Background: It is evident that fake news has become more common since the world transitioned into a more digital age. Previous research on the topic of fake news has usually been done on different generations and often by comparing them to one another in order to highlight differences between age groups. However, there are no studies to be found on Generation X alone in Sweden.  Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine Swedish Generation X-ers and their relation to news posts found on Facebook, in order to find out how they interact with it and what they would do to make sure a news post is valid before sharing it with their network of contacts. With a focus on exploring their experiences and finding patterns among the different answers we collected, the goal with this thesis was to present an overview of how Swedish Generation X-ers relate to news posts on Facebook.  Method: The research conducted in this paper was done by a set of semi-structured interviews. The transcriptions and data were analyzed by using a thematic approach, which allowed us to find themes and codes in the material, and in turn to be able to draw conclusions.  Findings: The results showed that Swedish Generation X-ers generally tend to avoid interacting with news posts on Facebook. This is because they worry about accidentally sharing fake news, think news is too private to share with others, and do not like the presence that comes with presenting themselves online. However, if they were to share a news post, even hypothetically, the majority of our participants would take measures to ensure validity beforehand. This thesis can be used as a groundwork for similar studies in other countries to get a comparative view. Further research: Suggestions for further research include doing the same kind of research in a new and bigger context, in order to see if the results from this thesis are recurring throughout the population at large. Another suggestion would be to combine a larger qualitative study with an additional quantitative approach, in order to present a more mathematical overview. Lastly, further research could be done to see if Generation X-ers are as private with their political views in real life as they are on Facebook. This in order to see if the behavior is something they have brought from their disconnected life to Facebook, or if it is just an online behavior.

Systemintegration hat auf Grund des Einsatzes heterogener Systeme eine fortlaufende Bedeutung für viele Unternehmen und vor allem für Integrationsdienstleister. Die Praxis der Integration stimmt nicht immer mit den aktuellen Forschungsthemen überein. Diese qualitative Erhebung liefert einen Zustandsbericht über Herausforderungen und Probleme denen Integrationsdienstleister täglich begegnen und dient der Identifikation von praxisrelevanten Forschungsfragen.

Bakgrund: Pediatrisk palliativ vård är ett begrepp som förknippas med sorg och förtvivlan. Att arbeta som sjuksköterska i denna kontext kan vara både utmanande och påfrestande där det handlar om att se lika mycket till familjens behov som till barnet. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av pediatrisk palliativ vård med fokus på familjens betydelse. Metod: Litteraturstudien utgick från ett inifrånperspektiv, där människans upplevelse var i fokus. Kvalitativ data analyserades med manifest innehållsanalys och induktiv ansats. Litteratursökningen utfördes med en systematisk sökning i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed som resulterade i att författarna valde ut tolv artiklar som svarade an på syftet. Resultat: Analysen av de tolv artiklarna resulterade i fem slutkategorier; Att kunna anpassa sitt fokus var avgörande när vården ändrade riktning, Att inte räcka till och ta känslomässigt avstånd, Att familjers delaktighet i vården är viktigt men kan också vara en utmaning, Att en djup men balanserad relation till familjen skapar tillfredställelse i arbetet, Att en god kompetens var en viktig byggsten i professionen. Slutkategorierna presenterades i studiens resultat i form av en brödtext med tillhörande citat. Slutsats: Det arbete som bedrivs i den pediatriska palliativa vården ställer stora krav på sjuksköterskor vilket leder till ett ökat behov av både teoretisk och praktisk kunskap för att främja självförtroendet i yrkesutövandet.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor är anmälningspliktiga och har visat sig ha en betydande roll då barn far illa. Trots det väljer sjuksköterskor att inte alltid orosanmäla till socialtjänsten då de misstänker att ett barn far illa. Barnen får till följd av detta inte det stöd och den hjälp som de har rätt till. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att orosanmäla när barn far eller riskerar att fara illa. Metod: Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som utfördes digitalt med sjuksköterskor (n=12) som rekryterats via bekvämlighetsurval. Insamlad data analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier som belyser sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att orosanmäla när barn far eller riskerar att fara illa: Känsla av att vilja hjälpa, Känsla av osäkerhet, Känsla av att ha och att sakna stöd och Känsla av att erfarenhet ger trygghet.  Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor upplever ett behov av ökad kunskap om barn som far illa och orosanmälan samt utvidgat stöd och samarbete i samband med orosanmälningar. Förändringar inom dessa områden skulle kunna leda till en minskad osäkerhet hos sjuksköterskor och därmed minskat lidande för barn som far illa då fler orosanmälningar eventuellt genomförs.

Researchers use datasets of Question-Solution pairs to train machine learning models, such as source code generation models. A Question-Solution pair contains two parts: a programming question and its corresponding Solution Snippet. A Solution Snippet is a source code that solves a programming question. These datasets of Question-Solution pairs can be extracted from a number of different platforms. In this research, I study how Question-Solution pairs are extracted from Stack Overflow (SO). There are two limitations of datasets of Question-Solution pairs extracted from SO: (1) according to the authors of these datasets, some Question-Solution pairs contain Solution Snippets that do not solve the question correctly, and (2) these datasets do not contain the information on how Solution Snippets need to be reused, and such information would enhance the reusability of Solution Snippets. These limitations of datasets of pairs could adversely affect the quality of the code being generated by machine learning models. In this research, I conducted a qualitative study to categorize various presentations of Solution Snippets in SO’s answers as well as how Solution Snippets can be adapted for reuse. By doing so, I identified eight categories of how Solution Snippets are presented in SO’s answers and five categories of how Solution Snippets could be adapted. Based on these results, I concluded several potential reasons why it is not easy to create datasets of Question-Solution pairs. The first categorization informs that finding the correct location of the Solution Snippet is challenging when there are several code blocks within the answer to the question. Subsequently, the researcher must identify which code within that code block is the Solution Snippet. The second categorization informs that most Solution Snippets appear challenging to be adapted for reuse, and how Solution Snippets are potentially adapted is not explicitly stated in them. These insights shed light on creating better quality datasets from questions and answers posted on Stack Overflow. / Graduate

Background Mentorship is used to ease entry to practice for new nursing graduates. However, little is known about the process of pairing with experienced nurses. The aim of this dissertation is to explore mentorship pairing processes for new nursing graduates and experienced nurses. Methods 1. A quality improvement project was conducted using organizational data to describe the impact of the New Graduate Guarantee program at The Ottawa Hospital from 2013 to 2018 on new graduate nurses and organizational outcomes. 2. An interpretive descriptive study was conducted to develop an in-depth understanding of mentorship pairing practices specific to nursing occurring in a clinical setting that will ultimately inform future mentorship pairing practices. 3. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effect of mentorship pairing processes on the mentoring relationship and outcomes at the level of the new nursing graduate, mentor and organization. Findings 1. From 2013 to 2017, 66 nurses were hired directly into operational vacancies and 579 new graduate nurses were paired with a mentor in the New Graduate Guarantee program. The two-year turnover rate for new graduates who participated in the New Graduate Guarantee program (21.5%, N=92/427) was lower than new graduate turnover rates reported in the literature. 2. Interviews with 13 new graduate nurses and 12 mentors revealed a lack of awareness of current nursing mentorship pairing processes. Six nurse leaders described pairing processes using third party pairing. Participants suggested preparation, socialization and self-selection are key components to consider for future practice. 3. Of 2583 citations screened, no studies evaluated the nursing mentorship pairing process. Research is required to determine effective mentorship pairing processes in nursing. Conclusion Although 579 nurses were hired through the New Graduate Guarantee nursing mentorship program, the 13 new graduates and 12 mentors interviewed were unaware of the process used for pairing. Furthermore, no studies have evaluated mentorship pairing processes. Ninety percent of new graduates hired participated in the New Graduate Guarantee program. Future research is required to trial pairing processes proposed by nurse leaders, new graduates and experienced nurses and to develop and validate tools to evaluate the outcomes of these pairings.

Within a Northeast urban school, there is little empirical evidence to indicate the effectiveness of the district professional development (PD) program. Elementary teachers at the study site reported that they encountered problems accessing professional development programs applicable to their needs. The purpose of this case study was to examine teacher perceptions of district PD programs and to discover teacher perceptions of PD best practices. Knowles' adult learning theory provided a frame of reference for this study. The research questions assessed teachers' perceptions of the format, content, and process of professional development programs and examined how teachers applied new knowledge, concepts, and skills offered in professional development training. A case study design was used to gather focus group data from a critical case sample of 6 elementary teachers who were participating in PD training or who had participated in PD within the past 3 years. Emergent themes were identified from the data. Findings were developed and validated with member checking. The findings indicated that these 6 teachers desired more involvement in planning relevant PD, greater time allocated to collaborative activities, and more grade-level customized programming. Implications for positive social change include improved district professional development opportunities that align with best teaching practices for effective student instruction and increased student achievement.

Bakgrund: På grund av spridning av covid- 19 viruset så har den svenska regeringen infört restriktioner för landets medborgare för att minska denna. Dessa restriktioner innefattar att de som kan ska jobba eller studera hemifrån. Det finns en bristande kunskap huruvida människor som till följd av restriktioner under hösten år 2021 på grund av covid-19 pandemin och som tvingats jobba eller studera hemifrån, uppfattar sin hälsa med utgångspunkt för fysisk aktivitet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka upplevelser av hälsa kopplat till fysisk aktivitet hos individer som behövt jobba eller studera hemifrån till följd av covid-19 pandemin under hösten år 2021. Metod: En kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer valdes för att uppfylla studiens syfte. Sju informanter inkluderades i studien. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys har använts för bearbetning av data. Efter genomgång av materialet har två domäner med underliggande kategorier identifierats. Dessa domäner var: vanor och hälsa. Under domänen vanor finns dess underkategorier: ”Rutiner viktiga för att fysisk aktivitet ska utföras” samt ”Socialt sammanhang viktigt för att fysisk aktivitet ska utföras”. Under domänen hälsa finns dessa underkategorier: ”Fysisk aktivitet viktigt för välmående”, ”Socialt sammanhang viktigt för välmående” ”Fysisk hälsa påverkad av jobb- och studier hemifrån” samt ”Psykisk hälsa påverkad av jobb- och studier hemifrån”. Resultat: Studien visade att studiens deltagare fått förändra sina rutiner för fysisk aktivitet till följd av jobb eller studier hemifrån. Den fysiska aktiviteten hade för de flesta informanter minskat i sin mängd eller ändrat sin karaktär från att ha utövats inne till ute. Individernas uppfattning om hälsa från en utgångspunkt i fysisk aktivitet var att denna är en viktig del i ett hälsosamt leverne, dock resonerade våra informanter att hälsa är ett brett begrepp som innefattar många delar. Majoriteten av informanter berättade att de tyckte att deras psykiska hälsa påverkats mest under tiden för jobb eller studier hemifrån vilket i sin tur har påverkat deras nivå av fysiska aktivitet. / Background: Due to the spread of covid-19 virus, the Swedish government has introduced restrictions to reduce this spread. These restrictions include that people who can, should work or study at home. There is a lack of knowledge about how individuals who, because of restrictions due to the covid-19 pandemic in the fall of 2021, had to work or study at home, experience their health with focus on physical activity.  Aim: The purpose of the study was to explore experiences of health linked to physical activity in individuals who have had to work or study from home as a result of the covid-19 pandemic. Method: A qualitative design with semi-structured interviews was chosen for this study. Seven informants were included. Qualitative content analysis was used for analyzing the data.Based on the collected data, two domains were identified with associated main categories. The domains were: habits and health. The main categories underlying the domain habits were: ”Routines important for implementations of physical activity” and ” Social context important for implementation of physical activity”. The main categories underlying the domain health is: ”Physical activity important for wellbeing”, ”Social context important for wellbeing”, ”Physical health affected by work or studies at home” and ”Psychological health affected by work or studies at home”   Results: The study showed that the study participants had to change their routines for physical activity as a result of work or studies from home. For most informants, physical activity has decreased in quantity or changed its character from being exercised indoors to outdoors. Physical activity proved to be an important part of a healthy life according to our informants, however, they also reason that health is a broad concept that includes many parts. The majority of informants said that they think that their mental health has been most affected during the time of work or studies from home, which in turn has affected their level of physical activity.

This work deals with the issue of dual diagnosis, namely patients with schizophrenic disease who are addicted to drugs and their view of the anxiety process. Theoretical background research is devoted to schizophrenic disease, addictive disorders and specifics in the treatment of patients with dual diagnosis. The aim of this research was to find out how users of addictive substances with a schizophrenic circuit disorder evaluate and experience the process of their anxiety. To create the above goal, I set the main research question, concretized by three sub- questions: (1) How do drug users with schizophrenic disorders assess and experience the process of their anxiety? (1.1.) "How do drug users with schizophrenic disorders have insight into their difficulties in treatment?" (1.2.) "How the level of these difficulties changed before the end of treatment"? (1.3.) "What aspects of recovery do these patients consider important?" The research set was selected by methods of improbable purpose. The research group finally consisted of four patients, i.e. hospitalized in the Psychiatric Hospital X. Sources of data for the case study in this case are medical documentation of patients (anamnestic data, records of group and individual therapies) and semi-structured interviews. The obtained data fixed by audio...

Type 2 diabetes is a life-threatening condition, and it is rapidly growing in the world. If patients receive adequate education and support, they can manage their diabetes-related tasks effectively and reduce the severe complications of this disease. However, traditional self-management education and practices were not very effective in stimulating behaviour change and addressing patients’ diversified needs and expectations. Mobile text messaging is a promising method for type 2 diabetes self-management as it can provide continuous and customized support to these patients. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the optimal approach to designing and delivering mobile text messages. Hence, this dissertation aimed to define effective message strategies for mobile text messaging interventions targeting type 2 diabetes self-management. This manuscript-based dissertation consists of three complementary studies. The first manuscript includes a systematic review and a meta-analysis of tailored mobile text messaging interventions on type 2 diabetes self-management. It examines the tailoring strategies, message content, and structure and identifies the moderators of effectiveness in these interventions. The second manuscript includes a systematic review and a meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence on patients’ experiences and perspectives of mobile text messaging studies. The third manuscript consists of a prospective qualitative study to explore the text messaging design and delivery preferences of patients. In the first and second studies, the comprehensive search strategy included major electronic databases, key journal searches, and hand searches of the reference lists of related systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and Cochrane Collaboration's guidelines and recommended tools were used for data extraction, risk of bias and critical appraisal assessments, data analysis and reporting. Within a social marketing framework, the third study included semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis of the main findings. In the first manuscript, 13 eligible trials were included for the systematic review and 11 eligible trials were further analyzed in the meta-analysis. This study concluded that tailored mobile text messaging interventions could improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The subgroup analyses revealed the importance of some moderators such as message delivery, message direction, message frequency, and using multi-modalities. In the second manuscript, the systematic review included 14 eligible studies, and the thematic synthesis included 13 eligible studies. Patients emphasized the importance of tailored text message design and delivery. They felt “supported” by using text messaging and improved their communication with family/friends and care providers. Mobile text messaging increased patients’ self-awareness, knowledge and control of diabetes. The third study explored that mobile text messages could be more effective if they are gain-framed and written in a standard format. Patients favoured the text messages that included simple and direct tone and provided statistical evidence. The findings demonstrated patients’ needs and expectations for advanced tailoring strategies in both message content and delivery. Together, the manuscripts fill a significant gap and inform research and practice for the development of more effective message strategies that could lead to reducing the spread of type 2 diabetes worldwide. / Graduate / 2022-05-12