push-pull injection molded short fiber composites are investigated, regarding the effect of fiber content and processing parameters, given its direct relevance to mechanical properties. The prediction of the tensile strength of conventional, sandwich and push-pull injection molded short fiber composites are derived by an analytical method of modified rule of mixtures as a function of the area fraction between skin and core layers. The effects of fiber length and fiber orientation on the tensile strength are studied in detail. Modeling of the specialized injection molding processes have been developed and performed with the simulation program in order to predict the material distribution and the fiber orientation state. The secondorder orientation tensor (a11) approach is used to describe and calculate the local fiber orientation state. The accuracy of the model prediction is verified by comparing with corresponding experimental measurements to gain a further basic understanding of the melt flow induced fiber orientation during sandwich and push-pull injection molding processes.

University, Diss.--Zugl.: Frankfurt am Main, 2007.

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio numérico de la vulnerabilidad sísmica de edificios de muros delgados construidos en Perú. Estos edificios se vienen construyendo desde hace unas décadas, especialmente para viviendas de bajo coste (por economía y rapidez de construcción).Este estudio se centra en los casos más comunes, los cuales no suelen exceder las cinco plantas; las luces son reducidas, habitualmente hasta 5 m, y no suelen haber sótanos; los muros tienen 10 cm de espesor y su armadura consiste en una única capa de malla electrosoldada, con algunas barras adicionales de 12 mm de diámetro en los extremos. Las losas tienen, en general, 12 cm de canto; la cimentación suele consistir en una losa de 20 a 25 cm de espesor apoyada sobre terreno mejorado. No existen pilares, siendo los muros los únicos elementos sustentantes; en las fachadas éstos se suelen conectar a la altura de cada planta mediante vigas de acoplamiento de unos 50 cm de altura, sin características sismorresistentes adecuadas. Las densidades de muros en cada dirección oscilan entre 2% y 5%, con algunas excepciones; los muros en direcciones perpendiculares suelen estar conectados entre sí. La resistencia característica del hormigón es 17,5 MPa y la calidad global de la construcción es, en general, aceptable. Estos edificios han sido proyectados de acuerdo con la normativa peruana, cuyos requerimientos, a pesar de contener prescripciones específicas para estos edificios, podrían resultar insuficientes para garantizar un nivel adecuado de seguridad frente a las acciones sísmicas esperadas. Por otra parte, otras circunstancias hacen que la vulnerabilidad de estos edificios parezca ser excesivamente elevada: (i) la ductilidad de los muros es limitada, (ii) los resultados experimentales disponibles son insuficientes y (iii) no existe experiencia acerca del comportamiento de estas construcciones para movimientos sísmicos de elevada severidad. Dada la preocupación que ha surgido en torno a este tipo de edificios, en Perú se han efectuado algunos ensayos, tanto sobre muros aislados como sobre conjuntos de muros y losas unidos; los resultados de estos ensayos se utilizan en este trabajo.Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se han seleccionado siete edificios representativos ubicados en su mayoría en la ciudad de Lima, que corresponde a la zona de mayor peligrosidad sísmica.Los períodos naturales han sido identificados a partir de trabajo de campo, determinándose también la resistencia del hormigón mediante pruebas esclerométricas. El estudio numérico de la vulnerabilidad de estas construcciones consiste en efectuar análisis estáticos no lineales ("push-over") y análisis dinámicos también no lineales, comparándose las conclusiones derivadas de ambos. Dada la elevada rigidez horizontal de los edificios, se ha tenido en cuenta la interacción entre el suelo y la estructura. El comportamiento estructural de los edificios se describe mediante modelos de fibras, éstos se implementan en el programa PERFORM-3D. Los estados límites de daño han sido definidos a partir de los resultados experimentales disponibles en Perú. Los acelerogramas considerados en los análisis dinámicos se pueden agrupar en tres categorías: (i) registros y acelerogramas sintéticos escalados al espectro de proyecto, (ii) registros impulsivos y (iii) dos movimientos sísmicos chilenos fuertes.Los resultados obtenidos indican que un alto porcentaje de los edificios existentes podrían experimentar graves daños ante los terremotos de proyecto, principalmente en las vigas de acoplamiento de las plantas superiores y en las partes bajas de los muros ubicados en la dirección débil. El ajuste entre las conclusiones de los análisis "push-over" y dinámicos es satisfactorio, resultando aquellos ligeramente más conservadores. A partir de los resultados de la investigación se concluye que un refuerzo ligero de las vigas de acoplamiento podría conducir a una notable mejora del comportamiento sismorresistente. Se proponen criterios preliminares de proyecto, como la recomendación de incluir una densidad mínima de muros en cada dirección.A partir del conocimiento proporcionado por este estudio sobre el comportamiento sismorresistente de este tipo de edificios, se identifican y analizan las necesidades futuras de investigación. Ésta se orienta a formular criterios finales de proyecto para estas construcciones.