Objective of this thesis is to make a summary elaboration of particular proposals, which can reform the financial situation of the company and target the elimination of inconvenient financial indicators. In this thesis, there are used the financial analysis methods to parse financial situation of the company. For a consideration of the company financial results are proposed the processes to improve the financial situation of the company.

The main objective of these thesis was to describe the theoreticle principles of the financial analysis, its function, the value of the outcome and its application possibilities. Apply this method on a czech trade company, describe the outcome and suggest recommended steps.

Das deklarative Gedächtnis beruht auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem medialen Temporallappens (MTL) und Neokortex. Aufgrund der verteilten Natur neokortikaler Netzwerke bleiben zelluläre Ziele und Mechanismen der Gedächtnisbildung im Neokortex jedoch schwer fassbar. Im sechsschichtigen Säugetier-Neokortex konvergieren die Top-Down-Inputs auf Schicht 1 (L1). Wir untersuchten, wie Top-Down-Inputs von MTL die neokortikale Aktivität während der Gedächtnisbildung modulieren. Wir haben zunächst ein Kortex- und Hippocampus-abhängiges Lernparadigma angepasst, in dem Tiere gelernt haben, direkte kortikale Mikrostimulation und Belohnung zu assoziieren. Neuronen in den tiefen Schichten des perirhinalen Kortex lieferten monosynaptische Eingaben in L1 des primären somatosensorischen Kortex (S1), wo die Mikrostimulation vorgestellt wurde. Die chemogenetische Unterdrückung der perirhinalen Inputs in L1 von S1 störte die Gedächtnisbildung, hatte jedoch keinen Einfluss auf die Leistung der Tiere nach abgeschlossenem Lernen. Dem Lernen folgte das Auftreten einer klaren Subpopulation von Pyramidenneuronen der Schicht 5 (L5), die durch hochfrequentes Burst-Feuern gekennzeichnet war und durch Blockieren der perirhinalen Inputs zu L1 reduziert werden konnte. Interessanterweise zeigte ein ähnlicher Anteil an apikalen Dendriten von L5-Pyramidenneuronen ebenfalls eine signifikant erhöhte Ca2+-Aktivität während des Gedächtnisabrufs bei Expertentieren. Wichtig ist, dass die Störung der dendritischen Ca2+-Aktivität das Lernen beeinträchtigte, was darauf hindeutet, dass apikale Dendriten von L5-Pyramidenneuronen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Bildung des neokortikalen Gedächtnisses spielen. Wir schließen daraus, dass MTL-Eingaben das Lernen über einen perirhinalen vermittelten Gating-Prozess in L1 steuern, der sich in einer erhöhten dendritischen Ca2+-Aktivität und einem Burst-Firing in pyramidalen L5-Neuronen manifestiert. / Declarative memory relies on interactions between the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and neocortex. However, due the distributed nature of neocortical networks, cellular targets and mechanisms of memory formation in the neocortex remain elusive. In the six-layered mammalian neocortex, top-down inputs converge on its outermost layer, layer 1 (L1). We examined how layer-specific top-down inputs from MTL modulate neocortical activity during memory formation. We first adapted a cortical- and hippocampal-dependent learning paradigm, in which animals learned to associate direct cortical microstimulation and reward, and characterized the learning behavior of rats and mice. We next showed that neurons in the deep layers of the perirhinal cortex not only provide monosynaptic inputs to L1 of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), where microstimulation was presented, but also actively reflect the behavioral outcome. Chemogenetic suppression of perirhinal inputs to L1 of S1 disrupted early memory formation but did not affect animals’ performance after learning. The learning was followed by an emergence of a distinct subpopulation of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons characterized by high-frequency burst firing, which could be reduced by blocking perirhinal inputs to L1. Interestingly, a similar proportion of apical dendrites (~10%) of L5 pyramidal neurons also displayed significantly enhanced calcium (Ca2+) activity during memory retrieval in expert animals. Importantly, disrupting dendritic Ca2+ activity impaired learning, suggesting that apical dendrites of L5 pyramidal neurons have a critical role in neocortical memory formation. Taken together, these results suggest that MTL inputs control learning via a perirhinal-mediated gating process in L1, manifested by elevated dendritic Ca2+ activity and burst firing in L5 pyramidal neurons. The present study provides insights into cellular mechanisms of learning and memory representations in the neocortex.

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Le nuage de points 3D est la donnée obtenue par la majorité des méthodes de numérisation surfacique actuelles. Nous nous intéressons ainsi dans cette thèse à l'utilisation de nuages de points comme unique représentation explicite de surface. Cette thèse présente deux contributions en traitements basés points. La première contribution proposée est une nouvelle méthode de rendu de nuages de points bruts et massifs par opérateurs pyramidaux en espace image. Cette nouvelle méthode s'applique aussi bien à des nuages de points d'objets scannés, que de scènes complexes. La succession d'opérateurs en espace image permet alors de reconstruire en temps réel une surface et d'en estimer des normales, ce qui permet par la suite d'en obtenir un rendu par ombrage. De plus, l'utilisation d'opérateurs pyramidaux en espace image permet d'atteindre des fréquences d'affichage plus élevées d'un ordre de grandeur que l'état de l'art .La deuxième contribution présentée est une nouvelle méthode de simulation numérique en mécanique des fluides en volumes immergés par reconstruction implicite étendue. La méthode proposée se base sur une nouvelle définition de surface implicite par moindres carrés glissants étendue à partir d'un nuage de points. Cette surface est alors utilisée pour définir les conditions aux limites d'un solveur Navier-Stokes par éléments finis en volumes immergés, qui est utilisé pour simuler un écoulement fluide autour de l'objet représenté par le nuage de points. Le solveur est interfacé à un mailleur adaptatif anisotrope qui permet de capturer simultanément la géométrie du nuage de points et l'écoulement à chaque pas de temps de la simulation. / Most surface 3D scanning techniques produce 3D point clouds. This thesis tackles the problem of using points as only explicit surface representation. It presents two contributions in point-based processing. The first contribution is a new raw and massive point cloud screen-space rendering algorithm. This new method can be applied to a wide variety of data from small objects to complex scenes. A sequence of screen-space pyramidal operators is used to reconstruct in real-time a surface and estimate its normals, which are later used to perform deferred shading. In addition, the use of pyramidal operators allows to achieve framerate one order of magnitude higher than state of the art methods. The second proposed contribution is a new immersed boundary computational fluid dynamics method by extended implicit surface reconstruction. The proposed method is based on a new implicit surface definition from a point cloud by extended moving least squares. This surface is then used to define the boundary conditions of a finite-elements immersed boundary transient Navier-Stokes solver, which is used to compute flows around the object sampled by the point cloud. The solver is interfaced with an anisotropic and adaptive meshing algorithm which refines the computational grid around both the geometry defined by point cloud and the flow at each timestep of the simulation.

To investigate the roles of different dorsal spinal pathways in controlling movements in rats, I performed lesions of specific spinal pathways and measured the behaviour abilities of rats using different sensorimotor behavioural tests. The first experiment was designed to understand the contribution of sensory pathways traveling in the dorsal funiculus during locomotion and skilled movements using sensitive behavioural tests. I demonstrated that ascending sensory fibers play an important role during overground locomotion and contribute to skilled forelimb movements. The second experiment compared the differences in sensorimotor abilities caused by dorsal funicular lesions performed at two different levels of rat spinal cord. My results showed that the pathways present in the cervical and thoracic dorsal funiculus exert different functional effects over control of limb movement during locomotion. The third experiment investigated the compensatory potential of dorsal funicular pathways after dorsolateral funicular injuries in rats. My results showed that dorsal funicular pathways do not compensate for loss of dorsolateral pathways during the execution of locomotor tasks, though there is indirect evidence that rats with dorsolateral funicular lesions might rely more on ascending sensory pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus during skilled forelimb movements. Finally, the fourth experiment was designed to investigate the compensation from dorsolateral funicular pathways after injuries to pyramidal tract in rats. I demonstrated that pathways running in the spinal dorsolateral funiculus do provide compensatory input to spinal circuitry to maintain skilled reaching abilities after lesions of the pyramidal tract but these same pathways do not appear to compensate during either overground locomotion or skilled locomotion. Thus, this compensatory response is task-specific. These results highlight the fact that behavioural context determines the nature of compensation from spared pathways after spinal cord injuries.

To investigate the roles of different dorsal spinal pathways in controlling movements in rats, I performed lesions of specific spinal pathways and measured the behaviour abilities of rats using different sensorimotor behavioural tests. The first experiment was designed to understand the contribution of sensory pathways traveling in the dorsal funiculus during locomotion and skilled movements using sensitive behavioural tests. I demonstrated that ascending sensory fibers play an important role during overground locomotion and contribute to skilled forelimb movements. The second experiment compared the differences in sensorimotor abilities caused by dorsal funicular lesions performed at two different levels of rat spinal cord. My results showed that the pathways present in the cervical and thoracic dorsal funiculus exert different functional effects over control of limb movement during locomotion. The third experiment investigated the compensatory potential of dorsal funicular pathways after dorsolateral funicular injuries in rats. My results showed that dorsal funicular pathways do not compensate for loss of dorsolateral pathways during the execution of locomotor tasks, though there is indirect evidence that rats with dorsolateral funicular lesions might rely more on ascending sensory pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus during skilled forelimb movements. Finally, the fourth experiment was designed to investigate the compensation from dorsolateral funicular pathways after injuries to pyramidal tract in rats. I demonstrated that pathways running in the spinal dorsolateral funiculus do provide compensatory input to spinal circuitry to maintain skilled reaching abilities after lesions of the pyramidal tract but these same pathways do not appear to compensate during either overground locomotion or skilled locomotion. Thus, this compensatory response is task-specific. These results highlight the fact that behavioural context determines the nature of compensation from spared pathways after spinal cord injuries.