ABSTRACT What is visual art making, the artistic creative process, and how does it work? These questions fuelled an investigation at first theoretical, then incorporating an empirical study centered on attaining understanding relating to the elements and dynamics involved in making visual art. The resultant study aims to offer an approach to gaining comprehensive understanding of the artistic creative process, an understanding that may inform art teaching practice, so that art teachers may better understand the related dynamics of their pedagogical processes. Historically the artistic creative process has been accepted as one consisting of different sequential stages of development. This view however, is evolving due to the growing understanding of interrelated dynamics of life processes offered by, for example, neurological studies of the brain. New thinking links earlier philosophical and psychological ideas presented by such thinkers as James (1894) and Dewey (1934), to the work of Baars (1999), Brown (2000), Ellis (1999), Zeki (2000), in offering a deeper understanding of the natural human creative process. The reflective aspect of the artistic creative process is thus related to the way that we process information every minute of our lives; essentially it is the way we progress through life, minute by minute, learning and evolving, affirming self through finding meaning. Study of current theory relating to the processes of the brain inevitably incorporates modern thinking that revolves around dynamic processes. Originating in thermodynamics, Chaos Theory has travelled far from physics to become incorporated into a broad spectrum of disciplines. It offers a common language that relates to the dynamics of human nature, and as such is totally applicable to areas of learning and human interaction. Here used metaphorically, Chaos Theory serves to elucidate interactive aspects of the discipline of art making, with much to offer an understanding of the artistic creative process as it describes exactly the same process of change and growth through experience. A metaphorical use of the language of Chaos Theory provides visual art making with a means of sharing ideas with other academic disciplines that also constantly deal with the dynamics of the human condition, found for example in the close connections between the methods of exploration of both artists and scientists. In studying the phenomenon of ‘scale’ the physicist Feigenbaum commented on the connections between perceptions of artists and those of scientists, pointing to the way in which their perceptions and analysis of things coincide (Gleick, 1987). The visual analysis evident in the work of Turner or Ruskin reflects the same process of detailed conceptual exploration of material collected by the senses as that of a student of any field of scientific exploration. Chaos Theory is important also in that it provides a language accessible by varying levels of expertise, whether at a simple metaphorical or a more sophisticated level. This work charts these dimensions because “The challenge is to reverse the disconnectedness of the present world and to develop a curriculum that is not based on separateness of knowledge from life and being, but upon their inherent unity and integration” (Lovat and Smith, 1995, p.248). / PhD Doctorate

This thesis is an attempt to address issues of housingtransformation in informal settlements. Transformation ofhouses is seen to be associated with modernisation forceswhereby people adapt their houses to suit their needs anddesires. On one hand the desire to own a“modernhouse”may lead to deterioration of spatial qualities, onthe other hand fulfilment of the desire may contribute to themodernisation of urban settlements. The informal settlement ofHanna Nassif was chosen as a case study to illustrate theprocess of housing transformations in informal settlement.Knowledge on the transformation processes serves as animportant tool to address issues of spatial qualities, housingmodernisation, actors in the processes of transformation anduse of space. The results show that there is a wide range oftransformation activities that have been taking place in termsof extensions and alterations. The desire to modernise theirhouses impels developers to use modern building materials. Insome instances houses constructed with traditional buildingmaterials are replaced with industrially produced materials.Through transformation processes new house types emerge. Thestudy identifies problems as well as positive aspectsassociated with the whole process of housing transformation.The positive aspects are those of increased indoor space,increase of rooms for renting and in other cases separation offunctions. The problems emerging from this process include:decrease of outdoor space, increase of housing density,blockage of ventilation and light in the transformedhouses. The study concludes that housing transformation being oneway in which lowincome earners strive to get access to housingdeserves government support, particularly in the absence ofalternative housing supply. It is further observed that todatemany urban dwellers have managed to secure housing as a directresult of house extensions effected by house owners. The houseextensions are being carried out outside the established formalplanning regulations. It is in the light of these developmentsthat there is a cause for government intervention to guidehousing development processes in informal settlements.Professionals like planners and architects should also assume arole for quality and sustainability to prevail. The study alsosuggests specific problem areas for further investigation. <b>Key words:</b>Tanzania, housing transformation, informalsettlements, modernisation, spatial qualities and housetypes.

The blended wing body (BWB) is a tailless aircraft with the potential to use 27% less fuel than a conventional aircraft with the same passenger capacity and range. The primary purpose of the current study was to determine the handling qualities of the BWB, using piloted-handling trials in a moving-base simulator. The secondary purpose was to determine the effect of simulator motion on handling-quality ratings. De Castro conducted piloted-handling trials in a fixed-base simulator. De Castro's tasks and flight model were modified in the current study. In the current study, three subjects rated the handling qualities as Level 1 or 2, depending on the task. Simulator motion did not have a significant effect on the results.

This study is to investigate the factors for successful training programs in the life insurance industry. From the aspects of curriculum design, instructors¡¦ arrangements, and trainers¡¦ self-evaluation on their efforts in the training program, this study analyzed the trained and on-schedule promoted trainers to understand how much the trainers identify with the program arrangements. This study further pointed out that, on the premise of the same instructors and curriculum, the trainees¡¦ quality and how their supervisors do the mentoring determine if the training program will succeed. This study used the survey and randomly chose 180 trainees to be the research participants, with 143 valid responses. This study concludes some trainees¡¦ and their supervisors¡¦ qualities that tend to generate the training success. The qualities will be used as some referential indicators for recruitment and adjusting curriculum in the future.

Following the approach of knowledge generation of economy, knowledge has become a mean of business survival competition and an advantageous implement or creative competition. How to share knowledge among businesses as to expand the productivity and ability, as to produce new knowledge and promote competitive advantages out of mutual agitation of knowledge, and how a business can applicably perform the informative facilities as to circulates in this scientific generation, shall be the one and only way of continuous operation of present business. Firstly, the research shall establish a relevant theory of knowledge management, develop and design questionnaires in connection with the local¡¦s transnational business trading. The relationship between the movement of multi-national business knowledge management and global configuration strategies can be conferred with the researched statistical analysis. Then, the research shall discuss the system that the business shall operate as to push the knowledge management and the influences that may incur. Secondly, the research shall discuss the relevance of business qualities and knowledge management, as to clarify the influences of knowledge transferable strategy under different industrial stages. Lastly, the research will describe the relationship between the subject of knowledge management and global resources configurative strategies. The research came up with the following discoveries after applying quantitative analysis and collected data integration: 1. The greater tends of organizational culture toward open-up and active shape, the greater help it will be for the business movement for knowledge management. In addition, basic information development of knowledge organization has influences toward the organizational movement of creating new knowledge, transfer of knowledge and management of knowledge. In other words, the more complete that the business information construction is, the more systemized and greater help it will be to push the knowledge management. 2. An enterprise must pay great attention to the transfer of knowledge during its development period. During the business development period, the entire environment is developing and changing rapidly. Thus, the enterprise must have great alert of the market behavior, and mostly important, to have frequent communication with the employees and share experiences with them. 3. There are greater influences on the distribution of organizational resources during the development period of the business¡¦s industrial stage rather than its maturity period.

<p>This thesis is an attempt to address issues of housingtransformation in informal settlements. Transformation ofhouses is seen to be associated with modernisation forceswhereby people adapt their houses to suit their needs anddesires. On one hand the desire to own a“modernhouse”may lead to deterioration of spatial qualities, onthe other hand fulfilment of the desire may contribute to themodernisation of urban settlements. The informal settlement ofHanna Nassif was chosen as a case study to illustrate theprocess of housing transformations in informal settlement.Knowledge on the transformation processes serves as animportant tool to address issues of spatial qualities, housingmodernisation, actors in the processes of transformation anduse of space.</p><p>The results show that there is a wide range oftransformation activities that have been taking place in termsof extensions and alterations. The desire to modernise theirhouses impels developers to use modern building materials. Insome instances houses constructed with traditional buildingmaterials are replaced with industrially produced materials.Through transformation processes new house types emerge. Thestudy identifies problems as well as positive aspectsassociated with the whole process of housing transformation.The positive aspects are those of increased indoor space,increase of rooms for renting and in other cases separation offunctions. The problems emerging from this process include:decrease of outdoor space, increase of housing density,blockage of ventilation and light in the transformedhouses.</p><p>The study concludes that housing transformation being oneway in which lowincome earners strive to get access to housingdeserves government support, particularly in the absence ofalternative housing supply. It is further observed that todatemany urban dwellers have managed to secure housing as a directresult of house extensions effected by house owners. The houseextensions are being carried out outside the established formalplanning regulations. It is in the light of these developmentsthat there is a cause for government intervention to guidehousing development processes in informal settlements.Professionals like planners and architects should also assume arole for quality and sustainability to prevail. The study alsosuggests specific problem areas for further investigation.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Tanzania, housing transformation, informalsettlements, modernisation, spatial qualities and housetypes.</p>

Studies have concluded that streams emit CO2, which indicates that natural sources of Greenhouse Gases can contribute to climate changefeedback. Why this is of interest is to be able to make reliable climate models. These studies are however debated, since there are differentmethods to measure CO2 evasion from streams which conclude that different hydrological and chemical factors are affecting the gas exchange themost. It is based on an upside-down-placed chamber in the streams, containing a sensor which is able to directly measure the partial pressure ofCO2 (pCO2) in streams. An advantage with this method is that it is built on cheap equipment and therefore can be afforded to cover a bigcatchment with differing hydrological factors. The aim for the thesis is to evaluate the usefulness of this new method by running several statisticalanalyses on the collected data and also by comparing the trend from the statistical results to other methods statistical trends of pCO2. What can beconcluded by this study is that discharge affects the pCO2 in streams and it often appears with a negative correlation. Also, diurnal patterns ofpCO2 seem to appear, with a peak before lunch and minimum levels in the afternoon, which could indicate that pCO2 are dependent onphotosynthesis/respiration and/or temperature. These conclusions are of interest to understand how C acts in freshwater and respond to the climatechange. The study has to be extended with investigation of how more factors affect pCO2 and also some improvement for the method, before itcan be fully used. / Forskning har visat att små skogsbäckar släpper ut CO2 och på så sätt bidrar de till naturliga utsläpp av växthusgaser ochklimatförändringar. Studiernas resultat är dock debatterade då de till att börja med används olika metoder för att dra dessa slutsatser,vilka pekar på både olika kvantiter av CO2 utsläpp och också på olika påverkan från hydrologiska och kemiska faktorer. På grund avdetta har en alldeles ny metod utvecklats. Den grundar sig på en uppochnervänd kammare placerad i vatten som med hjälp av eninbyggd sensor fångar upp och mäter partialtrycket CO2 (pCO2) i vattnet. En fördel är att den är byggd av enkelt material til l lågt pris,vilket gör att metoden kan användas på många platser samtidigt, då man har råd med ett stort antal kammare. Målet för avhandlingenär att utvärdera nyttan av denna nya metod genom att köra flera statistiska analyser på de insamlade uppgifterna och även genom attjämföra utvecklingen från statistiska resultaten till andra metoder statistiska trender av pCO2. Studien kan visa att vattenhastighetenpåverkar pCO2 från bäckarna, och korrelationens struktur är betydande på vattennivån i bäcken. Man kan även dra slutsatser om attdet finns en dygnsrytm i hur CO2 släpps ut från bäckar med högsta utsläpp under förmiddagen och lägsta på eftermiddagen. Dettaskulle kunna bero på att CO2 utsläpp beror på fotosyntes/respiration och/eller temperaturskillnader. Dessa slutsatser är väldigtintressanta för att bygga på kunskapen om hur kolemissioner från sötvatten påverkas av klimatförändringarna. Om man utökar studienmed fler möjliga variabler för att studera hur andra miljöfaktorer påverkas pCO2 och modifiera metoden och datainsamlandet något såkan detta vara en metod värd att fortsätta användas.

When selecting applicants for professions with job descriptions involving complex human interaction, identifying suitable candidates is essential. This strongly applies in police selection, because police officers must act appropriately at all times, deal with difficult and sometimes dangerous work situations, and come into contact with people who are in highly emotional states, such as anxiety, fear, excitement, and shock. However, suitability is a broad and vague concept that cannot be even defined without understanding the value of various personal skills and qualities for specific duties, ways that such skills are manifested during life as an officer (potentially both on- and off-duty), and appropriate ways to assess them. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the personal skills and qualities that are relevant to suitability for the police profession with a special focus on the concept of empathy, and to investigate how it can be conceptualized and measured in the context of selection. Two of the four studies focused on different perspectives regarding the personal skills and qualities of a good police officer, while the other two focused on theoretical aspects and practical measurement of empathy. Mixed methods were used, in acknowledgement of the value of using different forms of data collection, material, and analytical methods to achieve valid information. The results and findings support several of the personal skills and qualities that have been identified in previous research and also can be found as criteria in police selection. Empathy should be considered in the selection process, but it is also important to ensure that there is an alignment between the definition of the concept and practical outcomes in police work. The findings indicate that empathy could be conceptualized in a relevant way using a social cognitive neuroscience (SCN) approach. In particular, a modified, Swedish 4-factor version of the Empathy Assessment Index (based on recent theoretical advances in SCN) appears to have considerable potential for further development. Future studies will focus on areas identified as requiring further research, such as the development of this instrument by adding complementary measures focusing on manifestations of empathy and other relevant qualities in actual work-related situations. Other aspects that require further attention include the definition, assessment, and impact of social desirability in selection contexts.

Psichologai turi daug skirtingų atsakymų į tai, kuris psichikos procesas yra svarbiausias vystantis vaikui jaunesniame mokykliniame amžiuje. E.Rybalko (1990) teigia, jog psichologijoje šiam periodui skiriamas didelis dėmesys, nes šis laikotarpis yra kokybiškai naujas laikas žmogaus psichologiniame subrendime. Nėra atlikta daug tyrimų, nagrinėjančių veiksnius, galinčius turėti įtakos dėmesio vystymuisi. Darbo teorinėje dalyje siekiama atskleisti dėmesio sampratos problemą psichologijoje, kaip kito padėtis metų bėgyje ir kokia yra dabartinė situacija. Išskiriamos dėmesio savybės, nagrinėjama žaidimo, kaip pagrindinės veiklos reikšmė vaiko psichikos vystymuisi ikimokykliniame amžiuje. 2008 metų kovo – balandžio mėnesiais Kauno mieste buvo atliktas tyrimas, kuriuo buvo bandoma išsiaiškinti, nuo ko priklauso dėmesio ypatumai septintais vaiko gyvenimo metais. Šiame tyrime panaudota specialiai šiam tikslui sukurta (Tambiev A., 2003) ir pritaikyta kompiuterinė programa. Kompiuterinės programos paketą „ZOO“ sudaro trys testai, skirti matuoti dėmesio intensyvumą, patvarumą bei perkėlimą. Tyrime dalyvavo 123 tiriamieji, lankantys Kauno ikimokyklines ugdymo įstaigas. Šiame tyrime dėmesio savybių priklausomybė nebuvo lyginama priklausomai nuo amžiaus, nes tyrime dalyvavusieji visose ugdymo įstaigose lankė priešmokyklines grupes. Kalbant apie skirtingo ugdymo turinio ir dėmesio savybių (intensyvumo, patvarumo ir perkėlimo) ryšį, statistiškai reikšmingų skirtumų nors ir nebuvo gauta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Psychologists provide various answers to the question which psychic process is the most important for child’s educational process in elementary school age. E. Rybalko (1990) claims that psychology pays a great attention to this period, as this spell of time is qualitatively new time in human’s psychological maturation. There are very few researches scrutinizing the factors influencing the development of concentration. The theoretical part of the paper aims to disclose the concept of concentration in psychology, to show the change of the subject matter and to elucidate the present situation. There were discriminated characteristics of attention and analyzed game playing as the main meaning of activity in child’s psychic development during elementary school age. The research carried out in March – April 2008 aimed to find out on what factors attention peculiarities of a child depend during his seventh year of life. A special methodology developed by Tambiev (Tambiev A., 2003) and the software specially adapted were used in this research. The software package ‘Zoo’ consists of three tests to measure the intensity of attention, endurance and transference. 123 respondents participating Kaunas pre-elementary educational institutions took part in the research. The dependence of attention qualities were not compared subject to the age in this research because all respondents participated pre-elementary school in all polled educational institutions. Talking about the link between... [to full text]

Tree growth is influenced by environment and genetic factors. The same tree growing in different areas will have different growth patterns. Trees with different genetic material, e.g. pine and Eucalyptus trees, growing under the same environmental conditions have different growth patterns. Plantation trees in South Africa are mainly used for pulp and paper production. Growth is an important economic factor in the pulp and paper industry. Plantations with fast growth will be available for processing earlier compared to a slow growth plantation. Consequently, it is important to understand the role played by environmental factors, especially climatic factors, on tree growth. This thesis investigated the climatic effects on the radial growth of two Eucalyptus clones using growth data collected daily over five years by Sappi. The general linear model and the time series models were used to assess the effects of climate on radial growth of the two clones. It was found that the two clones have similar overall growth patterns over time, but differ in growth rates. The growth pattern of the two clones appears to be characterized by substantial jumps/changes in growth rates over time. The times at which the jumps/changes in growth rate occur are referred to as the “breakpoints”. The piecewise linear regression model was used to estimate when the breakpoints occur. After estimating the breakpoints, the climatic effects associated with these breakpoints were investigated. The linear and time series modeling results indicated that the contribution of climatic factors on radial growth of Eucalyptus clones was small. Most of the variation in radial growth was explained by the age of the trees. Consequently, this thesis also investigated the appropriate functional relationship between radial growth and age. In particular, this nonlinear growth models were used to model the radial growth process. The investigated growth curve models were those which included the maximum radius and the age at which the radial growth rate is largest as some of the parameters. The maximum growth rate was calculated from the estimated model of each clone. The results indicated that the two clones reach the maximum growth rate at different times. In particular, the two clones reach the maximum growth rates at around 368 and 376 days, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum radius was found to be different for the two clones. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.